A lack of cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia is within the normal variation in brain maturation but indicates late, slow maturation

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 183-196

  Saugstad, Letten F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Brain maturation; Cerebral lateralization; Developmental dyslexia; Handedness; Infantile autism; Multifactoral inheritance; Optimal nutrition; Planum temporale bias; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

ARTICLE; BRAIN MATURATION; COGNITION; DYSLEXIA; HANDEDNESS; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; INFANTILE AUTISM; MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE; PERCEPTION DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

AUTISTIC DISORDER; CEREBRAL CORTEX; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; DOMINANCE, CEREBRAL; DYSLEXIA; EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; PREGNANCY; PUBERTY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX FACTORS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0032837072     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00073-0     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Akbarian S., Bunney W.E., Potkin S.G., et al. Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;169-177.
2. Arnold S.E., Franz B.E., Gur R.C., et al. Smaller neuron size in schizophrenia in hippocampal subfields that mediate cortical-hippocampal interactions. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;738-748.
3. Asarnow R.F., Brown W., Strandburg R. Children with a schizophrenic disorder: neurobehavioural studies. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 245:1995;70-79.
4. Aylward E., Walker E., Bettes B. Intelligence in schizophrenia; metaanalysis of the research. Schizophr. Bull. 10:1984;430-459.
5. Babigan H.M. Schizophrenia. Kaplan H.I., Freedman A.M., Sadock B.J. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. vol. III:1980;1121-1131 William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
6. Beaton A.A. The relation of planum temporal asymmetry and morphology of the corpus callosum to handedness, gender and dyslexia: a review of the evidence. Brain Lang. 60:1997;255-322.
7. Benbow C.P. Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability in intellectually talented preadolescents. Behav. Brain Sci. 11:1988;169-232.
8. Berry J.W. Temne and Eskimo perceptual skills. Int. J. Psychol. 1:1966;207-229.
9. Berry J.W. Human Ecology and Cognitive Style. 1967;Sage, New York.
10. Bianki V.L. The Right and Left Hemispheres in the Animal Brain. 1988;Gordon and Breach, New York.
11. Bilder R.M., Wu H., Bogerts B., et al. Regional hemispheric volume asymmetries are absent in first episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;1437-1447.
12. Blanchard J.J., Neale J.M. The neuropsychological signature of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;40-48.
13. Bøjholm S., Strømgren E. Prevalence of schizophrenia on the island Bornholm in 1935 and 1983. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 79:(Suppl. 348):1989;31-39.
14. Bruneau N., Arbeille P., Dourneau P., et al. Measurement of cerebral bloodflow by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. C.R. Acad. Sci., Ser. III, Sci. Vie. 308:1989;256-260.
15. Buckley P.F. Cerebral asymmetry, planum temporale and aberrant neurodevelopment in schizophrenia. Arch. Neurol. 511:1994;540-546.
16. Butler P.D., Susser E.S., Brown A.S., et al. Prenatal nutritional deprivation as a risk factor in schizophrenia. Preclinical evidence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 11:1994;227-235.
17. Cantor-Graae E., Warkentin S., Nilsson A. Neuropsychological assessment of schizophrenic patients during a psychotic episode: persistent cognitive deficit? Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 91:1995;283-288.
18. Charasia B.D. Motor asymmetries of the human body other than handedness. Behav. Brain Sci. 2:1978;289-290.
19. Chess S. Autism in children with congenital rubella. J. Autism. 1:1971;33-47.
20. Chi E., Dooling E., Giles F. Left right asymmetries of the temporal speech areas of the human fetus. Arch. Neurol. 34:1977;346-348.
21. Chiron C., Jambaque I., Nabbout N., et al. The right hemisphere is dominant in human infants. Brain. 120:1997;1057-1065.
22. Chiron C., Leboyer M., Leon F., et al. Spect of the brain in childhood autism: evidence for a lack of normal hemispheric asymmetry. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 37:1995;849-860.
23. Chiron C., Raynaud C., Maziere B., et al. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during brain maturation in children and adolescents. J. Nucl. Med. 5:1992;696-703.
24. Christensen O., Christensen E. Fat consumption and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 78:1988;587-591.
25. Clandinin M.T., Jumpsen J., Miyoung S. Relationship between fatty acid accretion, membrane composition and biologic functions. Pediatrics. 25:1994;S25-S32.
26. Clandinin M.T., Jumpsen J., Miyoung S. Relationship between fatty acid accretion, membrane composition and biologic functions. Pediatrics. 25:1994;S78-S82.
27. Cohen S. Maternal age and the risk of left-handedness of offspring. New Engl. J. Med. 322:1990;1673.
28. Coren S., Porac C. Fifty centuries of right-handedness. The historical record. Science. 1918:1977;631-632.
29. Courchesne E., Yong-Courchesne C., Rapoport I.J., et al. Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis in autism. New Engl. J. Med. 318:1988;1349-1353.
30. Crawford J.R., Besson J.A., Bremner M., et al. Estimation of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 161:1992;69-74.
31. Crow T.J. A darwinian approach to the origins of psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 167:1995;12-25.
32. Dawson G., Finley, Philips S., et al. A comparison of hemispheric asymmetries in speechrelated brain potentials of autistic and dysphasic children. Brain Lang. 37:1989;26-41.
33. De Lisi L.E., Grimson R., Kuschner M., Lee G. Is there progressive brain change following a first hospitalization for schizophrenia? Schizophr. Res. 11:1994;135-136.
34. De Lisi L.E., Sakuma M., Xie S.-H., Kuschner M., et al. Anomalous cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 11:1996;183.
35. Denenberg V.H. Hemispheric laterality in animals and the effects of early experience. Behav. Brain Sci. 4:1981;1-49.
36. Dewey K.G., Peerson J.M., Brown K.H., et al. Growth of breast-fed infants deviates from current reference data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian and European data sets. Pediatrics. 96:1995;495-502.
37. Done D.J., Crow T.J., Johnstone E.C. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness. Br. Med. J. 309:1994;699-703.
38. Doody G.A., Muir W.J., Johnstone E.C. A new and familial variant of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 18:1996;170-171.
39. Eisenberg J.F., Wilson D.E. Relative brain size and feeding strategies in the Chiroptera. Evolution. 32:1978;740-751.
40. Fahrenberg J. Concepts of activation and arousal in the theory of emotionality (neuroticism): a multivariate conceptualisation. Strelau J., Eysenck H.J. Personality Dimensions and Arousal. 1987;99-122 Plenum Press, New York.
41. Falkai P., Bogerts B., Greve B., Pfeiffer U., Machus B., Folsch-Reetz B., Majtenyi C., Ovary I. Loss of sylvian fissure asymmetry in schizophrenia. A quantitative post mortem study. Schizoph Res. 7:1992;23-32.
42. Falkai P., Bogerts B., Schneider T., et al. Disturbed planum temporale asymmetry in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 14:1995;161-176.
43. Fawcett A.F., Nicolson R.J. Automatisation deficits in balance for dyslexic children. Percept. Motor Skills. 75:1992;507-528.
44. Flaum M., Swayze V.W., O'Leary D.S., et al. Effects of diagnosis, laterality, and gender on brain morphology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;704-714.
45. Galaburda A.M., LeMay M., Kemper T.L., Geschwind N. Right-left asymmetries in the brain. Structural differences between the hemispheres may underlie cerebral dominance. Science. 199:1978;852-856.
46. Galaburda A.M., Menard M.T., Rosen G.D. Evidence for aberrant anatomy in developmental dyslexia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;8010-8013.
47. Geyer M.A., Wilkinson L.S., Humby T., Robbins T.W. Isolation rearing of rats produces a deficit in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle similar to that in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 34:1993;361-372.
48. Gibson, R.A., Byard, R.W., Makrides M. et al., 1994. Brain polyunsaturated fatty acids and SIDS. Abstract. 142. Third SIDS International Conference, Stavanger. Rognum, T.O. (Ed.).
49. Goodman A.B. Chromosomal locations and modes of action of the genes of the retinoid (Vitamin A) system support, their involvement in the etiology of schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 60:1995;335-348.
50. Green M.F., Satz P., Christenson C. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia patients, bipolar patients and their siblings. Schizophr. Bull. 20:1994;433-440.
51. Green M.F., Satz P., Smith C. Is there a typical handedness in schizophrenia? J. Abnorm. Psychol. 98:1987;57-61.
52. Gruzelier J., Lhanchanda R. The syndrome of schizophrenia: relations between electrodermal response lateral asymmetries and clinical ratings. Br. J. Psychiatry. 141:1982;488-495.
53. Gruzelier J., Venables P.H. Skin conductance orienting activity in a heterogeneous sample of schizophrenics. Possible evidence of limbic dysfunction. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 155:1972;277-287.
54. Gruzelier J., Kaiser J., et al. Opposite patterns of P300 asymmetry in schizophrenia are syndrome related. Schizophr. Res. 1998;. in press.
55. Gur R.E., Mosley D., Shtasel D.L., et al. Clinicae subtypes of schizophrenia, differences in brain. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;343-350.
56. Hardy A. Was man more aquatic in the past? New Scientist. 1960;642-645.
57. Harvey P.H., Krebs J.R. Comparing brains. Science. 249:1990;140-146.
58. Hauser S., DeLong G.W., Rosman N. Pneumographic findings in the infantile autism syndrome. Brain. 98:1975;667-688.
59. Hitchfield E.M. In Search of Promise. 1975;Longman, London.
60. Hoek H.W., Susser E., Buck K.A., et al. Schizoid personality disorder after prenatal exposure to famine. Am. J. Psychiatry. 153:1996;1637-1639.
61. Horwitz B., Rumsey J.M., Grady J.L., Rapoport S.I. The cerebral metabolic landscape in autism. Intercorrelations of regional glucose utilization. Arch. Neurol. 45:1988;749-755.
62. Hynd G.W., Semrud-Clikeman N. Dyslexia and brain morphology. Psychol. Bull. 106:1987;447-482.
63. Iacono W.G., Beiser M. Where are the women in first-episode studies of schizophrenia? Schizophr. Bull. 18:1992;471-480.
64. Ingalls N.W. The parietal region in the primate brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 24:1914;291-341.
65. Jacobs L.F., Gaulin S.J.C., Sherry D.F., Hoffman G.E. Evolution of spatial cognition, sex-specific patterns of spatial behaviour predict hippocampal size. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;6349-6352.
66. Jernigan T.L., Trauner D.A., Hesslink J.E., Tallal P. Maturation of human cerebrum observed 'in vivo' during adolescence. Brain. 114:1991;2037-2049.
67. Jones P., Rodgers B., Murray R., Marmot M. Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. ii:1994;1398-1402.
68. Kaerins J. Visual spatial memory in Australian aboriginal children of desert regions. Cogn. Psychol. 13:1981;434-460.
69. Kennard M. Relation of age to motor impairment in man and in subhuman primates. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry. 44:1940;377-397.
70. Klosterkoetter J., Breuer H., Gross G., et al. New approaches to early recognition of idiopathic psychoses. Ferrero F.P., Haynal A.E., Sartorius N. Schizophrenia and Affective Psychoses. 1992;104-110 Libbey, Rome.
71. Kovelman J.A., Scheibel A.B. A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 19:1984;1601-1629.
72. Kraepelin E.O. Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärtze. 5. Auflage. 1896;J. Barth, Leipzig.
73. Kretschmer E. Körperbau und Charakter. 23rd and 24th eds. 1921;Springer, Heidelberg.
74. Kuhl P.K. On handedness in primates and human infants. Behav. Brain Sci. 11:1988;727-729.
75. Larsen J.P., Hölen T., Lundberg I., Oedegaard H. MRI evaluation of the size and symmetry of the planum temporale in adolescents with developmental dyslexia. Brain Lang. 39:1990;289-301.
76. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral assymetries of modern man, fossil man and non-human primate. Steklis S.R., Lancaster J. Origin and Evolution of Language and Speech. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 280:1976;349-365.
77. LeMay J., Pim C., Burch D. Right and Left Handedness in Papua, New Guinea. 1989;. in preparation.
78. Livingstone M.S., Rosen G.D., Drislano P.W. Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmontal dyslexia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;7943-7947.
79. Makrides M., Neumann M.A., Byard R.W., Simmer K., Bigson R.A. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60:1994;189-194.
80. Marchall W.A., Tanner J.O. Variation in the pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch. Dis. Child. 44:1969;291-303.
81. Marchall W.A., Tanner J.O. Variation in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch. Dis. Child. 45:1970;13-23.
82. Marchall W.A., Tanner J.M. Falkner F., Tanner H.M. Puberty in Human Growth. vol. ll:1986;171-209 Plenum Press, New York.
83. Meehl P.E. Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia schizotopy and schizophrenia. J. Pers. Disord. 4:1990;1-99.
84. Mellor J.E., Lalugharne J.D.E., Peet M. Schizophrenic symptoms and dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids. Schizophr. Res. 18:1995;855-886.
85. Minshew N.J., Goldstein G., Dombrowski S.M., et al. A preliminary 31P-MRS study of autism evidence for undersynthesis and increased degradation of brain membranes. Biol. Psychiatry. 33:1993;762-773.
86. Mittwoch U. Changes in the direction of the lateral growth gradient in human development. Behav. Brain Sci. 2:1978;306-307.
87. Money J., Meredith T. Elevated verbal IQ in idiopathic precocious sexual maturation. Pediatr. Res. 1:1967;59-65.
88. Morgan E. The Descent of Woman. 1985;Souvenir Press, London. Postscript refers to research by L.P. La Lumiere suggesting extensive flooding in northeast Africa during the fossil gap of 4-8 million years ago.
89. Nottebohm F. Neural lateralization of vocal control in a passerine bird 11: subsong, calls and a theory of vocal learning. J. Expl. Zool. 179:1972;25-50.
90. Oakley K.P. Skill as a Human Possession. 1974;. Revised version from Singer, C., Holmyard, A.J., Hall, A.R., Williams, T.I. (Eds.), A History of Technology, vol. 1, pp. 14-50.
91. Oedegaard Oe. Hospitalized psychoses in Norway. Time trends 1926-65. Soc. Psychiatry. 6:1971;53-58.
92. Oedegaard Oe. The multifactorial theory of inheritance in predisposition to schizophrenia. Kaplan R. Genetic Factors in "Schizophrenia" 1972;256-275 Thomas, Springfield, IL.
93. Oedegaard Oe. Epidemiology of the psychoses. Kisker K.P., Meyer J.E., Muller C., Strømgran E. Psychiatrie der Gegenward. vol. II, part I:1972;Springer.
94. Offord D.A., Cross L.A. Adult schizophrenia with scholastic failure or low IQ in childhood. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 24:1971;431-436.
95. Pagel M.D., Harvey P.H. Taxonomic differences in the scaling of brain on body weight among mammals. Science. 244:1989;1589-1593.
96. Pakkenberg B. Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 47:1990;1023-1028.
97. Petty R.G., Barta P.E., Pearlson G.D., et al. Reversal of asymmetry of the planum temporale in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;715-721.
98. Piven J., Berthier H.L., Starkstein S.E., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of a defect of cerebral cortical development in autism. Am. J. Psychiatry. 147:1990;734-739.
99. Porac C., Coren S. Relationships among lateral preference behaviours in human beings. Behav. Brain Sci. 2:1978;311-312.
100. Ray W.J., Newcombe N., Semon J., et al. Spatial abilities, sex differences and EEG functioning. Neuropsychologia. 19:1981;719-722.
101. Rund B.R. A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Bull. 24:1998;425-435.
102. Sakuma M., Hoff A.L., De Lisi L.E. Functional laterality and cognitive ability. Schizophr. Res. 18:1996;213-214.
103. Sanders B., Soares M.B. Sexual maturation and spatial ability in college student. Dev. Psychol. 22:1986;199-203.
104. Sartorius N., Jablensky A., Ernberg G., et al. Course of schizophrenia in different cultures. Häfner H., Gattaz W.F., Janzarik W. Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia. 1987;107-113 Springer, Berlin.
105. Sartorius N., Jablensky A., Korten A., et al. Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. Psychol. Med. 16:1986;909-928.
106. Saugstad L.F. An example from the Norwegian register. ten Horn G.T., Giel R., Gulbinat W., Henderson J.E. Psychiatric Case Registers in Public Health. 1986;44-63 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
107. Saugstad L.F. Social class, marriage and fertility in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 15:1989;9-43.
108. Saugstad L.F. Age at puberty and mental illness. Towards a neurodevelopmental etiology of Kraepelin's endogenous psychoses. Br. J. Psychiatry. 155:1989;536-544.
109. Saugstad L.F. Mental illness and cognition in relation to age at puberty: a hypothesis. Clin. Genet. 36:1989;156-167.
110. Saugstad L.F. Human growth and maturation, have we passed the optimal? Scand. Population Stud, 9:1989;189-217.
111. Saugstad L.F. Nosological implications of the maturational etiology of Kraepelin's endogeneous psychoses. Ferraro F.P., Haynal A.E., Sartorius N. Schizophrenia and Affective Psychoses. 1992;73-87 Libbey, Rome.
112. Saugstad L.F. The maturational theory of brain development and cerebral excitability in the multifactorially inherited manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 18:1994;189-203.
113. Saugstad L.F. Deviation in cerebral excitability: possible clinical implications. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 18:1994;205-212.
114. Saugstad L.F. Optimal foetal growth in the reduction of learning and behaviour disorder and prevention of Sudden Infant Death (SIDS) after the first month. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 27:1997;107-121.
115. Saugstad L.F. Cerebral lateralisation and rate of maturation. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 28:1998;37-62.
116. Scheibel A.B. A dendritic correlate to human speech. Geschwind N., Galaburda M. Cerebral Dominance. 1989;Harvard Press.
117. Schrott L.M., Denenberg V.H., Sherman G.F., Waters N.S., Rosen G.D., Galaburda A.M. Environmental enrichment, neocortical ectopias, and behaviour in the autoimmune NZB mouse. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 67:1992;85-93.
118. Shan-Ming Y., Flor-Henry P., Dayi C., et al. Imbalance of hemispheric function in the major psychoses: a study of handedness in China. Biol. Psychiatry. 20:1985;906-917.
119. Sharma T., Lewis S., Barta P., et al. Loss of cerebral asymmetry in familiar schizophrenia - a volumetric MRI study using unbiased stereology. Schizophr. Res. 18:1996;184-185.
120. Shaywitz S.E., Escobar M., Shaywitz B.A., Fletcher J.M., et al. Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading. New Engl. J. Med. 326:1992;145-150.
121. Stordy B.J. Benefit of docosahexaenoic acid supplements to dark adaptation in dyslexics. Lancet. ii:1995;385.
122. Strømgren E. Changes in the incidence of schizophrenia? Br. J. Psychiatry. 150:1987;1-7.
123. Susser M., Stein Z. Prenatal nutrition and subsequent development. Reed D.M., Stanley F.J. The Epidemiology of Prematurity. 1977;177-196 Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore.
124. Susser E., Neugebauer R., Hoek H.W., et al. Schizophrenia after prenatal famine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;. in press.
125. Thatcher R.W., Walker R.A., Guidice S. Human cerebral hemispheres develop at different rates and ages. Science. 236:1987;1110-1113.
126. Turner G. Recognition of intrauterine growth retardation by considering comparative birthweights. Lancet. ii:1971;1110-1113.
127. Waber D.P. Sex differences in cognition: a function of maturational rate? Science. 192:1976;572-574.
128. Waber D.P. Sex differences in mental abilities, hemisphereic lateralization. Dev Psychol. 13:1977;29-38.
129. Waddington J.L., Lane A., Buckley P., et al. Minor physical anomalies as an index of developmental perturbation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 10:1994;2695.
130. Wing J. The concept of negative symptoms. Br. J. Psychiatry. 155:(Suppl. 7):1989;10-14.
131. Zetterström R.H., Tomac A., Eriksdotter-Nilsson M., et al. Localization of retinoidbinding proteins and retinoid receptors suggests a function of retinoid acid in developing and adult dopamine-innervated brain areas. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 2092:1994;1688.
132. Zilbovicius M., Garreau B., Samson Y., et al. Delayed maturation of the frontal cortex in childhood autism. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;248-252.
133. Zipursky R.B., Lim K.O., Pfepperbaum X. Brain size in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 48:1991;179-180.
134. Zipursky R.B., Lim K.O., et al. Widespread cerebral gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;195-205.