Enzymes of chlorophyll biosynthesis

Photosynthesis Research

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 43-73

  Beale, Samuel I ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chloroplast development; Greening; Photosynthetic pigments; Porphyrins; Tetrapyrroles

Indexed keywords

ALLOSTERISM; BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHLOROPHYLL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION;

EID: 0032817545     PISSN: 01668595     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006297731456     Document Type: Review

References (309)

1. Abboud MM and Akhtar M (1976) Stereochemistry of hydrogen elimination in the enzymatic formation of the C-2 - C-3 double bond of porphobilinogen. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1976: 1007-1008
2. Adra AN and Rebeiz CA (1998) Chloroplast biogenesis 81: Transient formation of divinyl chlorophyll a following a 2.5 ms light flash treatment of etiolated cucumber cotyledons. Photochem Photobiol 68: 852-856
3. Alberti M, Burke DH and Hearst JE (1995) Structure and sequence of the photosynthesis gene cluster. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT and Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria, pp 1083-1106. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
4. Alwan AF, Mgbeje BI and Jordan PM (1989) Purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen III synthase (co-synthase) from an overproducing recombinant strain of Escherichia coli K-12. Biochem J 264: 397-402
5. Amillet J-M and Labbe-Bois R (1995) Isolation of the gene HEM4 encoding uroporphyrinogen III synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 11: 419-424
6. Apel K, Santel HJ, Redlinger TE and Falk K (1980) The protochlorophyllide holochrome of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Isolation and characterization of the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Eur J Biochem 111: 251-258
7. Armstrong GA (1998) Greening in the dark: Light-independent chlorophyll biosynthesis from anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria to gymnosperms. J Photochem Photobiol B 43: 87-100
8. Armstrong GA, Runge S, Frick G, Sperling U and Apel K (1995) Identification of protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases A and B. A branched pathway for light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 108: 1505-1517
9. Avissar YJ and Beale SI (1989a) Biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole pigment precursors: Pyridoxal requirement of the aminotransferase step in the formation of δ-aminolevulinate from glutamate in extracts of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiol 89: 852-859
10. Avissar YJ and Beale SI (1989b) The aminotransferase step in the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid from glutamate: Isolation of the enzyme from Chlorella vulgaris, requirement for pyridoxal phosphate, and inhibition by gabaculine and acetylenic GABA. Plant Physiol 89: S-51
11. Baker ME (1993) Protochlorophyllide reductase is homologous to human carbonyl reductase and pig 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Biochem J 300: 605-607
12. Barnard GF and Akhtar M (1975) Stereochemistry of porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase reaction in haem biosynthesis. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1975: 494-496
13. Battersby AR, Fookes CJR, Gustafson-Potter KE, Matcham GWJ and McDonald E (1979a) Proof by synthesis that unrearranged hydroxymethylbilane is the product from deaminase and the substrate for cosynthetase in the biosynthesis of Uro'gen-III. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1979: 1155-1158
14. Battersby AR, Fookes CJR, Matcham GWJ and McDonald E (1979b) Order of assembly of the four pyrrole rings during biosynthesis of the natural porphyrins. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1979: 539-541
15. Battersby AR, Fookes CJR, Matcham GWJ, McDonald E and Hollenstein R (1983a) Biosynthesis of porphyrins and related molecules. Part 20. Purification of deaminase and studies on its mode of action. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1983: 3031-3040
16. Battersby AR, Fookes CJR, Hart G, Matcham GWJ and Pandey PS (1983b) Biosynthesis of porphyrins and related macrocycles. Part 21. The interaction of deaminase and its product (hydroxymethylbilane) and the relationship between deaminase and cosynthetase. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1983: 3041-3047
17. Baum SJ and Plane RA (1966) Kinetics of the incorporation of magnesium (II) into porphyrin. J Am Chem Soc 88: 910-913
18. Bazzaz MB (1981) New chlorophyll chromophores isolated from a chlorophyll-deficient mutant of maize. Photobiochem Photobiophys 2: 199-207
19. Bazzaz MB, Bradley CV and Brereton RG (1982) 4-Vinyl-4-desethyl chlorophyll a: Characterization of a new naturally occurring chlorophyll using fast atom bombardment, field desorption and 'in beam' electron impact mass spectroscopy. Tet Lett 23: 1211-1214
20. 14C-δ-aminolevulinic acid from labeled precursors in greening plant tissues. Plant Physiol 53: 297-303
21. Beale SI, Gough SP and Granick S (1975) The biosynthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid from the intact carbon skeleton of glutamic acid in greening barley. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 2719-2723
22. Becerril JM and Duke SO (1989) Protoporphyrin IX content correlates with activity of photobleaching herbicides. Plant Physiol 90: 1175-1181
23. Beer NS and Griffiths WT (1981) Purification of the enzyme NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Biochem J 195: 83-92
24. Begley TP and Young H (1989) Protochlorophyllide reductase. 1. Determination of the regiochemistry and the stereochemistry of the reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide. J Am Chem Soc 111: 3095-3096
25. Benz J and Rüdiger W (1981) Chlorophyll biosynthesis: Various chlorophyllides as exogenous substrates for chlorophyll synthase. Z Naturforsch 36c: 51-57
26. Benz J, Wolf C and Rüdiger W (1980) Chlorophyll biosynthesis: Hydrogenation of geranylgeraniol. Plant Sci Lett 19: 225-230
27. Bollivar DW and Beale SI (1995) Formation of the isocyclic ring of chlorophyll by isolated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts. Photosynth Res 43: 113-124
28. Bollivar DW and Beale SI (1996) The chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase: Characterization and partial purification from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Plant Physiol 112: 105-114
29. Bollivar DW, Jiang Z-Y, Bauer CE and Beale SI (1994a) Heterologous expression of the bchM gene product from Rhodobacter capsulatus and demonstration that it encodes S-adenosyl-L-methionine:Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase. J Bacteriol 176: 5290-5096
30. Bollivar DW, Suzuki JY, Beatty JT, Dobrowolski JM and Bauer CE (1994b) Directed mutational analysis of bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J Mol Biol 237: 622-640
31. Bougri O and Grimm B (1996) Members of a low-copy number gene family encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase are differentially expressed in barley. Plant J 9: 867-878
32. Brereton RG, Bazzaz MB, Santikarn S and Williams DH (1983) Positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric studies on chlorophylls: Structure of 4-vinyl-4-desethyl chlorophyll b. Tet Lett 24: 5775-5778
33. Brown JS (1985) Three photosynthetic antenna porphyrins in a primitive green alga. Biochim Biophys Acta 807: 143-146
34. Bruyant P and Kannangara CG (1987) Biosynthesis of δ-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves, VIII: Purification and characterization of the glutamate-tRNA ligase. Carlsberg Res Commun 52:99-109
35. Budzikiewicz H and Taraz K (1971) Chlorophyll c. Tetrahedron 27: 1447-1460
36. Bull AD, Pakes JF, Hoult RC, Rogers LJ and Smith AJ (1989) Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in a gabaculin-tolerant mutant of Synechococcus 6301. Biochem Soc Trans 17: 911-912
37. Burke DH, Alberti M and Hearst JE (1993a) bchFNBH bacteriochlorophyll synthesis genes of Rhodobacter capsulants and identification of the third subunit of light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase in bacteria and plants. J Bacteriol 175: 2414-2422
38. Burke DH, Alberti M and Hearst JE (1993b) The Rhodobacter capsulatus chlorin reductase-encoding locus, bchA, consists of three genes, bchX, bchY, and bchZ. J Bacteriol 175: 2407-2413
39. Camadro J-M, Thome F, Brouillet N and Labbe P (1994) Purification and properties of protoporphyrinogen oxidase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitochondrial location and evidence for a precursor form of the protein. J Biol Chem 269: 32085-32091
40. Castelfranco PA and Jones OTG (1975) Protoheme turnover and chlorophyll synthesis in greening barley tissue. Plant Physiol 55: 485-490
41. Cavaleiro JAS, Kenner GW and Smith km (1974) Pyrroles and related compounds. Part XXXII. Biosynthesis of protoporphyrin-IX from coproporphyrinogen-III. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1974: 1188-1194
42. Chang T-E, Wegmann B and Wang W-Y (1990) Purification and characterization of glutamyl-tRNA synthetase: An enzyme involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 93: 1641-1649
43. Chen M-W, Jahn D, Schön A, O'Neill GP and Söll D (1990a) Purification and characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, a natural misacylating enzyme. J Biol Chem 265: 4054-4057
44. Chen M-W, Jahn D, O'Neill GP and Söll D (1990b) Purification of the glutamyl-tRNA reductase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii involved in δ-aminolevulinic acid formation during chlorophyll biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 265: 4058-4063
45. Chen TC and Miller GW (1974) Purification and characterization of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from tobacco leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 15: 993-1005
46. Chereskin BA and Castelfranco PA (1982) Effects of iron and oxygen on chlorophyll biosynthesis. II. Observations on the biosynthetic pathway in isolated etiochloroplasts. Plant Physiol 69: 112-116
47. 5. Plant Physiol 70: 987-993
48. 5: The product of a reaction catalyzed in vitro by developing chloroplasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 226: 10-18
49. Choquet Y, Rahire M, Girard-Bascou J, Erikson J and Rochaix J-D (1992) A chloroplast gene is required for the light-independent accumulation of chlorophyll in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EMBO J 11: 1697-1704
50. Chow KS, Singh DP, Walker AR and Smith AG (1998) Two different genes encode ferrochelatase in Arabidopsis: Mapping, expression and subcellular targeting of the precursor proteins. Plant J 15: 531-541
51. Crockett N, Alefounder PR, Battersby AR and Abell C (1991) Uroporphyrinogen III synthase: Studies on its mechanism of action, molecular biology and biochemistry. Tetrahedron 47: 6003-6014
52. Dailey HA (1990) Conversion of coproporphyrinogen to protoheme in higher eukaryotes and bacteria: Terminal three enzymes. In: Dailey HA (ed) Biosynthesis of Heme and Chlorophylls, pp 123-161. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA
53. Dehesh K and Ryberg M (1985) The NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase is the major constituent of prolamellar bodies in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Planta 164: 396-399
54. glut-RNA-ligase. Bot Acta 102: 112-115
55. Drolet M, Péloquin L, Echelard Y, Cousineau L and Sasarman A (1989) Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the hemA gene of Escherichia coli K12. Mol Gen Genet 216: 347-352
56. Ebbon JG and Tait GH (1969) Studies on S-adenosylmethionine-magnesium protoporphyrin methyltransferase in Euglena gracilis strain Z. Biochem J 111: 573-582
57. Elliott T (1989) Cloning, genetic characterization, and nucleotide sequence of the hemA-prfA operon of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 171: 3948-3960
58. Elliott T, Avissar YJ, Rhie G and Beale SI (1990) Cloning and sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium hemL gene and identification of the missing enzyme in hemL mutants as glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. J Bacteriol 172: 7071-7084
59. 5 methylester from Mg-protoporphine IX monomethyl ester as observed in Chlorella mutants. Arch Biochem Biophys 125: 269-277
60. 5 methylester, obtained from Chlorella mutants. Arch Biochem Biophys 130: 374-383
61. Ellsworth RK and St. Pierre ME (1976) Biosynthesis and inhibition of (-)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine:magnesium-protoporphy rin methyltransferase of wheat. Photosynthetica 10: 291-301
62. Erskine PT, Senior N, Awan S, Lambert R, Lewis G, Tickle IJ, Sarwar M, Spencer P, Thomas P, Warren MJ, Shoolingin-Jordan PM, Wood SP and Cooper JB (1997) X-ray structure of 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, a hybrid aldolase. Nature Struct Biol 4: 1025-1031
63. Ferreira GC and Dailey HA (1988) Mouse protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Kinetic parameters and demonstration of inhibition by bilirubin. Biochem J 250: 597-603
64. Fischer H and Orth H (1940) Die Chemie des Pyrrols. Leipzig:Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Fleischer EB, Choi EI, Hambright P and Stone A (1964) Porphyrin studies: kinetics of metalloporphyrin formation. Inorg Chem 3: 1284-1287
65. 3, a novel marine photosynthetic pigment. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1989: 1827-1828
66. Ford C and Wang W-Y (1980) Temperature-sensitive yellow mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol Gen Genet 180: 5-10
67. Ford C, Mitchell S and Wang W-Y (1983) Characterization of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in the y-7 and pc-1 y-7 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol Gen Genet 192: 290-292
68. Forreiter C and Apel K (1993) Light-independent and light-dependent protochlorophyllide-reducing activities and two distinct NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase polypeptides in mountain pine (Pinus mugo). Planta 190: 536-545
69. Franck F and Mathis P (1980) A short-lived intermediate in the photo-enzymatic reduction of protochlorophyll(ide) into chlorophyll(ide) at a physiological temperature. Photochem Photobiol 32: 799-803
70. Friedmann HC, Duban ME, Valasinas A and Frydman B (1992) The enantioselective participation of (S)- and (R)-diaminovaleric acids in the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid in cyanobacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 185: 60-68
71. Fuesler TP, Wright Jr LA and Castelfranco PA (1981) Properties of magnesium chelatase in greening etioplasts. Metal ion specificity and effect of substrate concentration. Plant Physiol 67: 246-249
72. Fuesler TP, Wong Y-S and Castelfranco PA (1984) Localization of Mg-chelatase and Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase activities within isolated, developing cucumber chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 75: 662-664
73. Fujita Y, Takagi H and Hase T (1996) Identification of the chlB gene product essential for light-independent chlorophyll biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. Plant Cell Physiol 37: 313-323
74. Fujita Y, Takagi H and Hase T (1998) Cloning of the gene encoding a protochlorophyllide reductase: The physiological significance of the co-existence of light-dependent and -independent protochlorophyllide reduction systems in the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. Plant Cell Physiol 39: 177-185
75. Garlick S, Oren A and Padan E (1977) Occurrence of facultative anoxygenic photosynthesis among filamentous and unicellular cyanobacteria. J Bacteriol 129: 623-629
76. Gibson KD, Laver WG and Neuberger A (1958) Formation of δ-aminolaevulic acid in vitro from succinyl-coenzyme a and glycine. Biochem J 70: 71-81
77. Gibson LC and Hunter CN (1994) The bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis gene, bchM, of Rhodobacter sphaeroides encodes S-adenosyl-L-methionine: Mg protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase. FEBS Lett 352: 127-130
78. Gibson LC, Willows RD, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D and Hunter CN (1995) Magnesium-protoporphyrin chelatase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides: Reconstitution of activity by combining the products of the bchH, -I, and -D genes expressed in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 1941-1944
79. Gibson LC, Marrison JL, Leech RM, Jensen PE, Bassham DC, Gibson M and Hunter CN (1996) A putative Mg chelatase subunit from Arabidopsis thaliana cv C24. Sequence and transcript analysis of the gene, import of the protein into chloroplasts, and in situ localization of the transcript and protein. Plant Physiol 111: 61-71
80. Goericke R and Repeta DJ (1992) The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: The presence of divinylchlorophyll a and b in a marine procaryote. Limnol Oceanogr 37: 425-433
81. Gorchein A (1972) Magnesium protoporphyrin chelatase activity in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: Studies with whole cells. Biochem J 127: 97-106
82. Gough SP and Kannangara CG (1979) Biosynthesis of δ-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. III. The formation of δ-aminolevulinate in tigrina mutants of barley. Carlsberg Res Commun 44: 403-416
83. Granick S (1949) The pheoporphyrin nature of chlorophyll c. J Biol Chem 179: 505
84. Granick S (1950) The structural and functional relationships between heme and chlorophyll. Harvey Lect 44: 220-245
85. Griffiths WT (1974) Protochlorophyll and protochlorophyllide as precursors for chlorophyll synthesis in vitro. FEBS Lett 49: 196-200
86. Griffiths WT (1978) Reconstitution of chlorophyll formation by isolated etioplast membranes. Biochem J 174: 681-692
87. Griffiths WT (1980) Substrate-specificity studies on protochlorophyllide reductase in barley (Hordeum vulgare) etioplast membranes. Biochem J 186: 267-278
88. 5 as a substrate for chlorophyll biosynthesis in vitro. FEBS Lett 50: 355-358
89. Griffiths WT, McHugh T and Blankenship RE (1996) The light intensity dependence of protochlorophyllide photoconversion and its significance to the catalytic mechanism of protochlorophyllide reductase. FEBS Lett 398: 235-238
90. Grimm B (1990) Primary structure of a key enzyme in plant tetrapyrrole synthesis: Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 4169-4173
91. Grimm B, Bull A, Welinder KG, Gough SP and Kannangara CG (1989) Purification and partial amino acid sequence of the glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase of barley and Synechococcus. Carlsberg Res Commun 54: 67-79
92. Guo R, Luo M and Weinstein JD (1998) agnesium-chelatase from developing pea leaves. Characterization of a soluble extract from chloroplasts and resolution into three required protein fractions. Plant Physiol 116: 605-615
93. Hambright P (1975) Dynamic coordination chemistry of metalloporphyrins. In: Smith KM (ed) Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins, pp 233-278. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
94. Hansson M and Kannangara CG (1997) ATPases and phosphate exchange activities in magnesium chelatase subunits of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 13351-13356
95. Hart GJ and Battersby AR (1985) Purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen III synthase (co-synthase) from Euglena gracilis. Biochem J 232: 151-160
96. Hart GJ, Miller AD, Leeper FJ and Battersby AR (1987) Biosynthesis of natural porphyrins: Proof that hydroxymethylbilane synthase (porphobilinogen deaminase) uses a novel binding group in its catalytic action. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1987: 1762-1765
97. - strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Eur J Biochem 253: 161-172
98. Helfrich M and Rüdiger W (1992) Various metallopheophorbides as substrates for chlorophyll synthetase. Z Naturforsch 47c: 231-238
99. Helfrich M, Schoch S, Lempert U, Cmiel E and Rüdiger W (1994) Chlorophyll synthetase cannot synthesize chlorophyll a′. Eur J Biochem 219: 267-275
100. Helfrich M, Schoch S, Schäfer W, Ryberg M and Rüdiger W (1996) Absolute configuration of protochlorophyllide a and substrate specificity of NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. J Am Chem Soc 118: 2606-2611
101. Helfrich M, Ross A, King GC, Turner AG and Larkum AWD (1999) Identification of [8-vinyl]-protochlorophyllide a in phototrophic prokaryotes and algae: Chemical and spectroscopic properties. Biochim Biophys Acta 1410: 262-272
102. Hennig M, Grimm B, Jenny M, Müller R and Jansonius JN (1994) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of wild-type and K272A mutant glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase from Synechococcus. J Mol Biol 242: 591-594
103. 6-dependent enzyme with asymmetry in structure and active site reactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 4866-4871
104. Higuchi M and Bogorad L (1975) The purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen I synthases and uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase. Interactions between the enzymes. Ann NY Acad Sci 244: 401-418
105. 6 in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in response to changes in copper availability. EMBO J 14: 857-865
106. Hinchigeri SB, Chan JC-S and Richards WR (1981) Purification of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:magnesium protoporphyrin methyl-transferase by affinity chromatography. Photosynthetica 15: 351-359
107. Holt AS and Morley HV (1959) A proposed structure for chlorophyll d. Can J Chem 37: 507-514
108. Holtorf H and Apel K (1996) Transcripts of the two NADPH protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase genes porA and porB are differentially degraded in etiolated barley seedlings. Plant Mol Biol 31: 387-392
109. Holtorf H, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Bereza B and Apel K (1995) Two routes of chlorophyllide synthesis that are differentially regulated by light in barley. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 3254-3258
110. Hörtensteiner S, Vicentini F and Matile P (1995) Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent cotyledons of rape, Brassica napus L.: Enzymatic cleavage of phaeophorbide a in vitro. New Phytol 129: 237-246
111. Huang C and Liu X-Q (1992) Nucleotide sequence of the frxC, petB and trnL genes in the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Mol Biol 18: 985-988
112. Huang D-D and Wang W-Y (1986) Genetic control of chlorophyll biosynthesis: regulation of delta aminolevulinate synthesis in Chlamydomonas. Mol Gen Genet 205: 217-220
113. Ikeuchi M and Murakami S (1982) Measurement and identification of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase solubilized with Triton X-100 from etioplast membranes of squash cotyledons. Plant Cell Physiol 23: 1089-1099
114. Ilag LL, Kumar AM and Söll D (1994) Light regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis at the level of 5-aminolevulinate formation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 6: 265-275
115. Ito H, Takaichi S, Tsuji H and Tanaka A (1994) Properties of synthesis of chlorophyll a from chlorophyll b in cucumber etioplasts. J Biol Chem 269: 22034-22038
116. Ito H, Ohtsuka T and Tanaka A (1996) Conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a via 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll. J Biol Chem 271: 1475-1479
117. Jacobs JM and Jacobs NJ (1984) Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on protoporphyrinogen oxidation, a step in heme and chlorophyll synthesis in plant organelles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 123: 1157-1164
118. Jacobs JM and Jacobs NJ (1987) Oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin, a step in chlorophyll and haem biosynthesis. Biochem J 244: 219-224
119. Jaffe EK (1993) Predicting the Zn(II) ligands in metalloproteins: Case study, porphobilinogen synthase. Comments Inorg Chem 15: 67-92
120. Jaffe EK (1995) Porphobilinogen synthase, the first source of heme's asymmetry. J Bioenerg Biomembr 27: 169-179
121. Jahn D (1992) Complex formation between glutamyl-tRNA synthetase and glutamyl-tRNA reductase during tRNA-dependent synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid in Chlamydomonas. FEBS Lett 314: 77-80
122. Jensen PE, Gibson LCD, Henningsen KW and Hunter CN (1996a) Expression of the chlI, chlD, and chlH genes from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 in Escherichia coli and demonstration that the three cognate proteins are required for magnesium-protoporphyrin chelatase activity. J Biol Chem 271: 16662-16667
123. Jensen PE, Willows RD, Petersen BL, Vothknecht UC, Stummann BM, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D and Henningsen KW (1996b) Structural genes for Mg-chelatase subunits of barley: Xantha-f, -g and -h. Mol Gen Genet 250: 383-394
124. Jensen PE, Gibson LCD and Hunter CN (1998) Determinants of catalytic activity with the use of purified I, D, and H subunits of the magnesium protoporphyrin IX chelatase from Synechocystis PCC6803. Biochem J 334: 335-344
125. 2+ insertion, and the MgATP-dependent interaction of the ChlI and ChlD subunits. Biochem J 339: 127-134
126. Jones C, Jordan PM and Akhtar M (1984) Mechanism and stereochemistry of porphobilinogen deaminase and protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase reactions: Stereospecific manipulation of hydrogen atoms at the four methylene bridges during biosynthesis of haem. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1 1984: 2625-2633
127. Jones MC, Jenkins JM, Smith AG and Howe CJ (1994) Cloning and characterisation of genes for tetrapyrrole biosynthesis from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2. Plant Mol Biol 24: 435-448
128. Jordan PM and Seehra JS (1979) The biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III: Order of assembly of the four porphobilinogen molecules in the formation of the tetrapyrrole ring. FEBS Lett 104: 364-366
129. Jordan PM and Seehra JS (1980) Mechanism of action of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: Stepwise order of addition of the two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid in the enzymic synthesis of porphobilinogen. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1980: 240-242
130. Jordan PM and Berry A (1981) Mechanism of action of porphobilinogen deaminase. The participation of stable enzyme substrate covalent intermediates between porphobilinogen and the porphobilinogen deaminase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Biochem J 195: 177-181
131. Jordan PM and Warren MJ (1987) Evidence for a dipyrromethane cofactor at the catalytic site of E. coli porphobilinogen deaminase. FEBS Lett 225: 87-92
132. Jordan PM, Cheung K-M, Sharma RP and Warren MJ (1993) 5-Amino-6-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one (HAT). A stable, cyclic form of glutamate 1-semialdehyde, the natural precursor for tetrapyrroles. Tet Lett 34: 1177-1180
133. Kahn A and Kannangara CG (1987) Gabaculine-resistant mutants of Chlamyadomonas reinhardtii with elevated glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase activity. Carlsberg Res Commun 5273-5281
134. Kaneko T, Tanaka A, Sato S, Kotani H, Sazuka T, Miyajima N, Sugiura M and Tabata S (1995) Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. I. Sequence features in the 1 Mb region from map positions 64% to 92% of the genome. DNA Res 2: 153-166
135. Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, Tanaka A, Asamizu E, Nakamura Y, Miyajima N, Hirosawa M, Sugiura M, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Hosouchi T, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakazaki N, Naruo K, Okumura S, Shimpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M and Tabata S (1996) Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res 3: 109-136
136. Kannangara CG and Gough SP (1978) Biosynthesis of δ-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves: Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Carlsberg Res Commun 43: 185-194
137. Kannangara CG, Gough SP and Girnth C (1981) δ-Aminolevulinate synthesis in greening barley. 2. Purification of enzymes. In: Akoyunoglou G (ed) Proceedings of the Fifth International Photosynthesis Congress Vol 5, pp 117-127. Balaban, Philadelphia, USA
138. Kannangara CG, Gough SP, Oliver RP and Rasmussen SK (1984) Biosynthesis of δ-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. VI. Activation of glutamate by ligation to RNA. Carlsberg Res Commun 49: 417-437
139. Glu as a cofactor in δ-aminolevulinate biosynthesis: Steps that regulate chlorophyll synthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 13: 139-143
140. Kannangara CG, Vothknecht UC, Hansson M and von Wettstein D (1997) Magnesium chelatase: Association with ribosomes and mutant complementation studies identify barley subunit XanthaG as a functional counterpart of Rhodobacter subunit BchD. Mol Gen Genet 254: 85-92
141. Kay SA and Griffiths WT (1983) Light-induced breakdown of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in vitro. Plant Physiol 72: 229-236
142. Kennedy GY (1970) Harderoporphyrin: A new porphyrin from the Harderian glands of the rat. Comp Biochem Physiol 36: 21-36
143. Kikuchi G, Kumar A, Talmage P and Shemin D (1958) The enzymatic synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid. J Biol Chem 233: 1214-1219
144. Klemm DJ and Barton LL (1987) Purification and properties of protoporphyrinogen oxidase from an anaerobic bacterium, Desulfovibrio gigas. J Bacteriol 169: 5209-5215
145. Knaust R, Seyfried B, Schmidt L, Schulz R and Senger H (1993) Phototransformation of monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide by NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase of barley expressed in Escherichia coli. J Photochem Photobiol B 20: 161-166
146. Kohashi M, Clement RP, Tse J and Piper WN (1984) Rat hepatic uroporphyrinogen III co-synthase. Purification and evidence for a bound folate coenzyme participating in the biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III. Biochem J 220: 755-765
147. Kohno H, Furukawa T, Tokunaga R, Taketani S and Yoshinaga T (1996) Mouse coproporphyrinogen oxidase is a copper-containing enzyme: Expression in Escherichia coli and site-directed mutagenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1292: 156-162
148. Koncz C, Mayerhofer R, Koncz-Kalman Z, Nawrath C, Reiss B, Redei GP and Schell J (1990) Isolation of a gene encoding a novel chloroplast protein by T-DNA tagging in Ambidopsis thaliana. EMBO J 9: 1337-1346
149. Koonin EV (1993) A common set of conserved motifs in a vast variety of putative nucleic acid-dependent ATPases including MCM proteins involved in the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 21: 2541-2547
150. Koonin EV (1997) Evidence for a family of archaeal ATPases. Science 275: 1489-90
151. Krishnasamy S and Wang W-Y (1990) Purification of the second enzyme of chlorophyll biosynthesis from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol 93: S-62
152. Kruse E, Mock H-P and Grimm B (1995) Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase from barley and tobacco - sequence analysis and initial expression studies. Planta 196: 796-803
153. Kruse E, Mock H-P and Grimm B (1997) Isolation and characterization of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cDNA clones encoding proteins involved in magnesium chelation into protoporphyrin IX. Plant Mol Biol 35: 1053-1056
154. Kumar AM, Csankovszki G and Söll D (1996) A second and differentially expressed glutamyl-tRNA reductase gene from Ambidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 30: 419-426
155. Lascelles J and Hatch TP (1969) Bacteriochlorophyll and heme synthesis in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: Possible role of heme in regulation of the branched biosynthetic pathway. J Bacteriol 98: 712-720
156. Lebedev N, van Cleve B, Armstrong G and Apel K (1995) Chlorophyll synthesis in deetiolated (det340) mutant of Arabidopsis without NADPH-protochlorophyllide (PChlide) oxidoreductase (POR) A and photoactive PChlide-F655. Plant Cell 7: 2081-2090
157. Lee HJ, Ball MD, Parham R and Rebeiz CA (1992) Chloroplast biogenesis 65. Enzymic conversion of protoporphyrin IX to Mg-protoporphyrin IX in a subplastidic membrane fraction of cucumber etiochloroplasts. Plant Physiol 99: 1134-1140
158. Lermontova I, Kruse E, Mock H-P and Grimm B (1997) Cloning and characterization of a plastidal and a mitochondrial isoform of tobacco protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 8895-8900
159. Li J and Timko MP (1996) The pc-7 phenotype of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii results from a deletion mutation in the nuclear gene for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Plant Mol Biol 30: 15-37
160. Li J, Goldschmidt-Clermont M and Timko MP (1993) Chloroplast-encoded chlB is required for light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell 5: 1817-1829
161. Li J-M, Russell CS and Cosloy SD (1989) Cloning and structure of the hemA gene of Escherichia coli K-12. Gene 82: 209-217
162. Lidholm J and Gustafsson P (1991) Homologues of the green algal gidA gene and the liverwort frxC gene are present on the chloroplast genomes of conifers. Plant Mol Biol 17: 787-798
163. Lim SH, Witty M, Wallace-Cook AD, Hag LI and Smith AG (1994) Porphobilinogen deaminase is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and is targeted to the chloroplasts. Plant Mol Biol 26: 863-872
164. Lin JM, Wegmann B, Chang TN and Wang W-Y (1989) The mechanism of heme inhibition of Glu-tRNA ligase. Plant Physiol 89: S-50
165. Liu X-Q, Xu H and Huang C (1993) Chloroplast chlB is required for light-independent chlorophyll accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Mol Biol 23: 297-308
166. Loeb MR (1995) Ferrochelatase activity and protoporphyrin IX utilization in Haemophilus influenzas. J Bacteriol 177: 3613-3615
167. Lopez JC, Ryan S and Blankenship RE (1996) Sequence of the bchG gene from Chloroflexus aurantiacus: Relationship between chlorophyll synthase and other polyprenyltransferases. J Bacteriol 178: 3369-3373
168. Louie GV, Brownlie PD, Lambert R, Cooper JB, Blundell TL, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Woodcock SC and Jordan PM (1992) Structure of porphobilinogen deaminase reveals a flexible multidomain polymerase with a single catalytic site. Nature 359: 33-39
169. Louie GV, Brownlie PD, Lambert R, Cooper JB, Blundell TL, Wood SP, Malashkevich VN, Hadener A, Warren MJ and Shoolingin-Jordan PM (1996) The three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli porphobilinogen deaminase at 1.76-Å resolution. Proteins 25: 48-78
170. Luo J and Lim CK (1993) Order of uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylation on incubation of porphobilinogen and uroporphyrinogen III with erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Biochem J 289: 529-532
171. Madsen O, Sandal L, Sandal NN and Marcker KA (1993) A soybean coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene is highly expressed in root nodules. Plant Mol Biol 23: 35-43
172. Maeda H, Watanabe T, Kobayashi M and Ikegami I (1992) Presence of two chlorophyll a′ molecules at the core of photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1099: 74-80
173. Majumdar D, Avissar YJ, Wyche JH and Beale SI (1991) Structure and expression of the Chlorobium vibrioforme hemA gene. Arch Microbiol 156: 281-289
174. Manning WM and Strain HH (1943) Chlorophyll d, a green pigment of red algae. J Biol Chem 151: 1-19
175. Mapleston ER and Griffiths WT (1980) Light modulation of the activity of protochlorophyllide reductase. Biochem J 189: 125-133
176. Martin GE, Timko MP and Wilks HM (1997) Purification and kinetic analysis of pea (Pisum sativum L.) NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase expressed as a fusion with maltose-binding protein in Escherichia coli. Biochem J 325: 139-145
177. Matringe M, Camadro J-M, Labbe P and Scalla R (1989) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase as a molecular target for diphenyl ether herbicides. Biochem J 260: 231-235
178. Matters GL and Beale SI (1994) Structure and light-regulated expression of the gsa gene encoding the chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme, glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Mol Biol 24: 617-629
179. Mau Y-HL and Wang W-Y (1988) Biosynthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Study of the transamination mechanism using specifically labeled glutamate. Plant Physiol 86: 793-797
180. Mayer SM, Weinstein JD and Beale SI (1987) Enzymatic conversion of glutamate to δ-aminolevulinate in soluble extracts of Euglena gracilis. J Biol Chem 262: 12541-12549
181. Mayer SM, Gawlita E, Avissar YJ, Anderson VE and Beale SI (1993) Intermolecular nitrogen transfer in the enzymatic conversion of glutamate to δ-aminolevulinic acid by extracts of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiol 101: 1029-1038
182. Mayer SM, Rieble S and Beale SI (1994) Metal requirements of the enzymes catalyzing conversion of glutamate to δ-aminolevulinic acid in extracts of Chlorella vulgaris and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Arch Biochem Biophys 312: 203-209
183. Mayer SM, Willows RD and Beale SI (1997) Structure and expression of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gtr gene encoding the chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme glutamyl-tRNA reductase. Plant Physiol 111: S-180
184. Medlock AE and Dailey HA (1996) Human coproporphyrinogen oxidase is not a metalloprotein. J Biol Chem 271: 32507-32510
185. Mehta PK and Christen P (1994) Homology of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase, 2-amino-6-caprolactam racemase, 2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase, glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase and isopenicillin-N-epimerase with aminotransferases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 198: 138-143
186. Meller E, Belkin S and Harel E (1975) The biosynthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid in greening maize leaves. Phytochemistry 14: 2399-2402
187. Miyashita H, Adachi K, Kurano N, Ikemoto H, Chihara M and Miyachi S (1997) Pigment composition of a novel oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote containing chlorophyll d as the major chlorophyll. Plant Cell Physiol 38: 274-281
188. Mock H-P, Trainotti L, Kruse E and Grimm B (1995) Isolation, sequencing and expression of cDNA sequences encoding uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from tobacco and barley. Plant Mol Biol 28: 245-256
189. Molony MA, Hoober JK and Marks DB (1989) Kinetics of chlorophyll accumulation and formation of chlorophyll-protein complexes during greening of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 at 38°C. Plant Physiol 91: 1100-1106
190. 2+ concentration-dependent ChlH protein within the chloroplast. Plant Cell Physiol 39: 275-284
191. Nandi DL and Shemin D (1973) δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Arch Biochem Biophys 158: 305-311
192. Narita S, Tanaka R, Ito T, Okada K, Taketani S and Inokuchi H (1996) Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA that encodes protoporphyrinogen oxidase of Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 182: 169-175
193. Nasrulhaq-Boyce A, Griffiths WT and Jones OTG (1987) The use of continuous assays to characterize the oxidative cyclase that synthesizes the chlorophyll isocyclic ring. Biochem J 243: 23-29
194. Nelson JR and Wakeham SG (1989) A phytol-substituted chlorophyll c from Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). J Phycol 25: 761-766
195. Ohtsuka T, Ito H and Tanaka A (1997) Conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a and the assembly of chlorophyll with apoproteins by isolated chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 113: 137-147
196. 3H]N-phenylmaleimide. Biochem J 195: 93-1101
197. Oliver RP and Griffiths WT (1982) Pigment-protein complexes of illuminated etiolated leaves. Plant Physiol 70: 1019-1025
198. Omata T, Murata N and Satoh K (1984) Quinone and pheophytin in the photosynthetic reaction center II from spinach chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 765: 403-405
199. Oren A and Padan E (1978) Induction of anaerobic, photoautotrophic growth in the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica. J Bacteriol 133: 558-563
200. Oster U and Rüdiger W (1997) The G4 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a chlorophyll synthase of etiolated plants. Bot Acta 110: 420-423
201. Oster U, Bauer CE and Rüdiger W (1997) Characterization of chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll a synthases by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 272: 9671-9676
202. Papenbrock J, Gräfe S, Kruse E, Hänel F and Grimm B (1997) Mg-chelatase of tobacco: Identification of a Chl D cDNA sequence encoding a third subunit, analysis of the interaction of the three subunits with the yeast two-hybrid system, and reconstitution of the enzyme activity by co-expression of recombinant CHL D, CHL H and CHL I. Plant J 12: 981-990
203. Parham R and Rebeiz CA (1992) Chloroplast biogenesis: [4-Vinyl] chlorophyllide a reductase is a divinyl chlorophyllide a-specific, NADPH-dependent enzyme. Biochemistry 31: 8460-8464
204. Parham R and Rebeiz CA (1995) Chloroplast biogenesis 72: [4-Vinyl]chlorophyllide a reductase assay using divinyl chlorophyllide a as an exogenous substrate. Anal Biochem 231: 164-169
205. Peters JW, Fisher K and Dean DR (1995) Nitrogenase structure and function: A biochemical-genetic perspective. Annu Rev Microbiol 49: 335-366
206. Petersen PM, Hawker CJ, Stamford NPJ, Leeper FJ and Battersby AR (1998) Biosynthesis of porphyrins and related macrocycles. Part 50. Synthesis of the N-formyl-dihydro analogue of the spiro-intermediate and its interaction with uroporphyrinogen III synthase. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1998: 1531-1539
207. Petricek M, Rutberg L, Schröder I and Hederstedt L (1990) Cloning and characterization of the hemA region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. J Bacteriol 172: 2250-58
208. Glu reductase, the enzyme that directs glutamate to chlorophyll biosynthesis. Eur J Biochem 225: 529-537
209. Popped G, Oster U, Bios I and Rüdiger W (1997) Magnesium chelatase of Hordeum vulgare L. is not activated by light but inhibited by pheophorbide. Z Naturforsch 52c: 144-152
210. Porra RJ, Schäfer W, Cmiel E, Katheder I and Scheer H (1993) Derivation of the formyl-group oxygen of chlorophyll b from molecular oxygen in greening leaves of a higher plant (Zea mays). FEBS Lett 323: 31-34
211. 1-oxo and 3-acetyl groups of bacteriochlorophyll a from water in Rhodobacter sphaeroides cells adapting from respiratory to photosynthetic conditions: Evidence for an anaerobic pathway for the formation of the isocyclic ring E. FEBS Lett 371: 21-24
212. Poulson R and Polglase WJ (1974) Aerobic and anaerobic coproporphyrinogenase activities in extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 249: 6367-6371
213. Radmer RJ and Bogorad L (1967) (-)S-adenosyl-L-methionine-magnesium protoporphyrin methyltransferase, an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of chlorophyll in Zea mays. Plant Physiol 42: 463-465
214. Randolph-Anderson BL, Sato R, Johnson AM, Harris EH, Hauser CR, Oeda K, Ishige F, Nishio S, Gillham NW and Boynton JE (1998) Isolation and characterization of a mutant protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii conferring resistance to porphyric herbicides. Plant Mol Biol 38: 839-859
215. Reinbothe C, Apel K and Reinbothe S (1995a) A light-induced protease from barley plastids degrades NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase complexed with chlorophyllide. Mol Cell Biol 15: 6206-6212
216. Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Runge S and Apel K (1995b) Enzymatic product formation impairs both the chloroplast receptor-binding function as well as translocation competence of the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, a nuclear-encoded plastid precursor protein. J Cell Biol 129: 299-308
217. Reinbothe S, Runge S, Reinbothe C, van Cleve B and Apel K (1995c) Substrate-dependent transport of the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase into isolated plastids. Plant Cell 7: 161-172
218. Reinbothe C, Lebedev N, Apel K and Reinbothe S (1997) Regulation of chloroplast protein import through a protochlorophyllide-responsive transit peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 8890-8894
219. Reinbothe S and Reinbothe C (1996a) Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis in angiosperms. Plant Physiol 111: 1-7
220. Reinbothe S and Reinbothe C (1996b) The regulation of enzymes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Eur J Biochem 237: 323-243
221. Rieble S and Beale SI (1988) Enzymatic transformation of glutamate to δ-aminolevulinic acid by soluble extracts of Synechocystis sp. 6803 and other oxygenic prokaryotes. J Biol Chem 263: 8864-8871
222. Rieble S and Beale SI (1991a) Purification of glutamyl-tRNA reductase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 266: 9740-9744
223. Rieble S and Beale SI (1991b) Separation and partial characterization of enzymes catalyzing δ-aminolevulinic acid formation in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Arch Biochem Biophys 289: 289-297
224. Rieble S and Beale SI (1992) Structure and expression of a cyanobacterial ilvC gene encoding acetohydroxyacid isomeroreductase. J Bacteriol 174: 7910-7918
225. Rieble S, Ormerod JG and Beale SI (1989) Transformation of glutamate to δ-aminolevulinic acid by soluble extracts of Chlorobium vibrioforme. J Bacteriol 171: 3782-3787
226. Rosé S, Frydman RB, de los Santos C, Sburlati A, Valasinas A and Frydman B (1988) Spectroscopic evidence for a porphobilinogen deaminase-tetrapyrrole complex that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III. Biochemistry (USA) 27: 4871-4879
227. Rüdiger W (1987) Chlorophyll synthetase and its implication for regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. In: Biggins J (ed) Progress in Photosynthesis Research, Vol. IV, pp 461-467. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston
228. Rüdiger W (1997) Chlorophyll metabolism: From outer space down to the molecular level. Phytochemistry 46: 1151-1167
229. Rüdiger W, Benz J and Guthoff C (1980) Detection and partial characterization of activity of chlorophyll synthetase in etioplast membranes. Eur J Biochem 109: 193-200
230. Rudoi AB and Shcherbakov RA (1998) Analysis of the chlorophyll biosynthetic system in a chlorophyll b-less barley mutant. Photosynth Res 58: 71-80
231. Sangwan I and O'Brian MR (1993) Expression of the soybean (Glycine max) glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase gene in symbiotic root nodules. Plant Physiol 102: 829-834
232. Santel H-J and Apel K (1981) The protochlorophyllide holochrome of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): The effect of light on the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Eur J Biochem 120: 95-103
233. Schauder J-R, Jendrezejewski S, Abell A, Hart GJ and Battersby AR (1987) Stereochemistry of formation of the hydroxymethyl group of hydroxymethylbilane, the precursor of Uro'gen-III. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1987: 436-438
234. Scheumann V, Ito H, Tanaka A, Schoch S and Rüdiger W (1996) Substrate specificity of chlorophyll(ide) b reductase in etioplasts of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Eur J Biochem 242: 163-170
235. 5 monomethyl ester in cryptophytes. J Phycol 30: 621-627
236. Schneegurt MA and Beale SI (1992) Origin of the chlorophyll b formyl oxygen atom in Chlorella vulgaris. Biochemistry 31: 11677-11683
237. Schoch S (1978) The esterification of chlorophyllide a in greening bean leaves. Z Naturforsch 33c: 712-714
238. Schoch S and Schäfer W (1978) Tetrahydrogeranylgeraniol, a pre-cursor of phytol in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a-localization of the double bonds. Z Naturforsch 33c: 408-412
239. Schoch S, Lempert U and Rüdiger W (1977) Über die letzten Stufen der Chlorophyll-Biosynthese Zwischenprodkte zwischen Chlorophyllid und phytolhaltigem Chlorophyll. Z Pflanzenphysiol 83: 427-436
240. Schoch S, Helfrich M, Wiktorsson B, Sundqvist C, Rüdiger W and Ryberg M (1995) Photoreduction of zinc protopheophorbide b with NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase from etiolated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Eur J Biochem 242: 674-681
241. Schulz R, Steinmüller K, Klaas M, Forreiter C, Rasmussen S, Hiller C and Apel K (1989) Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for the NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (PCR) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and its expression in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet 217: 355-361
242. Scott AI, Burton G, Jordan PM, Matsumoto H, Fagerness PE and Pryde LM (1980) N.M.R. spectroscopy as a probe for the study of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Further observations of preuroporphyrinogen, a substrate for uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1980: 384-387
243. Seehra JS, Jordan PM and Akhtar M (1983) Anaerobic and aerobic coproporphyrinogen III oxidases of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Mechanism and stereochemistry of vinyl group formation. Biochem J 209: 709-718
244. Sharif AL, Smith AG and Abell C (1989) Isolation and characterisation of a cDNA clone for a chlorophyll synthesis enzyme from Euglena gracilis. The chloroplast enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (porphobilinogen deaminase) is synthesised with a very long transit peptide in Euglena. Eur J Biochem 184: 353-359
245. Shiau F-Y, Whyte BJ, Castelfranco PA and Smith km (1991) Partial syntheses of the isomerically pure magnesium(II) protoporphyrin IX monomethyl esters, and their identification. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1991: 1781-1785
246. Shieh J, Miller GW and Psenak M (1978) Properties of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase from barley. Plant Cell Physiol 19: 1051-1059
247. Shioi Y, Nagamine M, Kuroki M and Sasa T (1980) Purification by affinity chromatography and properties of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase from Chlorella regularis. Biochim Biophys Acta 616: 300-309
248. Shoolingin-Jordan PM, Warren MJ and Awan SJ (1996) Discovery that the assembly of the dipyrromethane cofactor of porphobilinogen deaminase holoenzyme proceeds initially by the reaction of preuroporphyrinogen with the apoenzyme. Biochem J 316: 373-376
249. Siepker LJ, Ford M, de Kock R and Kramer S (1987) Purification of bovine protoporphyrinogen oxidase: Immunological cross-reactivity and structural relationship to ferrochelatase. Biochim Biophys Acta 913: 349-358
250. Smith MA, Kannangara CG and Grimm B (1992) Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase: Anomalous enantiomeric reaction and enzyme mechanism. Biochemistry 31: 11249-11254
251. Smith MA, King PJ and Grimm B (1998) Transient-state kinetic analysis of Synechococcus glutamate 1-semialdehyde amino-transferase. Biochemistry 37: 319-329
252. Soll J, Schultz G, Rüdiger W and Benz J (1983) Hydrogenation of geranylgeraniol. Two pathways exist in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 71: 849-854
253. Spano AJ, He Z, Michel H, Hunt DF and Timko MP (1992a) Molecular cloning, nuclear gene structure, and developmental expression of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in pea (Pisum sativum L.) Plant Mol Biol 18: 967-972
254. Spano AJ, He Z and Timko MP (1992b) NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases in white pine (Pinus strobus) and loblolly pine (P. teada). Mol Gen Genet 236: 86-95
255. Sperling U, van Cleve B, Frick G, Apel K and Armstrong GA (1997) Overexpression of light-dependent PORA and PORB in plants depleted of endogenous POR by far-red light enhances seedling survival in white light and protects against photooxidative damage. Plant J 12: 649-658
256. Spiller SC, Castelfranco AM and Castelfranco PA (1982) Effects of iron and oxygen of chlorophyll biosynthesis. I. In vivo observations on iron and oxygen-deficient plants. Plant Physiol 69: 107-111
257. Stange-Thomann N, Thomann H-U, Lloyd AJ, Lyman H and Söll D (1994) A point mutation in Euglena gracilis chloroplast tRNA uncouples protein and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 7947-7951
258. Stark WM, Hawker CJ, Hart GJ, Philippides A, Petersen PM, Lewis JD, Leeper FJ and Battersby AR (1993) Biosynthesis of porphyrins and related macrocycles. Part 40. Synthesis of a spiro-lactam related to the proposed spiro-intermediate for porphyrin biosynthesis: Inhibition of cosynthetase. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1 1993: 2875-2891
259. Suzuki JY and Bauer CA (1992) Light-independent chlorophyll synthesis: Involvement of the chloroplast gene chlL (frxC). Plant Cell 4: 929-940
260. Suzuki JY and Bauer CA (1995) Altered monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide pools in bchJ mutants of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Possible monovinyl substrate discrimination of light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase. J Biol Chem 270: 3732-3740
261. Suzuki JY, Bollivar DW and Bauer CE (1997) Genetic analysis of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Annu Rev Genet 31: 61-89
262. Tait GH (1972) Coproporphyrinogenase activities in extracts of Rhodopseudamonas spheroides and Chromatium strain D. Biochem J 128: 1159-1169
263. Tanaka A, Ito H, Tanaka R, Tanaka NK, Yoshida K and Okada K (1998) Chlorophyll a oxygenase (CAO) is involved in chlorophyll b formation from chlorophyll a. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 12719-12723
264. Tanaka R, Yoshida K, Nakayashiki T, Masuda T, Tsuji H, Inokuchi H and Tanaka A (1996) Differential expression of two hemA mRNAs encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase proteins in greening cucumber seedlings. Plant Physiol 110: 1223-1230
265. Tanaka R, Yoshida K, Nakayashiki T, Tsuji H, Inokuchi H, Okada K and Tanaka A (1997) The third member of the hemA family encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase is primarily expressed in roots in Hordeum vulgare. Photosynth Res 53: 161-171
266. Thomas J and Weinstein JD (1990) Measurement of heme efflux and heme content in isolated developing chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 94: 1414-1423
267. Townley HE, Griffiths WT and Nugent JP (1998) A reappraisal of the mechanism of the photoenzyme protochlorophyllide reductase based on studies with the heterologously expressed protein. FEBS Lett 422: 19-22
268. Tripathy BC and Rebeiz CA (1988) Chloroplast biogenesis 60. Conversion of divinyl protochlorophyllide to monovinyl protochlorophyllide in green(ing) barley, a dark monovinyl/light divinyl plant species. Plant Physiol 87: 89-94
269. Valera V, Fung M, Wessler AN and Richards WR (1987) Synthesis of 4R- and 45-tritium labeled NADPH for the determination of the coenzyme stereospecificity of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 148: 515-520
270. Verkamp E and Chelm BK (1989) Isolation, nucleotide sequence, and preliminary characterization of the Escherichia coli K-12 hemA gene. J Bacteriol 171: 4728-4735
271. von Wettstein D, Henningsen KW, Boynton JE, Kannangara CG and Nielsen OF (1971) The genie control of chloroplast development in barley. In: Boardman NK, Linnane AW and Smillie RM (eds) Autonomy and Biogenesis of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, pp 205-223. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
272. Glu reductase in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 9287-9291
273. Glu reductase: Mutations affecting haem inhibition and enzyme activity. Phytochemistry 47: 513-519
274. Wakao N, Yokoi N, Isoyama N, Hiraishi A, Shimada K, Kobayashi M, Kise H, Iwaki M, Itoh S, Takaichi S and Sakurai Y (1996) Discovery of natural photosynthesis using Zn-containing bacteriochlorophyll in an aerobic bacterium Acidiphilium rubrum. Plant Cell Physiol 37: 889-893
275. Walker CJ and Griffiths WT (1988) Protochlorophyllide reductase: A flavoprotein? FEBS Lett 239: 259-262
276. Walker CJ and Weinstein JD (1991a) Further characterization of the magnesium chelatase in isolated developing cucumber chloroplasts. Substrate specificity, regulation, intactness, and ATP requirements. Plant Physiol 95: 1189-1196
277. Walker CJ and Weinstein JD (1991b) In vitro assay of the chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme Mg-chelatase: Resolution of the activity into soluble and membrane-bound fractions. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 88: 5789-5793
278. Walker CJ and Weinstein JD (1994) The magnesium insertion step of chlorophyll biosynthesis is a two-stage reaction. Biochem J 299: 277-284
279. Walker CJ and Weinstein JD (1995) Re-examination of the localization of Mg-chelatase within the chloroplast. Physiol Plant 94: 419-424
280. Walker CJ and Willows RD (1997) Mechanism and regulation of Mg-chelatase. Biochem J 327: 321-333
281. Walker CJ, Mansfield KE, Rezzano IN, Hanamoto CH, Smith KM and Castelfranco PA (1988) The magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (oxidative) cyclase system. Studies on the mechanism and specificity of the reaction sequence. Biochem J 255: 685-692
282. Walker CJ, Mansfield KE, Smith KM and Castelfranco PA (1989) Incorporation of atmospheric oxygen into the carbonyl functionality of the protochlorophyllide isocyclic ring. Biochem J 257: 599-602
283. Walker CJ, Castelfranco PA and Whyte BJ (1991) Synthesis of divinyl protochlorophyllide. Enzymological properties of the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester oxidative cyclase system. Biochem J 276: 691-697
284. Walker CJ, Hupp LR and Weinstein JD (1992) Activation and stabilization of Mg-chelatase activity by ATP as revealed by a novel in vitro continuous assay. Plant Physiol Biochem 30: 263-269
285. Walker CJ, Kannangara CG and von Wettstein D (1997) Identification of xantha 1-35 and viridis k-23 as mutants of the Mg-protoporphyrin monomethyl ester cyclase of chlorophyll synthesis in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Plant Physiol 114: S-149
286. Wang W-Y, Huang D-D, Stachen D, Gough SP and Kannangara CG (1984) Purification, characterization, and fractionation of the δ-aminolevulinic acid synthesizing enzymes from light-grown Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Plant Physiol 74: 569-575
287. Warren MJ and Jordan PM (1988) Further evidence for the involvement of a dipyrromethene cofactor at the active site of porphobilinogen deaminase. Biochem Soc Trans 16: 963-965
288. Weinstein JD and Beale SI (1985) Enzymatic conversion of glutamate to δ-aminolevulinate in soluble extracts of the unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris. Arch Biochem Biophys 237: 454-464
289. Weinstein JD, Mayer SM and Beale SI (1987) Formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid from glutamic acid in algal extracts. Separation into an RNA and three required enzyme components by serial affinity chromatography. Plant Physiol 84: 244-250
290. Weinstein JD, Howell RW, Leverette RD, Grooms SY, Brignola PS, Mayer SM and Beale SI (1993) Heme inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthesis is enhanced by glutathione in cell-free extracts of Chlorella. Plant Physiol 101: 657-665
291. Wenzlau JM and Berry-Lowe SL (1995) Nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (U10278) from Arabidopsis thaliana 'Columbia'. Plant Physiol 108: 1342
292. Whyte BJ and Castelfranco PA (1993) Further observations on the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase system. Biochem J 290: 355-359
293. 2+ and other cations in the reconstituted (oxidative) cyclase. Plant Physiol Biochem 30: 279-284
294. Wiktorsson B, Ryberg M and Sundqvist C (1996) Aggregation of NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase-pigment complexes is favoured by protein phosphorylation. Plant Physiol Biochem 34: 23-34
295. Williams DC, Morgan GS, McDonald E and Battersby AR (1981) Purification of porphobilinogen deaminase from Euglena gracilis and studies of its kinetics. Biochem J 193: 301-310
296. Willows RD, Kannangara CG and Pontoppidan B (1995) Nucleotides of tRNA (Glu) involved in recognition by barley chloroplast glutamyl-tRNA synthetase and glutamyl-tRNA reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1263: 228-234
297. Willows RD, Gibson LCD, Kannangara CG, Hunter CN and von Wettstein D (1996) Three separate proteins constitute the magnesium chelatase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Eur J Biochem 235: 438-443
298. Willstätter R and Stoll A (1913) Untersuchungen über chlorophyll. Methoden und ergebnisse. 424 pp. Springer, Berlin, Germany
299. Witty M, Wallace-Cook AD, Albrecht H, Spano AJ, Michel H, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Timko MP and Smith AG (1993) Structure and expression of chloroplast-localized porphobilinogen deaminase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) isolated by redundant polymerase chain reaction. Plant Physiol 103: 139-147
300. Wong Y-S and Castelfranco PA (1984) Resolution and reconstitution of the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase, the enzyme system responsible for the formation of the chlorophyll isocyclic ring. Plant Physiol 75: 658-661
301. Wong Y-S and Castelfranco PA (1985) Properties of the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase system. Plant Physiol 79: 730-733
302. Wong Y-S, Castelfranco PA, Goff DA and Smith km (1985) Intermediates in the formation of the chlorophyll isocyclic ring. Plant Physiol 79: 725-729
303. Woodward RB (1960) The total synthesis of chlorophyll. Pure Appl Chem 2: 383-404
304. Xu K and Elliott T (1993) An oxygen-dependent coproporphyrinogen oxidase encoded by the hemF gene of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 175: 4990-4999
305. Xu K and Elliott T (1994) Cloning, DNA sequence, and complementation analysis of the Salmonella typhimurium hemN gene encoding a putative oxygen-independent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase. J Bacteriol 176: 3196-3203
306. Yamato S, Ida T, Katagiri M and Ohkawa H (1995) A tobacco soluble protoporphyrinogen-oxidizing enzyme similar to plant peroxidases in their amino acid sequences and immunochemical reactivity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59: 558-559
307. Zaman Z and Akhtar M (1976) Mechanism and stereochemistry of vinyl-group formation in haem biosynthesis. Eur J Biochem 61: 215-223
308. Zapata M and Garrido JL (1997) Occurrence of phytylated chlorophyll c in Isochrysis galbana and Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO) (Prymnesiophyceae). J Phycol 33: 209-214
309. Zsebo KM and Hearst JE (1984) Genetic-physical mapping of a photosynthetic gene cluster from R. capsulata. Cell 37: 937-947