Glutamine: A necessary nutrient for the intensive care patient

International Journal of Colorectal Disease

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 137-142

  Wernerman, Jan ^a   Hammarqvist, Folke ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Clinical outcome; Immunology; Intestinal mucosa; Parenteral nutrition; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMINE;

DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INTENSIVE CARE; INTESTINE MUCOSA; NUTRIENT; NUTRITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SURVIVAL;

EID: 0032833961     PISSN: 01791958     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s003840050199     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Bergström J. Fürst P, Norée L-O, Vinnars E (1974) Intracellular free amino acid concentrations in human muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol 36:693-697
2. Ahlman B, Hedenborg L, Leijonmarck C-E, Andersson K, Ljungqvist O, Wernerman J (1994) Short term starvation alters the free amino acid content of human intestinal mucosa. Clin Sci 86:653-662
3. Barle H, Ahlman B, Nyberg B. Andersson K, Essén P, Wernerman J (1996) The concentrations of free amino acids in human liver tissue obtained during laparoscopic surgery. Clin Physiol 16:217-227
4. Felig P, Wahren J (1971) Amino-acid metabolism in exercising man. J Clin Invest 50:2703-2714
5. Elman R (1936) The time factor in retention of nitrogen after intravenous injection of a mixture of amino acids. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 40:484-487
6. Felig P, Wahren J, Räf L (1973) Evidence of inter-organ amino-acid transport by blood cells in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:1775-1779
7. Clowes GHA, Randell HT, Chu CJ (1980) Amino acid and energy metabolism in septic and traumatized patients. J Parent Enter Nutr 4:195-203
8. Elia M, Liversey G (1983) Effects of ingested steak and infused leucine on forelimb metabolism in man and the fate of the carbon skeletons and amino groups of branched-chain amino acids. Clin Sci 64:517-526
9. Wahren J, Felig P, Hagenfeldt L (1976) Effect of protein ingestion on splanchnic and leg metabolism in normal man and patients with diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 57:987-999
10. Meister A (1984) Enzymology of glutamine. In: Häussinger D, Sies H (eds) Glutamine metabolism in mammalian tissue. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 3-15
11. Souba WW, Smith RJ, Wilmore DW (1985) Glutamine metabolism in the intestinal tract. J Parent Enter Nutr 9:608-617
12. Häussinger D (1989) Glutamine metabolism in the liver: overview and current concepts. Metabolism 38 [Suppl]:14-17
13. Calder PC (1995) Glutamine action in cells of the immune system. In: Cynober L, Fürst P, Lawin P (eds) Pharmaceutical nutrition. Immune nutrition. Zuckschwerdt, Munich, pp 10-20
14. Windmueller HG, Spaeth E (1974) Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine. J Biol Chem 249: 5070-5079
15. Newsholme E, Crabtree B, Ardawi MSM (1985) Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes: its biochemical, physiological and clinical importance. Q J Exp Physiol 70:473-489
16. Souba WW, Klimberg S, Plumley DA, Salloum RM, Flynn TC, Bland KI, Copeland III EM (1990) The role of glutamine in maintaining a healthy gut and supporting the metabolic response to injury and infection. J Surg Res 48:383-391
17. Andersson K, Luo J-L, Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J (1994) The effect of fasting on muscle glutathion levels. Clin Nutr 13 [Suppl]:12
18. Wernerman J, Hammarqvist F, Botta D, Vinnars E (1993) Stress hormones alter the pattern of free amino acids in human skeletal muscle. Clin Physiol 13:309-319
19. Ejesson B, Lind C, Vinnars E, Wernerman J (1990) Stress hormones initiate changes in muscle free amino acid concentrations characteristic for surgical trauma. Clin Nutr 12[Suppl]: 39
20. Jepson MM, Bates PC, Broadbent P, Pell JM, Millward DJ (1988) Relationship between glutamine concentration and protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 255: E166-E172
21. Wernerman J, Hammarqvist F, Vinnars E (1990) Alpha-ketoglutarate and postoperative muscle catabolism. Lancet 335: 701-703
22. Roth E, Funovic J, Mühlbacker F, Schemper M, Mauritz W, Sporn P, Fritsch A (1982) Metabolic disorders in severe abdominal sepsis: glutamine deficiency min skeletal muscle. Clin Nutr 1:25-42
23. Essén P, McNurlan MA, Gamrin L, Hunter K, Calder AG, Garlick PJ, Wernerman J (1998) Tissue protein synthesis in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 26:92-100
24. Petersson B, Wernerman J, Waller S-O, Decken A von der, Vinnars E (1990) Elective abdominal surgery depresses muscle protein synthesis and increases subjective fatigue for more than 30 days. Br J Surg 77:796-800
25. Petersson B, Waller S-O, Vinnars E, Wernerman J (1992) Long-term changes in muscle tree amino acid levels after elective abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 79:212-216
26. Ahlman B, Andersson K, Ljungqvist O, Persson B, Wernerman J (1995) Elective abdominal operations alter the free amino acid content of the human intestinal mucosa. Eur J Surg 161:595-603
27. Vinnars E, Bergström J, Fürst P (1975) Influence of the postoperative state on the intracellular free amino acids in human muscle tissue. Ann Surg 182:665-671
28. Gamrin L, Essén P, Forsberg A-M, Hultman E, Wernerman J (1996) A descriptive study of skeletal muscle metabolism in critically ill patients: free amino acids, energy-rich phosphates, protein, nucleic acids, fat, water, and electrolytes. Crit Care Med 24:575-583
29. Hammarqvist F, Luo J-L, Andersson K, Cotgreave IA, Wernerman J (1997) Skeletal muscle glutathione is depleted in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 25:78-84
30. Luo J-L, Hammarqvist F, Andersson K, Wernerman J (1998) Surgical trauma decreases the synthesis of glutathione in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 275:E359-E365
31. Streat SJ, Beddoe AH, Hill GL (1987) Aggressive nutritional support does not prevent protein loss despite fat gain in septic intensive care patients. J Trauma 27:262-266
32. Gamrin L, Essén P, Andersson K, Hultman E, Nilsson E, Wernerman J (1997) Longitudinal changes of biochemical parameters in muscle during critical illness. Metabolism 46: 756-762
33. Windmueller HG, Spaeth E (1980) Respiratory fields and nitrogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fed rats. Quantitative importance of glutamine, glutamate and aspartate. J Biol Chem 255:107-112
34. Newsholme EA, Newsholme P, Curi R, Crabtree B, Ardawi MSM (1989) Glutamine metabolism in different tissues: its physiological and pathological importance. In: Kinney JM, Borum PR (eds) Perspectives in clinical nutrition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, pp 71-97
35. Deutz NEP, Reijven PA, Athanasas G, Soeters PB (1992) Postoperative changes in hepatic intestinal, splenic and muscle fluxes of amino acids and ammonia in pigs. Clin Sci 83: 607-614
36. McAena OJ, Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, Parsons P (1991) Selective uptake of glutamine in the gastrointestinal tract: confirmation in a human study. Br J Surg 78:480-482
37. Hulst RRWJ van der, Meyenfeld MF von, Deutz NEP, Soeters PB (1997) Glutamine extraction by the glut and the effect of nutritional depletion. Ann Surg 225:112-121
38. Ahlman B, Ljungqvist O, Persson B, Bindslev L, Wernerman J (1995) Intestinal amino acid content in critically ill patients. J Parent Enter Nutr 19:272-278
39. Darmaun D, Messing B, Just B, Rongier M, Desjeux J-F (1991) Glutamine metabolism after small intestinal resection in humans. Metabolism 40:42-44
40. Buchman AL, Moukarzel AA, Bhuta S, Belle M, Ament ME, Eckhert CD, Hollander D, Gornbein J, Kopple JD, Vijayaroghavan SR (1995) Parenteral nutrition is associated with intestinal morphologic and functional changes in humans. J Parent Enter Nutr 19:453-460
41. Dunham M (1997) Enternal nutrition does not decrease sirs, mods and mortality. Shock 7 [Suppl 1]:147
42. Khan K, Baker BA, Elia M (1992) Nutrient utilisation in muscle and in the whole body of patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 11:345-351
43. Hulst RRWJ van der, Kreel BK van, Meyenfeldt MF von, Brummer R-JM, Arends J-W, Deutz NEP, Soeters PB (1993) The role of parenteral glutamine administration in preserving gut integrity. Lancet 334:1363-1365
44. Scheppach W, Loges C, Bartram P, Christi SU, Richter F, Dusel G, Stehle P, Fürst P, Kasper H (1994) Effect of free glutarnine and alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on mucosal proliferation of the human ileum and colon. Gastroenterology 107: 429-434
45. Tremel H, Kienle B, Weilemann LS, Stehle P, Fürst P (1994) Glutamine dipeptide-supplemented parenteral nutrition maintains intestinal function in the critically ill. Gastroenterology 107:1595-1601
46. O'Riordan MG, Fearon KC, Ross JA, Rogers P, Falconer JS, Bartolo DCC, Garden OJ, Carter DC (1994) Glutamine supplemented total parenteral nutrition enhances T-lymphocyte response in surgical patients undergoing colorectal resection. Ann Surg 220:212-221
47. Beaux AC de, O'Riordan MG, Ross JA, Jodozi L, Carter DC, Fearon KCH (1998) Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition reduces blood mononuclear cell interleukin-8 release in severe pancreatitis. Nutrition 14:261-265
48. Stehle P, Mertes N, Puchstein C, Zander J, Albers S, Lawin P, Fürst P (1989) Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide suoolements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery. Lancet 1:231-233
49. Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, Ali MR, Decken A von der, Vinnars E (1989) Addition of glutamine to total parenteral nutrition after elective abdominal surgery sparea free glutamine in muscle, counteracts the fall in muscle protein synthesis, and improves nitrogen balance. Ann Surg 209:455-461
50. Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, Decken A von der, Vinnars E (1990) Alanyl-glutamine counteracts the depletion of free glutamine and the postoperative decline in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Ann Surg 212:637-644
51. Ziegler TR, Young LS, Benefell K, Scheltinga M, Hortos K, Bye R, Morrow FD, Jacobs DO, Smith RJ, Antin JH, Wilmore DW (1992) Clinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med 116:821-828
52. Blomqvist BI, Hammarqvist F, Decken A von der, Wernerman J (1995) Glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate prevent the decrease in muscle free glutamine concentration and influence protein synthesis after total hip replacement. Metabolism 44:1215-1222
53. Petersson B, Waller S-O, Vinnars E, Wernerman J (1994) Long-term effect of glycyl-glutamine after elective surgery on free amino acids in muscle. J Parent Enter Nutr 18:320-325
54. Schloerb PR, Amare M (1993) Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine in bone marrow transplantation and other clinical applications (a randomized double-blind study). J Parent Enter Nutr 17:407-413
55. Scheltinga MR, Young LS, Benfell K, Bye RL, Ziegler TR, Santos AA, Antin JH, Schloerb PR, Wilmore DW (1991) Glutamine-enriched intravenous feedings attenuate extracellular fluid expansion after a standard stress. Ann Surg 214: 385-395
56. Skubitz KM, Andersson PM (1996) Oral glutamine to prevent chemotherapy induced stomatitis: a pilot study. J Lab Clin Med 127:223-228
57. Moore FA, Moore EE, Kudsk KA, Brown RO, Bower RH, Koruda MJ, Baker CC, Barbul A (1994) Clinical Bebefits of an immune-enhancing diet for early postinjury enterai feeding. J Trauma 37:607-615
58. Kudsk KA, Minard G, Croce MA, Brown RO, Lowry TS, Pritchard FE, Dickerson RE, Fabian TC (1996) A randomized trail of isonitrogenous enterai diets after severe trauma - an immune-enhancing diet reduces septic complications. Ann Surg 224:531-540
59. Houdijk APJ, Rijnsburger ER, Jansen J, Wesdorp RIC, Weis JK, McCamish MA, Teerlink T, Meuwissen SGM, Haarman HJTM, Thijs LG, Leeuwen PAM van (1998) Glutamine enriched enterai nutrition reduces infectious morbidity in multitrauma patients: a double-blind, prospective, randomized trial. Lancet 352:772-776
60. Souba WW (1997) How should we evaluate the efficacy of nutrition support? J Trauma 42:343-344
61. Giner M, Laviano A, Meguid M, Gleason JA (1996) A correlation between malnutrition and poor outcome in critically-ill patients still exists. Nutrition 12:23-29
62. McWhirter JP, Pennington CR (1994) Incidence and recognition of malnutrition in hospital. BMJ 308:945
63. Griffith RD, Jones C, Palmer TEA (1997) A six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 13:295-302
64. Petersson B, Decken A von der, Vinnars E, Wernerman J (1994) Long-term effect of postoperative TPN supplemented with glycyl-glutamine on subjective fatigue and muscle protein synthesis. Br J Surg 81:1520-1523
65. Khan K, Hardy G, McElroy B, Elia M (1991) The stability of L-glutamine in total parenteral nutrition solutions. Clin Nutr 10:193-198
66. Fürst P, Albers S, Stehle P (1990) Dipeptides in clinical nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc 49:343-359
67. Albers S, Wernerman J, Stehle P, Vinnars E, Fürst P (1988) Availability of amino acids supplied intravenously in healthy man as synthetic dipeptides. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of L-alanyl-L-glutamine and L-glycyl-L-glycyl-L-tyrosine. Clin Sci 75:463-468
68. Hübl W, Druml W, Roth E, Lochs H (1994) Importance of liver and kidney function for the utilization of glutamine-containing dipeptides in man. Metabolism 43:1104-1107
69. Wirén M, Adrian TE, Hammarqvist F, Johannson K-E, Permert J, Petersson B, Wernerman J, Larsson T (1995) The effect of a new amino-acid dipeptide solution on protein metabolism and humoral growth factors in the postoperative state in man. Clin Nutr 14:97-104