Commentary on Annett, Yeo et al., Klar, Saugstad and Orr: Cerebral asymmetry, language and psychosis - The case for a Homo sapiens-specific sex-linked gene for brain growth

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 219-231

  Crow, T J ^a  

^a POWIC   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cerebral assymetry; Psychosis; Sex linked gene for brain growth

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN ASYMMETRY; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN GROWTH; CHIMPANZEE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; VERBAL COMMUNICATION; X CHROMOSOME; Y CHROMOSOME;

CEREBRAL CORTEX; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; DOMINANCE, CEREBRAL; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; LINKAGE (GENETICS); MALE; MODELS, GENETIC; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SELECTION (GENETICS); SEX CHROMOSOMES; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0032836677     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00076-6     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Affara N., Bishop C., Brown W., Cooke H., Davey P., Ellis N., Graves J.M., Jones M., Mitchell M., Rappold G., Tyler-Smith C., Yen P., Lau Y.-F.C. Report of the second international workshop on Y chromosome mapping 1995. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 73:1996;33-76.
2. Annett M. Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory. 1985;Lawrence Erlbaum, London.
3. Annett M. The right shift theory of a genetic balanced polymorphism for cerebral dominance and cognitive processing. Curr. Psychol. Cogn. 14:1995;427-480.
4. Annett M. The theory of an agnosic right shift gene in schizophrenia and autism. Schizophr. Res. 1999;. in press.
5. Bear D.M., Schiff D., Saver J., Greenberg M., Freeman R. Quantitative analysis of cerebral asymmetry, fronto-occipital correlation, sexual dimorphism and association with handedness. Arch. Neurol. 43:1986;598-603.
6. Bickerton D. Language and Species. 1990;University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
7. Bickerton D. Language and Human Behavior. 1995;University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
8. Bilder R.M., Wu H., Bogerts B., Degreef G., Ashtari M., Al vir J.M.J., Snyder P.J., Lieberman J.A. Absence of regional hemispheric volume asymmetries in first episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;1437-1447.
9. Brown R., Colter N., Corsellis J.A.N., Crow T.J., Frith C.D., Jagoe R., Johnstone E.C., Marsh L. Postmortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Differences in brain weight, temporal horn area and parahippocampal gyrus compared with affective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 43:1986;36-42.
10. Burgoyne P.S. Mammalian X and Y crossover. Nature. 319:1986;258-259.
11. Buxhoeveden D., Casanova M. Comparative lateralization patterns in the language area of normal human, chimpanzee, and rhesus monkey brain. Laterality. 1999;. in press.
12. Chen H.M., Lowther W., Avramopoulos D., Antonorakis S.E. Homologous loci DXYS156X and DXYS156Y contain a polymorphic pentanucleotide repeat (TAAAA) and map to human X chromosome and Y chromosome. Hum. Mutat. 4:1994;208-211.
13. Chomsky N. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. 1985;Praeger, New York.
14. Corballis M.C. The Lop-sided Ape: Evolution of the Generative Mind. 1991;Oxford University Press, New York.
15. Corballis M.C., Lee K., McManus I.C., Crow T.J. Location of the handedness gene on the X and Y chromosomes. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.). 67:1996;50-52.
16. Corballis M.C. The genetics and evolution of handedness. Psychol. Rev. 104:1997;714-727.
17. Crichton-Browne J. On the weight of the brain and its component parts in the insane. Brain. 2:1879;42-67.
18. Crow T.J. Is schizophrenia an infectious disease? Lancet. 342 i:1983;173-175.
19. Crow T.J. A re-evaluation of the viral hypothesis: is psychosis the result of retroviral integration at a site close to the cerebral dominance gene? Br. J. Psychiatry. 145:1984;243-253.
20. Crow T.J. Pseudautosomal locus for psychosis? Lancet. 2:1987;1532-1532.
21. Crow T.J. Sex chromosomes and psychosis. The case for a pseudoautosomal locus. Br. J. Psychiatry. 153:1988;675-683.
22. Crow T.J. Aetiology of psychosis: the way ahead. Bebbington P., McGuffin P. Schizophrenia: The Major Issues. 1988;127-134 Heinemann, Oxford.
23. Crow T.J., Ball J., Bloom S.R., Brown R., Bruton C.J., Colter N., Frith C.D., Johnstone E.C., Owens D.G., Roberts G.W. Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry. A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 46:1989;1145-1150.
24. Crow T.J., Colter N., Frith C.D., Johnstone E.C., Owens D.G.C. Developmental arrest of cerebral asymmetries in early onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 29:1989;247-253.
25. Crow T.J. Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 16:1990;433-443.
26. Crow T.J. Sexual selection, Machiavellian intelligence and the origins of psychosis. Lancet. 342:1993;594-598.
27. Crow T.J. A Darwinian approach to the origins of psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 167:1995;12-25.
28. Crow T.J. Constraints on concepts of pathogenesis: Language and the speciation process as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 52:1995;1011-1014.
29. Crow T.J. A continuum of psychosis, one human gene and not much else - the case for homogeneity. Schizophr. Res. 17:1995;135-145.
30. Crow T.J. The relationship between morphologic and genetic findings in schizophrenia: An evolutionary perspective. Fog R., Gerlach J. Schizophrenia: An Integrated View. Alfred Benzon Symposium 38. 1995;15-25 Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
31. Crow T.J., Done D.J., Sacker A. Childhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 245:1995;61-69.
32. Crow T.J. Language and psychosis: common evolutionary origins. Endeavour. 20:(3):1996;105-109.
33. Crow T.J., Done D.J., Sacker A. Cerebral lateralization is delayed in children who later develop schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 22:1996;181-185.
34. Crow T.J. Schizophrenia as failure of hemispheric dominance for language. Trends Neurosci. 20:1997;339-343.
35. Crow T.J. Current status of linkage for schizophrenia: polygenes of vanishingly small effect or multiple false positives? Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.). 74:1997;99-103.
36. Crow T.J. Is schizophrenia the price that Homo sapiens pays for language? Schizophr. Res. 28:1997;127-141.
37. Crow T.J. Sexual selection, timing and the descent of Man: a genetic theory of the evolution of language. Curr. Psychol. Cogn. 17:1998;1079-1114.
38. Crow T.J. Why cerebral asymmetry is the key to the origin of Homo sapiens: how to find the gene or eliminate the theory. Curr. Psychol. Cogn. 17:1998;1237-1277.
39. Crow T.J. Nuclear schizophrenic symptoms as a window on the relationship between thought and speech. Br. J. Psychiatry. 173:1998;103-109.
40. Crow T.J., Crow L.R., Done D.J., Leask S.J. Relative hand skill predicts academic ability: global deficits at the point of hemispheric indecision. Neuropsychologia. 36:1998;1275-1282.
41. Crow T.J., DeLisi L.E. The chromosome workshops at the 5th International Congress of Psychiatric Genetics: the weight of the evidence from genome scans. Psychiatr. Genet. 8:1998;59-61.
42. Cutting J. Principles Of Psychopathology - Two Worlds, Two Minds - Two Hemispheres. 1997;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
43. Dann J.C., DeLisi L.E., Devoto M., Laval S.H., Nancarrow D.J., Shields G., Smith A., Loftus J., Peterson P., Vita A., Comazzi M., Invernizzi G., Levinson D.F., Wildenauer D., Mowry B.J., Collier D., Powell J.F., Crowe R.R., Andreasen N.C., Silverman J.M., Mohs R.C., Murray R.M., Walters M.K., Lennon D.P., Hayward N.K., Albus M., Lerer B., Maier W., Crow T.J. A linkage study of schizophrenia to markers within Xp11 near the MAOB gene. Psychiatry Res. 70:1997;131-143.
44. DeLisi L.E., Devoto M., Lofthouse R., Poulter M., Smith A., Shields G., Bass N., Chen G., Vita A., Morganti C., Ott J., Crow T.J. Search for linkage to schizophrenia on the X and Y chromosomes. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.). 54:1994;113-121.
45. DeLisi L.E. Is schizophrenia a lifetime disorder of brain plasticity, growth and aging? Schizophr. Res. 23:1997;119-129.
46. DeLisi L.E., Sakuma M., Kushner M., Finer D.L., Hoff A.L., Crow T.J. Anomalous cerebral asymmetry and language processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 23:1997;255-271.
47. Eldredge N., Gould S.J. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. Schopf T.M. Models in Palaeobiology. 1972;Freeman Cooper, San Francisco.
48. Falkai P., Schneider T., Greve B., Klieser E., Bogerts B. Reduced frontal and occipital lobe asymmetry on the CT scans of schizophrenic patients: its specificity and clinical significance. J. Neural Transmission. 99:1995;63-77.
49. Ferguson-Smith M.A. Karyotype-phenotype correlations in gonadal dysgenesis and their bearing on the pathogenesis of malformations. J. Med. Genet. 2:1965;142-155.
50. Fisher E.M.C., Beer-Romero P., Brown L.G., Ridley A., McNeil J.A., Lawrence J.B., Willard H.F., Bieber F.R., Page D.C. Homologous ribosomal protein genes on the human X and Y chromosomes: escape from X inactivation and possible implications for Turner syndrome. Cell. 63:1990;1205-1218.
51. Foundas A.L., Leonard C.M., Heilman K.M. Morphologic cerebral asymmetries and handedness. Arch. Neurol. 52:1995;501-508.
52. Gangestad S.W., Yeo R.A. Parental handedness and relative hand skill: a test of the developmental instability hypothesis. Neuropsychologia. 8:1994;572-578.
53. Green M.F., Satz P., Smith C., Nelson L.D. Is there atypical handedness in schizophrenia? J. Abnorm. Psychol. 98:1989;57-61.
54. Gur R.E. Motoric laterality imbalance in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 34:1977;33-37.
55. Halpern D.F. Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities. 1992;L. Erlbaum, Hillside, NJ.
56. Highley J.R., Esiri M.M., Cortina-Borja M., McDonald B., Cooper S.J., Herron B., Crow T.J. Anomalies of cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia interact with gender and age of onset: a post mortem study. Schizophr. Res. 34:1998;13-25.
57. Highley J.R., McDonald B., Walker M.A., Esiri M.M., Crow T.J. The temporal lobes, asymmetry and schizophrenia: a post mortem stereological study of tissue volume. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1999;. in press.
58. Highley J.R., Esiri M.M., McDonald B., Cortina-Borja M., Herron B., Cooper S.J., Crow T.J. The size and fibre composition of the corpus callosum with respect to gender and schizophrenia: A post mortem study. Brain. 122:1999;99-110.
59. Highley J.R., Esiri M.M., McDonald B., Walker M.A., Crow T.J. The size and fibre composition of the anterior commissure with respect to gender and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;. in press.
60. Huxley J. Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. 1942;George Allen & Unwin, London.
61. Huxley J., Mayr E., Osmond H., Hoffer A. Schizophrenia as a genetic morphism. Nature. 204:1964;220-221.
62. Jablensky A., Sartorius N., Ernberg G., Anker M., Korten A., Cooper J.E., Day R., Bertelsen A. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten country study. Psychol. Med. Suppl. 20:1992;1-97.
63. James A., Crow T.J., Renowden S., Wardell M., Smith D.M., Anslow P. Is the course of brain development in schizophrenia delayed? - evidence from onsets in adolescence. Schizophr. Res. 1999;. in press.
64. Klar A.J.S. Genetic models for handedness, brain lateralization, schizophrenia and manic-depression. Schizophr. Res. 1999;. in press.
65. Kuttner R.E., Lorincz A.B., Swan D.A. The schizophrenia gene and social evolution. Psychol. Rep. 20:1967;407-412.
66. Lalland K.N., Kumm J., Van Horn J.D., Feldman M.W. A gene-culture model of human handedness. Behav. Genet. 25:1995;433-445.
67. Lambson B., Affara N.A., Mitchell M., Ferguson-Smith M.A. Evolution of DNA sequence homologies between the sex chromosomes in primate species. Genomics. 14:1992;1032-1040.
68. Laval S.H., Dann J., Butler R.J., Loftus J., Rue J., Leask S.J., Bass N., Comazzi M., Vita A., Nanko S., Shaw S., Peterson P., Shields G., Smith A.B., Stewart J., DeLisi L.E., Crow T.J. Evidence for linkage to psychosis and cerebral asymmetry (relative hand skill) on the X chromosome. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.). 81:1998;420-427.
69. Maccoby E.E., Jacklin C.N. The Psychology of Sex Differences. 1975;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
70. McCarley R.W., Shenton M.E., O'Donnell B.F., Nestor P.G. Neural circuits in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 51:1994;515-517.
71. McDonald B., Highley J.R., Walker M.A., Herron B., Cooper S.J., Esiri M.M., Crow T.J. Anomalous asymmetry of fusiform and parahippocampal gyrus grey matter in schizophrenia: a post-mortem study. Am. J. Psychiatr. 1999;. in press.
72. McGlone J. Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: a critical survey. Behav. Brain Sci. 3:1980;215-263.
73. McGrew W.C., Marchant L.F. On the other hand: current issues in and meta-analysis of the behavioral laterality of hand function in nonhuman primates. Yearbook Phys. Anthropol. 40:1997;201-232.
74. McManus I.C. Handedness, language dominance and aphasia: a genetic model. Psychol. Med., Monogr. Suppl. 8:1985;1-40.
75. McManus I.C., Shergill S., Bryden M.P. Annett's theory that individuals heterozygous for the right shift gene are intellectually advantaged: theoretical and empirical findings. Br. J. Psychol. 84:1993;517-537.
76. Maudsley H. Heredity, Variation and Genius. 1908;John Bale, Sons and Daniellson, London.
77. Miskolczy D. Uber das anatomische korrelat der schizophrenie. Zeitschr. Neurol. 147:1933;509-544.
78. Mumm S., Molini B., Terrell J., Srivastava A., Schlessinger D. Evolutionary features of the 4Mb Xq21.3 XY homology region revealed by a map at 60-kb resolution. Genome Res. 7:1997;307-314.
79. Nasrallah H.A. The unintegrated right cerebral hemispheric consciousness as alien intruder: a possible mechanism for Schneiderian delusions in schizophrenia. Compr. Psychiatry. 26:1985;273-282.
80. Noble W., Davidson I. Human Evolution, Language and Mind. 1996;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
81. Orr K., Cannon M., Gilvarry C.M., Jones P.B., Murray R.M. Schizophrenic patients and their first degree relatives show an excess of mixed handedness. Schizophr. Res. 1999;. Schizophr. Res.
82. Orton S.T. Reading, Writing and Speech Problems in Children. 1937;Norton, New York.
83. Page D.C., Harper M.E., Love J., Botstein D. Occurrence of a transposition from the X-chromosome long arm to the Y-chromosome short arm during human evolution. Nature. 331:1984;119-123.
84. Palmer R.E., Corballis M.C. Predicting reading ability from handedness measures. Br. J. Psychol. 87:1996;609-620.
85. Parfitt D.N. The neurology of schizophrenia. J. Ment. Sci. 102:1956;671-718.
86. Pearlson G.D., Barta P.E., Schlaepfer T.E., Petty R.G., Tien A.Y., McGilchrist I.K. Heteromodal association cortex in schizophrenia - Grey matter changes and clinical correlates. Schizophr. Res. 15:1995;1-2.
87. Petty R.G. Structural asymmetries of the human brain and their disturbance in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 25:1999;121-139.
88. Resch F., Haffner J., Parzer P., Pfueller U., Strehlow U., Zerahn-Hartung C. Testing the hypothesis of relationships between laterality and ability according to Annett's right-left theory: findings in an epidemiological sample of young adults. Br. J. Psychol. 88:1997;621-635.
89. Sargent C.A., Briggs H., Chalmers I.J., Lambson B., Walker E., Affara N.A. The sequence organization of Yp/proximal Xq homologous regions of the human sex chromosomes is highly conserved. Genomics. 32:1996;200-209.
90. Saugstad L.F. A lack of cerebral lateralization is within the normal variation in brain maturation but indicates low, slow maturation. Schizophr. Res. 1999;. in press.
91. Schwartz A., Chan D.C., Brown L.G., Alagappan R., Pettay D., Disteche C., McGillivray B., Dela Chapelle A., Page D.C. Reconstructing hominid Y evolution: X-homologous block, created by X-Y transposition, was disrupted by Yp inversion through LINE-LINE recombination. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7:1998;1-11.
92. Skuse D.H., James R.S., Bishop D.V.M., Coppin B., Dalton P., Aamodt-Leeper G., Bacarese-Hamilton M., Cresswell C., McGurk R., Jacobs P.A. Evidence from Turner's syndrome of an imprinted X-linked locus affecting cognitive function. Nature. 387:1997;705-708.
93. Southard E.E. On the topographical distribution of cortex lesions and anomalies in dementia praecox, with some account of their functional significance. Am. J. Insanity. 71:1915;603-671.
94. Stringer C., McKie R. African Exodus: the Origins of Modern Humanity. 1996;J Cape, London.
95. Trimble M.R. First-rank symptoms of Schneider: a new perspective? Br. J. Psychiatry. 156:1990;195-200.
96. Turetsky B., Cowell P.E., Gur R.C., Grossman R.I., Shtasel D.L., Gur R.E. Frontal and temporal lobe brain volumes in schizophrenia: relationship to symptoms and clinical subtype. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 52:1995;1061-1070.
97. Waber D.P. Neuropsychological aspects of Turner's syndrome. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 21:1979;58-70.
98. Waber D.P. Sex differences in mental abilities, hemispheric lateralization and the rate of physical growth at adolescence. Dev. Psychol. 13:1997;29-38.
99. Witelson S.F., Kigar D.L. Asymmetry of brain function follows asymmetry in anatomical form: gross, microscopic, postmortem and imaging studies. Boller F., Grafman J. Handbook of Neuropsychology. 1988;111-142 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
100. Yeo R.A., Gangestad S.W., Thomas R.A., Shaw P., Repa K. Developmental instability and cerebral lateralisation. Neuropsychology. 11:1997;552-561.
101. Yeo R.A., Gangestad S.W., Edgar C., Thomas R.A. The evolutionary-genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia: the developmental instability model. Schizophr. Res. 1999;. in press.
102. Zangwill O.L. Cerebral Dominance and its Relation to Psychological Function. 1960;Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.