Preclinical pharmacology of citalopram

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology

Volumn 19, Issue 5 SUPPL. 1, 1999, Pages

  Popik, Piotr ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; AMITRIPTYLINE; APOMORPHINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BUSPIRONE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONIDINE; CLORGYLINE; DESIPRAMINE; FEMOXETINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; IPSAPIRONE; LEVOPROTILINE; MIANSERIN; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NOMELIDINE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; RESERPINE; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIMELDINE;

DEPRESSION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; HUMAN; LIGAND BINDING; LOCOMOTION; NONHUMAN; PHARMACOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION; BRAIN; CITALOPRAM; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; HUMANS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; RECEPTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTER; RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 0032861136     PISSN: 02710749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00004714-199910001-00002     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. Paul SM, Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Ballenger JC, Goodwin FK. Depressed patients have decreased binding of tritiated imipramine to platelet serotonin "transporter." Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:1315-7.
2. Leake A, Fairbairn AF, McKeith IG, Ferrier IN. Studies on the serotonin uptake binding site in major depressive disorder and control post-mortem brain: neurochemical and clinical correlates. Psychiatry Res 1991;39:155-65.
3. Marazziti D, Presta S, Silvestri S, Battistini A, Mosti L, Balestri C, Palego L, Conti L. Platelet markers in suicide attempters. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995;19:375-83.
4. Banki CM. Prophylactic potential of selective reuptake inhibitors in suicidal patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;9[suppl 4]: 61-5.
5. Hrdina PD, Demeter E, Vu TB, Sotonyi P, Palkovits M. 5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of antidepressant-free suicide victims/depressives: increase in 5-HT2 sites in cortex and amygdala. Brain Res 1993;614:37-44.
6. Aberg-Wistedt A. The antidepressant effects of 5-HT uptake inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1989;(8):32-40.
7. Sugrue MF. Antagonism of fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia in rats by some, but not all, selective inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake. Br J Pharmacol 1984;81:651-7.
8. Wong DT, Threlkeld PG, Robertson DW. Affinities of fluoxetine, its enantiomers, and other inhibitors of serotonin uptake for subtypes of serotonin receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 1991;5: 43-7.
9. Hyttel J. Citalopram - pharmacological profile of a specific serotonin uptake inhibitor with antidepressant activity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1982;6:277-95.
10. Hall H, Sallemark M, Wedel I. Acute effects of atypical antidepressants on various receptors in the rat brain. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1984;54:379-84.
11. Garcha G, Smokcum RW, Stephenson JD, Weeramanthri TB. Effects of some atypical antidepressants on beta-adrenoceptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity in the rat forebrain. Eur J Pharmacol 1985;108:1-7.
12. Wander TJ, Nelson A, Okazaki H, Richelson E. Antagonism by antidepressants of serotonin S1 and S2 receptors of normal human brain in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 1986;132:115-21.
13. Nalepa I, Vetulani J. Enhancement of the responsiveness of cortical adrenergic receptors by chronic administration of the 5-hydroxydopamine uptake inhibitor citalopram. J Neurochem 1993; 60:2029-35.
14. Hyttel J. Pharmacological characterization of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSKIs). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;9 [suppl 1]:19-26.
15. Richelson E. The pharmacology of antidepressants at the synapse: focus on newer compounds. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:34-9.
16. D'Amato RJ, Largent BL, Snowman AM, Snyder SH. Selective labeling of serotonin uptake sites in rat brain by [3H]citalopram contrasted to labeling of multiple sites by [3H]imipramine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;242:364-71.
17. Moret C, Briley M. Effect of antidepressant drugs on monoamine synthesis in brain in vivo. Neuropharmacology 1992:31:679-84.
18. Milne RJ, Goa KL. Citalopram. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in depressive illness. Drugs 1991;41:450-77.
19. Blakely RD, Berson HE, Fremeau RT Jr, Caron MG, Peek MM, Prince HK, Bradley CC. Cloning and expression of a functional serotonin transporter from rat brain. Nature 1991;354:66-70.
20. Hoffman BJ, Mezey E, Brownstein MJ. Cloning of a serotonin transporter affected by antidepressants. Science 1991;254:579-80.
21. Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Estler HC, Murphy DL, Riederer P. Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human brain serotonin transporter. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1993;91:67-72.
22. Fuller RW. Biochemical pharmacology of the serotonin system. Adv Neurol 1986;43:469-80.
23. Hyttel J. Neurochemical characterization of a new potent and selective serotonin uptake inhibitor: Lu 10-171. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1977;51:225-33.
24. Hyttel J, Overo KF, Arnt J. Biochemical effects and drug levels in rats after long-term treatment with the specific 5-HT-uptake inhibitor, citalopram. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;83:20-7.
25. Hyttel J. Effect of a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor, citalopram (Lu 10-171), on 3H-5-HT uptake in rat brain synaptosomes in vitro. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1978;60:13-8.
26. Galzin AM, Moret C, Verzier B, Langer SZ. Interaction between tricyclic and nontricyclic 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors and the presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibitory autoreceptors in the rat hypothalamus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985;235: 200-11.
27. Fjalland B. Influence of citalopram and chlorimipramine on uptake of 5-HT by isolated perfused guinea pig lungs. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1978;42:377-80.
28. Drew R, Siddik ZH. Effect of a specific 5HT uptake inhibitor (citalopram) on drug accumulation by rat lung slices. Pharmacology 1980;20:27-31.
29. Paul SM, Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Goodwin FK. Demonstration of specific high affinity binding sites for [3H]imipramine on human platelets. Life Sci 1980;26:953-9.
30. Paul SM, Rehavi M, Rice KC, Ittah Y, Skolnick P. Does high affinity [3H]imipramine binding label serotonin reuptake sites in brain and platelets? Life Sci 1981;28:2753-60.
31. Sette M, Briley MS, Langer SZ. Complex inhibition of [3H]imipramine binding by serotonin and nontricyclic serotonin uptake blockers. J Neurochem 1983;40:622-8.
32. Moret C, Briley M. High- and low-affinity binding of [3H]imipramine in rat hypothalamus. J Neurochem 1986;47:1609-13.
33. Mann JJ, Henteleff RA, Lagattuta TF, Perper JA, Li S, Arango V. Lower 3H-paroxetine binding in cerebral cortex of suicide victims is partly due to fewer high affinity, non-transporter sites. J Neural Transm 1996;103:1337-50.
34. Willner P. Behavioural models in psychopharmacology. In: Willner P, ed. Behavioural models in psychopharmacology: theoretical, industrial and clinical perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991:3-18.
35. Willner P. The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;83:1-16.
36. Dubovsky SL, Thomas M. Serotonergic mechanisms and current and future psychiatric practice. J Clin Psychiatry 1995:56:38-48.
37. Klimek V, Zak Knapik J, Mackowiak M. Effects of repeated treatment with fluoxetine and citalopram, 5-HT uptake inhibitors, on 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the rat brain. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1994;19:63-7.
38. Hjorth S, Auerbach SB. Lack of 5-HT1A autoreceptor desensitization following chronic citalopram treatment, as determined by in trim microdialysis. Neuropharmacology 1994;33:331-4.
39. Newman ME, Lerer B, Shapira B. 5-HT1A receptor-mediated effects of antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993;17:1-20.
40. Hensler JG, Kovachich GB, Frazer A. A quantitative autoradiographic study of serotoninlA receptor regulation. Effect of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and antidepressant treatments. Neuropsychopharmacology 1991;4:131-44.
41. Sapena R, Morin D, Zini R, Tillement JP. Cyclic AMP and inositol phosphate accumulations in rat brain cortical slices following chronic citalopram or desipramine administration. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1994;20:93-102.
42. Bolanos Jimenez F, Manhaes de Castro R, Fillion G. Effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on 5-HT1B presynaptic heteroreceptors inhibiting acetylcholine release. Neuropharmacology 1994;33:77-81.
43. Snyder SH, Peroutka SJ. Possible role of serotonin receptors in antidepressant drug action. Pharmacopsychiatry 1982;15:131-4.
44. Brunello N, Riva M, Volterra A, Racagni G. Effect of some tricyclic and nontricyclic antidepressants on [3H]imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in rat cerebral cortex after prolonged treatment. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1987;1:327-33.
45. Lesch KP, Aulakh CS, Wolozin BL, Tolliver TJ, Hill JL, Murphy DL. Regional brain expression of serotonin transporter mRNA and its regulation by reuptake inhibiting antidepressants. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1993;17:31-5.
46. Graham D, Tahraoui L, Langer SZ. Effect of chronic treatment with selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors and specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors on [3H]paroxetine binding to cerebral cortical membranes of the rat. Neuropharmacology 1987;26:1087-92.
47. Kovachich GB, Aronson CE, Brunswick DJ. Effect of repeated administration of antidepressants on serotonin uptake sites in limbic and neocortical structures of rat brain determined by quantitative autoradiography. Neuropsychopharmacology 1992; 7:317-24.
48. Vetulani J, Sulser F. Action of various antidepressant treatments reduces reactivity of noradrenergic cyclic AMP-generating system in limbic forebrain. Nature 1975;257:495-6.
49. Vetulani J. The development of our understanding of the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Pol J Pharmacol 1991; 43:323-38.
50. Arnt J, Hyttel J, Overo KF. Prolonged treatment with the specific 5-HT-uptake inhibitor citalopram: effect on dopaminergic and serotonergic functions. Pol J Pharmacol 1984;36:221-30.
51. Luo H, Richardson JS. A pharmacological comparison of citalopram, a bicyclic serotonin selective uptake inhibitor, with traditional tricyclic antidepressants. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 8:3-12.
52. Sapena R, Morin D, Zini R, Tillement JP. Evaluation of central adrenergic receptor signal transmissions after an antidepressant administration to the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;44:1067-72.
53. Antkiewicz Michaluk L. Action of antidepressant neuroleptics, chlorprothixene and levomepromazine, on the central noradrenergic system: comparison with other antidepressants. Pol J Pharmacol 1985;37:673-83.
54. Ordway GA, Gambarana C, Tejani Butt SM, Areso P, Hauptmann M, Frazer A. Preferential reduction of binding of 1251-iodopindolol to beta-1 adrenoceptors in the amygdala of rat after antidepressant treatments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991;257:681-90.
55. Palvimaki EP, Laakso A, Kuoppamaki M, Syvalahti E, Hietala J. Up-regulation of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in rat brain after chronic citalopram and fluoxetine treatments. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994;115:543-6.
56. Petersen B, Mork A. Chronic treatment with citalopram induces noradrenaline receptor hypoactivity. A microdialysis study. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;300:67-70.
57. Vetulani J, Antkiewicz Michaluk L, Rokosz Pelc A. Chronic administration of antidepressant drugs increases the density of cortical [3H]prazosin binding sites in the rat. Brain Res 1984; 310:360-2.
58. Maj J, Klimek V, Nowak G. Antidepressant drugs given repeatedly increase binding to alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rat cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 1985;119:113-6.
59. Nowak G. Przegalinski E. Effect of repeated treatment with antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on [3H] prazosin binding to different rat brain structures. J Neural Transm 1988;71:57-64.
60. Menkes DB, Kehne JH, Gallager DW, Aghajanian GK, Davis M. Functional supersensitivity of CNS alpha 1-adrenoceptors following chronic antidepressant treatment. Life Sci 1983;33:181-8.
61. Dyck LE, Boulton AA. Effects of antidepressant drugs on inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in rat cerebral cortical slices. Neurochem Res 1989;14:1047-52.
62. Menkes DB, Aghajanian GK, Gallager DW. Chronic antidepressant treatment enhances agonist affinity of brain alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;87:35-41.
63. Klimek V, Zak Knapik J, Maj J. Antidepressants given repeatedly increase the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist affinity in the rat brain. Pol J Pharmacol 1991;43:347-52.
64. Przegalinski E, Budziszewska B, Siwanowicz J, Jaworska L. The effect of repeated combined treatment with nifedipine and antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive shock on the hippocampal corticosteroid receptors in rats. Neuropharmacology 1993;32: 1397-1400.
65. Nowak G. A two-week treatment with antidepressants does not increase the density of 3H-prazosin binding sites in the cerebral cortex of elderly rats. Pol J Pharmacol 1987;39:721-4.
66. Nowak G, Przegalinski E. Long-term effect of antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive shock on brain alpha 1-adrenoceptors following destruction of noradrenergic or serotonergic nerve terminals. Pol J Pharmacol 1988;40:393-400.
67. Pilc A. The role of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Pol J Pharmacol 1987;39:691-713.
68. Von Voigtlander PF, Triezenberg HJ, Losey EG. Interactions between clonidine and antidepressant drugs: a method for identifying antidepressant-like agents. Neuropharmacology 1978;17: 375-81.
69. Gorka Z, Zacny E. The effect of single and chronic administration of imipramine on clonidine-induced hypothermia in the rat. Life Sci 1981;28:2847-54.
70. Kovachich GB, Frazer A, Aronson CE. Effect of chronic administration of antidepressants on alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the locus coeruleus and its projection fields in rat brain determined by quantitative autoradiography. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993; 8:57-65.
71. Klimek V, Nielsen M. Chronic treatment with antidepressants decreases the number of [3H]SCH 23390 binding sites in the rat striatum and limbic system. Eur J Pharmacol 1987;139:163-9.
72. De Montis GM, Devoto P, Gessa GL, Meloni D, Porcella A, Saba P, Serra G, Tagliamonte A. Central dopaminergic transmission is selectively increased in the limbic system of rats chronically exposed to antidepressants. Eur J Pharmacol 1990;180:31-5.
73. Lloyd KG, Thuret F, Pilc A. Upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B binding sites in rat frontal cortex: a common action of repeated administration of different classes of antidepressants and electroshock. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985;235:191-9.
74. Pilc A, Lloyd KG. Chronic antidepressants and GABA "B" receptors: a GABA hypothesis of antidepressant drug action. Life Sci 1984;35:2149-54.
75. Antkiewicz Michaluk L, Rokosz Pelc A, Vetulani J. Increase in rat cortical [3H]naloxone binding site density after chronic administration of antidepressant agents. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;102: 179-81.
76. Antkiewicz Michaluk L, Romanska I, Michaluk J, Vetulani J. Role of calcium channels in effects of antidepressant drugs on responsiveness to pain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;105: 269-74.
77. Budziszewska B, Siwanowicz J, Przegalinski E. The effect of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on the corticosteroid receptor levels in the rat hippocampus. Pol J Pharmacol 1994;46:147-52.
78. Paul IA, Layer RT, Skolnick P, Nowak G. Adaptation of the NMDA receptor in rat cortex following chronic electroconvulsive shock or imipramine. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;247:305-11.
79. Paul IA, Nowak G, Layer RT, Popik P, Skolnick P. Adaptation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex following chronic antidepressant treatments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;299:95-102.
80. Nowak G, Trullas R, Layer R, Skolnick P, Paul IA. Adaptive changes in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex after chronic treatment with imipramine and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;265:1380-6.
81. Nowak G, Li Y, Paul IA. Adaptation of cortical but not hippocampal NMDA receptors after chronic citalopram treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;295:75-85.
82. Layer RT, Popik P, Nowak G, Paul IA, Trullas R, Skolnick PA. Unified theory of antidepressant action: evidence from adaptation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex following chronic antidepressant treatments. In: Soria B, and Cena V, eds. Ion channel pharmacology. London: Oxford University Press, 1998:438-57.
83. Nowak G, Legutko B, Skolnick P, Popik P. Adaptation of cortical NMDA receptors by chronic treatment with specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;342:367-70.
84. Boyer PA, Skolnick P, Fossom LH, Chronic administration of imipramine and citalopram alters the expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNAs in mouse brain - a quantitative in situ hybridization study. J Mol Neurosci 1998;10:219-33.
85. Skolnick P, Layer RT, Popik P, Nowak G, Paul IA, Trullas R. Adaptation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors following antidepressant treatment: implications for the pharmacotherapy of depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996;29:23-6.
86. Huang N-Y, Layer RT, Skolnick P. Is an adaptation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors an obligatory step in antidepressant action? In: Skolnick P, ed. Antidepressants: current trends and future directions. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997:125-43.
87. Costa E, Garattini S, Valzelli L. Interactions between reserpine, chlorpromazine and imipramine. Experientia 1960;16:461-3.
88. Howard JL, Soroko FE, Cooper BR. Empirical behavioral models of depression, with emphasis on tetrabenazine antagonism. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E, eds. Antidepressants: neurochemical, behavioral and clinical perspectives. New York: Raven Press, 1981:107-20.
89. Domenjoz R, Theobald W. Zur Pharmacologie des Tofranil (R) (N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-iminodibenzyl-hydrochlorid). Arch Inter Pharmacodyn Ther 1959;120:450-89.
90. Garattini S, Jori A. Interactions between imipramine-like drugs and reserpine on body temperature. In: Garattini S, Dukes MNG, eds. Antidepressant drugs. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1967:179-93.
91. Stone CA. Relationship of some autonomic actions to potential antidepressant activity among antidepressant drugs. In: Garattini S, Dukes MNG, eds. Antidepressant drugs. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1967:158-63.
92. Cooper BR, Howard JL, Soroko FE. Animal models used in prediction of antidepressant effects in man. J Clin Psychiatry 1983; 44:63-6.
93. Pettibone DJ, Totaro JA, Pflueger AB. Tetrabenazine-induced depletion of brain monoamines: characterization and interaction with selected antidepressants. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;102:425-30.
94. Pawlowski L, Nowak G, Gorka Z, Mazela H. Ro 11-2465 (cyanimipramine), citalopram and their N-desmethyl metabolites: effects on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in vivo and related pharmacological activities. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985;86:156-63.
95. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H. The effect of selective inhibitors of noradrenaline and serotonin uptake on reserpine- and apomorphine induced hypothermia in mice. Pol J Pharmacol 1983;35:49-57.
96. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G. 5-Hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors antagonize the antireserpine effects of noradrenaline uptake inhibitors. J Pharm Pharmacol 1983;35:128-9.
97. Pawlowski L, Nowak G. Biochemical and pharmacological tests for the prediction of ability of monoamine uptake blockers to inhibit the uptake of noradrenaline in-vivo: the effects of desipramine, maprotiline, femoxetine and citalopram. J Pharm Pharmacol 1987;39:1003-9.
98. Pawlowski L, Mazela H. Norzimelidine, a metabolite of a highly selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor, can inhibit the uptake of noradrenaline in-vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol 1984;36:855-8.
99. Rubat C, Coudert P, Bastide P, Tronche P. Behavioural profile of two potential antidepressant pyridazine derivatives including arylpiperazinyl moieties in their structure, in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 1995;47:162-70.
100. Schelkunov EL. Efficacy of neuroleptics and antidepressants in the test of apomorphine hypothermia and some data concerning neurochemical mechanism of the test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1977;55:87-95.
101. Puech AJ, Chermat R, Poncelet M, Doare L, Simon P. Antagonism of hypothermia and behavioral response to apomorphine: a simple, rapid and discriminating test for screening antidepressants and neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981;75:84-91.
102. Pawlowski L, Mazela H. Effects of antidepressant drugs, selective noradrenaline-or 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors, on apomorphine-induced hypothermia in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986;88:240-6.
103. Gower AJ, Marriott AS. The inhibition of clonidine-induced sedation in the mouse by antidepressant drugs. Br J Pharmacol 1980;69:28P-29P.
104. Kostowski W. Brain noradrenaline, depression and antidepressant drugs: facts and hypothesis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1981; 2:314-7.
105. Kostowski W, Malatynska E. Antagonism of behavioural depression produced by clonidine in the Mongolian gerbil: a potential screening test for antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1983;79:203-8.
106. Danysz W, Plaznik A, Kostowski W, Malatynska E, Jarbe TUC, Hiltunen AJ, Archer T. Comparison of desipramine, amitriptyline, zimelidine and alaproclate in six animal models used to investigate antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Toxicol 1988; 62:42-50.
107. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H. Effects of chronic treatment with antidepressants on aggressiveness induced by clonidine in mice. J Neural Transm 1982;55:19-25.
108. Maj J. Central effects following repeated treatment with antidepressant drugs. Pol J Pharmacol 1984;36:87-99.
109. Arnt J, Hyttel J, Larsen JJ. The citalopram/5-HTP-induced head shake syndrome is correlated to 5-HT2 receptor affinity and also influenced by other transmitters. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1984;55:363-72.
110. Arnt J, Overo KF, Hyttel J, Olsen R. Changes in rat dopamine and serotonin function in vivo after prolonged administration of the specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor, citalopram. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;84:457-65.
111. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H. Repeated treatment with antidepressant drugs increases the behavioural response to apomorphine. J Neural Transm 1984;60:273-82.
112. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H. Reserpine-induced locomotor stimulation in mice chronically treated with typical and atypical antidepressants. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;87:469-74.
113. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G. Antidepressant drugs increase the locomotor hyperactivity induced by MK-801 in rats. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1991;85:169-79.
114. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H. The effect of antidepressant drugs on the locomotor hyperactivity induced by MK-801, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 1992;31:685-91.
115. Plaznik A, Kostowski W. The effects of antidepressants and electroconvulsive shocks on the functioning of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system: a behavioral study. Eur J Pharmacol 1987;135:389-96.
116. Przegalinski E, Jurkowska T. Repeated treatment with antidepressants does not modify the locomotor effect of dopaminergic stimulants injected into the rat hippocampus. Arch Inter Pharmacodyn Ther 1990;305:152-62.
117. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H. Antidepressants given repeatedly increase the behavioural effect of dopamine D-2 agonist. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1989;78:1-8.
118. Seligman MEP. Helplessness on depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman, 1975.
119. Maier SF, Seligman MEP. Learned helplessness: theory and evidence. J Exp Psychol 1976;1:3-46.
120. Garber J, Miller WR, Seaman SF. Learned helplessness, stress and the depressive disorders. In: Depue RA, ed. The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: implications for the effects of stress. New York: Academic Press, 1979:335-63.
121. Maier SF. Learned helplessness and animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1984;8: 435-16.
122. Garber J, Seligman MEP. Human helplessness theory and applications. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
123. Weiss .JM, Bailey WH, Goodman PA, Hoffman LJ, Ambrose MJ, Salman S, Charry JM. A model for neurochemical study of depression. In: Spiegelstein MY, Levy A, eds. Behavioral models and the analysis of drug action. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1982:495-523.
124. Desan PH, Silbert LH, Maier SF. Long-term effects of inescapable stress on daily running activity and antagonism by desipramine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988;30:21-9.
125. Dorworth TR, Overmeier JB. On "learned helplessness": the therapeutic effects of electroconvulsive shock. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1977;4:355-8.
126. Leshner AI, Remler H, Biegon A, Samuel D. Effects of desmethylimipramine (DMI) on learned helplessness. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1979;66:207-13.
127. Petty F, Sherman AD. Reversal of learned helplessness by imipramine. Commun Psychopharmacol 1980;3:371-3.
128. Sherman AD, Sacquitne JL, Petty F. Specificity of the learned helplessness model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982;16:449-54.
129. Zacharko RM, Bowers WJ, Anisman H. Responding for brain stimulation: stress and desmethylimipramine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1984;8:601-6.
130. Kametani H, Nomura S, Shimizu J. The reversal effect of antidepressants on the escape deficit induced by inescapable shock in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1983;80:206-8.
131. Martin P, Soubrie P, Puech AJ. Reversal of helpless behavior by serotonin uptake blockers in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;101:403-7.
132. Massol J, Martin P, Puech AJ. Antidepressant effects of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin-uptake blockers in diabetic rats. Diabetes 1989;38:1161-4.
133. Martin P, Puech AJ. Is there a relationship between 5-HT1B receptors and the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in the learned helplessness paradigm in rats? Eur J Pharmacol 1991;192:193-6.
134. Geoffroy M, Scheel Kruger J, Christensen AV. Effect of imipramine in the "learned helplessness" model of depression in rats is not mimicked by combinations of specific reuptake inhibitors and scopolamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;101:371-5.
135. Porsolt RD, Le Pichon M, Jalfre M. Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 1977; 266:730-2.
136. Porsolt RD. Behavioural despair. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E, eds. Antidepressants neurochemical, behavioral and clinical perspectives. New York: Raven Press, 1981:121-39.
137. Schechter MD, Chance WT. Non specificity of "behavioral despair" as an animal model of depression. Eur J Pharmacol 1979;60:139-42.
138. Herman ZS, Plech A, Bien E, Wieloch-Depta L, Jez W. Effects of cholinomimetics, cholinolytics and atypical antidepressants in the behavioral despair test in the rat. Pol J Pharmacol 1981; 33:485-9.
139. Gorka Z, Wojtasik E. The effect of antidepressants on behavioral despair in rats. Pol J Pharmacol 1980;32:463-8.
140. Borsini F, Meli A. Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988;94:147-60.
141. Kitada Y, Miyauchi T, Satoh A, Satoh S. Effects of antidepressants in the forced swimming test. Eur J Pharmacol 1981; 72:145-52.
142. Zebrowska-Lupina I. Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors and the action of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in behavioural despair in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1980;71:169-72.
143. Nomura S, Shimizu J, Ueki N, Sakaida S, Nakazawa T. The activation of mice's behavior and reduction of brain beta-adrenergic receptor binding following repeated administration of antidepressant drugs. Jpn J Pharmacol 1984;4:237-41.
144. Araki H, Kazuaki K, Uchiyama Y, Aihara H. Involvement of amygdaloid catecholaminergic mechanism in suppressive effects of desipramine and imipramine on duration of immobility in rats forced to swim. Eur J Pharmacol 1985;113:313-8.
145. Kostowski W. Possible relationship of the locus coeruleus-hippocampal noradrenergic neurons in depression and mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Pol J Pharmacol 1985;37:727-43.
146. Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Blavet N, Deniel M, Jalfre M. Immobility induced by forced swimming in rats: effects of agents which modify central catecholamine and serotonin activity. Eur J Pharmacol 1979;57:201-10.
147. Plaznik A, Danysz W, Kostowski W. Mesolimbic noradrenaline but not dopamine is responsible for organization of rat behavior in the forced swim test and anti-immobilizing effect of desipramine. Pol J Pharmacol 1985;37:347-57.
148. Plaznik A, Danysz W, Kostowski W. A stimulatory effect of intraaccumbens injections of noradrenaline on the behavior of rats in the forced swim test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985; 87:119-23.
149. Borsini F, Bendotti G, Velkov V, Rech R, Samanin R. Immobility test: effects of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic drugs and role of catecholamines in the activity of some antidepressants. J Pharm Pharmacol 1981;33:33-7.
150. Kitada Y, Miyauchi T, Kanazawa Y, Nakamichi H, Satoh S. Involvement of alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms in the immobility-reducing action of desipramine in the forced swimming test. Neuropharmacology 1983;22:1055-60.
151. Malinge M, Bourin M, Colombel MC, Larousse C. Additive effects of clonidine and antidepressant drugs in the mouse forced-swimming test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988;96:104-9.
152. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H. Effects of MK-801 and antidepressant drugs in the forced swimming test in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992;2:37-41.
153. Malinge M, Colombel MC, Bourin M. Mechanism of action of clonidine in the forced-swimming test in mice [article in French]. Encephale 1989;15:37-41.
154. Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Simon P. The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985;85:367-70.
155. Ali-Kodja F, Bougard M, Perrault G, Zivkovic B. Effect of serotonin uptake inhibitors on the immobility of mice in the tail suspension test. Br J Pharmacol 1986;87:130P.
156. Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Mico JA, Lenegre A, Steru M, Simon P, Porsolt RD. The automated Tail Suspension Test: a computerized device which differentiates psychotropic drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1987;11:659-71.
157. Plaznik A, Stefanski R, Kostowski W. Restraint stress-induced changes in saccharin preference: the effect of antidepressive treatment and diazepam. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 33:755-9.
158. Winslow JT, Insel TR. Serotonergic and catecholaminergic reuptake inhibitors have opposite effects on the ultrasonic isolation calls of rat pups. Neuropsychopharmacology 1990;3: 51-9.
159. Papp M, Willner P, Muscat R. An animal model of anhedonia: attenuation of sucrose consumption and place preference conditioning by chronic unpredictable mild stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;104:255-9.
160. Muscat R, Willner P. Suppression of sucrose drinking by chronic mild unpredictable stress: a methodological analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:507-17.
161. Willner P, Muscat R, Papp M. Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: a realistic animal model of depression. Neurosci and Biobehav Rev 1992;16:525-34.
162. Willner P, Towell A, Sampson D, Sophokleous S, Muscat R. Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1987;93:358-64.
163. Muscat R, Papp M, Willner P. Antidepressant-like effects of dopamine agonists in animal model of depression. Biol Psychiatry 1992;31:937-46.
164. Muscat R, Papp M, Willner P. Reversal of stress-induced anhedonia by the atypical antidepressants, fluoxetine and maprotiline. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992;109:433-8.
165. Klimek V, Papp M. The effect of MK-801 and imipramine on beta-adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptors in the chronic mild stress model of depression in rats. Pol J Pharmacol 1994;46:67-9.
166. Przegalinski E, Moryl E, Papp M. The effect of 5-HT1A receptor ligands in a chronic mild stress model of depression. Neuropharmacology 1995;34:1305-10.
167. Cairncross KD, Cox B, Forster C, Wren AF. Olfactory projection systems, drugs and behaviour: a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1979;4:253-72.
168. Garrigou D, Broekkamp CL, Lloyd KG. Involvement of the amygdala in the effect of antidepressants on the passive avoidance deficit in bulbectomised rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981; 74:66-70.
169. Joly D, Sanger DJ. The effects of fluoxetine and zimelidine on the behavior of olfactory bulbectomized rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986;24:199-204.
170. Katz RJ. Animal models of human depressive disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1981;5:231-46.
171. Leonard BE. The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression. Pol J Pharmacol 1984;36:561-9.
172. Lloyd KG, Garrigou D, Broekkamp CLE. The action of monoaminergic, cholinergic and GABAergic compounds in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. In: Langer SZ, Takahashi R, Segawa T, Briley M, eds. New vistas in depression. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982:179-86.
173. Pucilowski O, Kostowski W. Aggressive behaviour and the central serotonergic systems. Behav Brain Res 1983;9:33-48.
174. Van Riezen H, Schnieden H, Wren AF. Olfactory bulb ablation in the rat: behavioural changes and their reversal by antidepressant drugs. Br J Pharmacol 1977;60:521-8.
175. Cairncross KD, Cox B, Forster C, Wren AF. A new model for the detection of antidepressant drugs: olfactory bulbectomy in the rat compared with existing models. J Pharmacol Methods 1978; 1:131-43.
176. Broekkamp CLE, Garrigou D, Lloyd KG. Serotonin-mimetic and antidepressant drugs on passive avoidance learning by olfactory bulbectomised rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980;13:643-6.
177. Jesberger JA, Richardson SJ. Animal models of depression: parallels and correlates to severe depression in humans. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:764-84.
178. Noreika L, Pastor G, Liebman J. Delayed emergence of antidepressant efficacy following withdrawal in olfactory bulbectomized rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981;15:393-8.
179. Przegalinski E, Baran L, Siwanowicz J. The effect of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on salbutamol-induced hypoactivity in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1983;80:355-9.
180. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H. The effect of repeated administration of imipramine, citalopram and mianserin on responsiveness of central serotonergic, alpha 2-adrenergic and cholinergic system in mice. Pol J Pharmacol 1989;41:313-9.
181. Ortmann R, Waldmeier PC, Radeke E, Felner A, Delini Stula A. The effects of 5-HT uptake- and MAO-inhibitors on L-5-HTP-induced excitation in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1980;311:185-92.
182. Meltzer HY, Simonovic M, Sturgeon RD, Fang VS. Effect of antidepressants, lithium and electroconvulsive treatment on rat serum prolactin levels. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1981;290: 100-21.
183. Kreiss DS, Wieland S, Lucki I. The presence of a serotonin uptake inhibitor alters pharmacological manipulations of serotonin release. Neuroscience 1993;52:295-301.
184. Hjorth S. Serotonin 5-HT1A autoreceptor blockade potentiates the ability of the 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram to increase nerve terminal output of 5-HT in vivo: a microdialysis study. J Neurochem 1993;60:776-9.
185. Auerbach SB, Lundberg JF, Hjorth S. Differential inhibition of serotonin release by 5-HT and NA reuptake blockers after systemic administration. Neuropharmacology 1995;34:89-96.
186. Maj J, Moryl E. Effects of sertraline and citalopram given repeatedly on the responsiveness of 5-HT receptor subpopulations. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1992;88:143-56.
187. Plaznik A, Stefanski R, Palejko W, Bidzinski A, Kostowski W, Jessa M, Nazar M. Antidepressant treatment and limbic serotonergic mechanisms regulating rat locomotor activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994;48:315-25.
188. Goodwin GM, Green AR, Johnson P. 5-HT2 receptor characteristics in frontal cortex and 5-HT2 receptor-mediated head twitch behaviour following antidepressant treatment to mice. Br J Pharmacol 1984;83:235-42.
189. Plaznik A, Kostowski W. Modification of behavioral response to intra-hippocampal injections of noradrenaline and adrenoceptor agonists by chronic treatment with desipramine and citalopram: functional aspects of adaptive receptor changes. Eur J Pharmacol 1985;117:245-52.
190. Gorka Z, Maj J. Effects of repeated treatment with antidepressant drugs on the 24 hour behavior in the light-dark synchronized mice. Pol J Pharmacol 1986;38:493-9.
191. Sanchez C. Serotonergic mechanisms involved in the exploratory behaviour of mice in a fully automated two-compartment black and white text box. Pharmacol Toxicol 1995;77:71-8.
192. Njung'e K, Handley SL. Effects of 5-HT uptake inhibitors, agonists and antagonists on the burying of harmless objects by mice; a putative test for anxiolytic agents. Br J Pharmacol 1991;104:105-12.
193. Durcan MJ, Lister RG, Eckardt MJ, Linnoila M. Interactions of 5HT reuptake inhibitors and ethanol in tests of exploration and anxiety. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1988;7:113-7.
194. Archer T, Ogren SO, Ross SB, Magnusson O. Retention deficits induced by acute p-chloroamphetamine following fear conditioning in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;82:14-9.
195. Berendsen HH, Broekkamp CL. Drug-induced penile erections in rats: indications of serotoninlB receptor mediation. Eur J Pharmacol 1987;135:279-87.
196. Huakivi I, Kovala T, Leppavuori A, Shvaloff A. Effects of serotonin and noradrenaline uptake blockers on wakefulness and sleep in cats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1987;60:161-6.
197. Neckelmann D, Bjorkum AA, Bjorvatn B, Ursin R. Sleep and EEG power spectrum effects of the 5-HT1A antagonist NAN-190 alone and in combination with citalopram. Behav Brain Res 1996;75:159-68.
198. Wambebe C. Influence of some agents that affect 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism and receptors on nitrazepam-induced sleep in mice. Br J Pharmacol 1985;84:185-91.
199. Bo P, Patrucco M, Maurelli M, Camana C, Savoldi F. Neurophysiological changes induced by 5-HT reuptake inhibitors in rabbits. Farmaco [Sci] 1987;42:505-12.
200. Sugrue MF. On the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in drug-induced antinociception. Br J Pharmacol 1979;65:677-81.
201. Testa R, Angelico P, Abbiati GA. Effect of citalopram, amineptine, imipramine and nortriptyline on stress-induced (footshock) analgesia in rats. Pain 1987;29:247-55.
202. Andreev BV, Vasil'ev N, Ignatov D. Possibility of modulating morphine analgesia against a background of activation of serotonin- and GABA-ergic processes. Farmakol Toksikol 1981;44: 34-7.
203. Ardid D, Marty H, Fialip J, Privat AM, Eschalier A, Lavarenne J. Comparative effects of different uptake inhibitor antidepressants in two pain tests in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1992; 6:75-82.
204. Larsen JJ, Arnt J. Spinal 5-HT or NA uptake inhibition potentiates supraspinal morphine antinociception in rats. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1984;54:72-5.
205. Larsen JJ, Hyttel J. 5-HT-uptake inhibition potentiates antinociception induced by morphine, pethidine, methadone and ketobemidone in rats. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1985; 57:214-8.
206. Larsen JJ, Arnt J. Reduction in locomotor activity of arthritic rats as parameter for chronic pain: effect of morphine, acetylsalicylic acid and citalopram. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1985;57:345-51.
207. Lalonde R, Vikis Freibergs V. Manipulations of 5-HT activity and memory in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985;22:377-82.
208. Shimizu Sasamata M, Yamamoto M, Harada M. Cerebral activating properties of indeloxazine hydrochloride and its optical isomers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993;45:335-41.
209. Naranjo CA, Sullivan JT, Sykora K. The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram attenuates ethanol intake. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987;41:266-74.
210. Meert TF. Effects of various serotonergic agents on alcohol intake and alcohol preference in Wistar rats selected at two different levels of alcohol preference. Alcohol Alcohol 1993;28:157-70.
211. Naranjo CA, Bremner KE. Clinical pharmacology of serotoninaltering medications for decreasing alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1993;2:221-9.
212. Richardson NR, Roberts DCS. Fluoxetine pretreatment reduces breaking points on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine self-administration in the rat. Life Sci 1991; 49:8.33-40.
213. Hyttel J, Larsen JJ. Serotonin-selective antidepressants. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1985;56:146-53.
214. Laruelle M, Vanisberg MA, Maloteaux JM. Regional and subcellular localization in human brain of [3H]paroxetine binding, a marker of serotonin uptake sites. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 24:299-309.