메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 83, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 867-877

Macular pigment and age related macular degeneration

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; BETA CAROTENE; CAROTENOID; VISUAL PIGMENT; XANTHOPHYLL; ZEAXANTHIN; ZINC;

EID: 0032791567     PISSN: 00071161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.83.7.867     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (309)

References (152)
  • 2
    • 0022376578 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment
    • Bone RA, Landrum JT, Tarsis SL. Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vis Res 1985;25:1531-5.
    • (1985) Vis Res , vol.25 , pp. 1531-1535
    • Bone, R.A.1    Landrum, J.T.2    Tarsis, S.L.3
  • 4
    • 0019754646 scopus 로고
    • Macular yellow pigment. the first 200 years
    • Nussbaum JJ, Pruett RC, Delori FC. Macular yellow pigment. The first 200 years. Retina 1981;1:296-310.
    • (1981) Retina , vol.1 , pp. 296-310
    • Nussbaum, J.J.1    Pruett, R.C.2    Delori, F.C.3
  • 5
    • 0016024327 scopus 로고
    • Macular pigment and chromatic aberration
    • Reading VM, Weale RA. Macular pigment and chromatic aberration. J Optom Soc Am 1974;64:231-4.
    • (1974) J Optom Soc Am , vol.64 , pp. 231-234
    • Reading, V.M.1    Weale, R.A.2
  • 7
    • 0021319305 scopus 로고
    • Macular pigment in Henle fiber membranes: A model for Haidinger's brushes
    • Bone RA, Landrum JT. Macular pigment in Henle fiber membranes: a model for Haidinger's brushes. Vis Res 1984;24:103-8.
    • (1984) Vis Res , vol.24 , pp. 103-108
    • Bone, R.A.1    Landrum, J.T.2
  • 8
    • 0019952889 scopus 로고
    • Carotenoid pigments: Their possible role in protecting against photooxidation in eyes and photoreceptor cells
    • Kirschfeld K. Carotenoid pigments: their possible role in protecting against photooxidation in eyes and photoreceptor cells. Proc R Soc Lond 1982;216: 71-85.
    • (1982) Proc R Soc Lond , vol.216 , pp. 71-85
    • Kirschfeld, K.1
  • 9
    • 0014963512 scopus 로고
    • Chemistry of singlet oxygen. X. Carotenoid quenching parallels biological protection
    • Foote CS, Chang YC, Denny RW. Chemistry of singlet oxygen. X. Carotenoid quenching parallels biological protection. J Am Chem Soc 1970;92: 5216-18.
    • (1970) J Am Chem Soc , vol.92 , pp. 5216-5218
    • Foote, C.S.1    Chang, Y.C.2    Denny, R.W.3
  • 10
    • 0028879019 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins
    • Snodderly DM. Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins- Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(suppl):1448s-60s.
    • (1995) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Snodderly, D.M.1
  • 11
    • 0019020390 scopus 로고
    • The Framingham Eye Study Monograph; an ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975
    • Leibowitz HM, Krueger DE, Maunder LR, et al. The Framingham Eye Study Monograph; an ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975. Surv Ophthalmol 1980;24:335-609.
    • (1980) Surv Ophthalmol , vol.24 , pp. 335-609
    • Leibowitz, H.M.1    De Krueger2    Maunder, L.R.3
  • 12
    • 0002802574 scopus 로고
    • The free radical theory of aging revisited: A critique and a specific disease-specific theory
    • Butler RN, Sprott RL, Schneider EL, eds. New York: Raven Press
    • Pryor WA. The free radical theory of aging revisited: a critique and a specific disease-specific theory. In: Butler RN, Sprott RL, Schneider EL, eds. Modern biological theories of aging. New York: Raven Press, 1987:42-63.
    • (1987) Modern Biological Theories of Aging , pp. 42-63
    • Pryor, W.A.1
  • 13
    • 0023863371 scopus 로고
    • Solar radiation and age-related macular degeneration
    • Young RW. Solar radiation and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 1988;32:252-69.
    • (1988) Surv Ophthalmol , vol.32 , pp. 252-269
    • Young, R.W.1
  • 14
    • 0026676630 scopus 로고
    • Regional and age-dependent variation in susceptibility of the human retina to lipid peroxidation
    • De La Paz MA, Anderson RE. Regional and age-dependent variation in susceptibility of the human retina to lipid peroxidation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:3497-9.
    • (1992) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.33 , pp. 3497-3499
    • De La Paz, M.A.1    Anderson, R.E.2
  • 15
    • 77956747928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The macular pigment: A possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration
    • Landrum JT, Bone RA, Kilburn MD. The macular pigment: a possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration. Adv Pharm 1997;38: 537-56.
    • (1997) Adv Pharm , vol.38 , pp. 537-556
    • Landrum, J.T.1    Bone, R.A.2    Kilburn, M.D.3
  • 18
    • 37049215553 scopus 로고
    • Human vision and the spectrum
    • Wald G. Human vision and the spectrum. Science 1945;101:653-8.
    • (1945) Science , vol.101 , pp. 653-658
    • Wald, G.1
  • 19
    • 0002379233 scopus 로고
    • The photochemistry of vision
    • Wald G. The photochemistry of vision. Doc Ophthalmol 1949;3:94-137.
    • (1949) Doc Ophthalmol , vol.3 , pp. 94-137
    • Wald, G.1
  • 21
    • 0028934221 scopus 로고
    • An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration
    • The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Qphthalmol 1995;39:367-74.
    • (1995) Surv Qphthalmol , vol.39 , pp. 367-374
  • 22
    • 0020540805 scopus 로고
    • Common causes of visual handicap in the west of Scotland
    • Ghafour IM, Allan D, Foulds WS. Common causes of visual handicap in the west of Scotland. Br J Ophthalmol 1983;67:209-13.
    • (1983) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.67 , pp. 209-213
    • Ghafour, I.M.1    Allan, D.2    Foulds, W.S.3
  • 23
    • 0028859859 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract and glaucoma to visual acuity
    • Klein R, Wang Q, Klein BEK, et al. The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract and glaucoma to visual acuity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:182-91.
    • (1995) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.36 , pp. 182-191
    • Klein, R.1    Wang, Q.2    Klein, B.E.K.3
  • 24
    • 0020561796 scopus 로고
    • Senile macular degeneration: Review of epidemiologic features
    • Ferris FL III. Senile macular degeneration: review of epidemiologic features. Am J Epidemiol 1983;118:132-51.
    • (1983) Am J Epidemiol , vol.118 , pp. 132-151
    • Ferris III, F.L.1
  • 26
    • 0020067097 scopus 로고
    • Cataracts and macular degeneration in older Americans
    • Klein BE, Klein R. Cataracts and macular degeneration in older Americans. Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:571-3.
    • (1982) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.100 , pp. 571-573
    • Klein, B.E.1    Klein, R.2
  • 28
    • 0028843796 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in Australia, the Blue Mountains Eye Study
    • Mitchell P, Smith W, Attebo K, et al. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in Australia, the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1995;102: 1450-60.
    • (1995) Ophthalmology , vol.102 , pp. 1450-1460
    • Mitchell, P.1    Smith, W.2    Attebo, K.3
  • 29
    • 0025942638 scopus 로고
    • The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system
    • Klein R, Davis MDD, Magli Y, et al. The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1128-34.
    • (1991) Ophthalmology , vol.98 , pp. 1128-1134
    • Klein, R.1    Davis, M.D.D.2    Magli, Y.3
  • 30
    • 0031056911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Beaver Dam Eye Study. the five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy
    • Klein R, Klein BEK, Jensen SC, et al. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmology 1997;104:7-22.
    • (1997) Ophthalmology , vol.104 , pp. 7-22
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.K.2    Jensen, S.C.3
  • 31
    • 0025963273 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of individual macular pigment carotenoids in central retina of macaque and squirrel monkeys
    • Snodderly DM, Handelman GJ, Adler AJ. Distribution of individual macular pigment carotenoids in central retina of macaque and squirrel monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:268-79.
    • (1991) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.32 , pp. 268-279
    • Snodderly, D.M.1    Handelman, G.J.2    Adler, A.J.3
  • 32
    • 0031155946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual variations in the spatial profile of human macular pigment
    • Hainmond BR Jr., Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Individual variations in the spatial profile of human macular pigment. J Am Opt Soc Am 1997;14:1187-96.
    • (1997) J Am Opt Soc Am , vol.14 , pp. 1187-1196
    • Hainmond Jr., B.R.1    Wooten, B.R.2    Snodderly, D.M.3
  • 33
    • 0023897142 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: Retinal distribution and age study
    • Bone RA, Landrum JT, Fernandez L, et al. Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988;29:843-9.
    • (1988) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.29 , pp. 843-849
    • Bone, R.A.1    Landrum, J.T.2    Fernandez, L.3
  • 34
    • 0023214782 scopus 로고
    • Optical density of human macular pigment
    • Pease PL, Adams AJ, Nuccio E. Optical density of human macular pigment. Vis Res 1987;27:705-10.
    • (1987) Vis Res , vol.27 , pp. 705-710
    • Pease, P.L.1    Adams, A.J.2    Nuccio, E.3
  • 35
    • 0026528015 scopus 로고
    • Interocular differences in macular pigment density
    • Hammond BR Jr, Fuld K. Interocular differences in macular pigment density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:350-5.
    • (1992) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.33 , pp. 350-355
    • Hammond Jr., B.R.1    Fuld, K.2
  • 36
    • 0023230276 scopus 로고
    • Aging and human macular pigment density. [[Appended with translations from the work of Max Schultze and Ewald Hering.]]
    • Werner JS, Donnelly SK, Kliegl R. Aging and human macular pigment density. [[Appended with translations from the work of Max Schultze and Ewald Hering.]] Vis Res 1987;27:257-68.
    • (1987) Vis Res , vol.27 , pp. 257-268
    • Werner, J.S.1    Donnelly, S.K.2    Kliegl, R.3
  • 37
    • 0026030610 scopus 로고
    • Biological control of primate macular pigment. Biochemical and densitometric studies
    • Handelman GJ, Snodderly DM, Krinsky NI, et al. Biological control of primate macular pigment. Biochemical and densitometric studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:257-67.
    • (1991) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.32 , pp. 257-267
    • Handelman, G.J.1    Snodderly, D.M.2    Krinsky, N.I.3
  • 38
    • 0005405806 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence
    • Isler O, ed. Basle: Birkauser
    • Weedon BCL. Occurrence. In: Isler O, ed. Carotenoids, Basle: Birkauser, 1971:267-324.
    • (1971) Carotenoids , pp. 267-324
    • Weedon, B.C.L.1
  • 39
    • 0026677593 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of carotenoids
    • Packer L, ed. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Goodwin TW. Distribution of carotenoids. In: Packer L, ed. Methods of enzymology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992;213:167-72.
    • (1992) Methods of Enzymology , vol.213 , pp. 167-172
    • Goodwin, T.W.1
  • 41
    • 0029955177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in macular pigment optical density: Relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns
    • Hammond BR Jr, Curran-Cellantano J, Judd S, et al. Sex differences in macular pigment optical density: relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns. Vis Res 1996;36:2001-9.
    • (1996) Vis Res , vol.36 , pp. 2001-2009
    • Hammond Jr., B.R.1    Curran-Cellantano, J.2    Judd, S.3
  • 42
    • 0022553666 scopus 로고
    • A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing
    • Block G, Hartman AM, Dresser CM, et al. A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing. Am J Epidemiol 1986;24:453-69.
    • (1986) Am J Epidemiol , vol.24 , pp. 453-469
    • Block, G.1    Hartman, A.M.2    Dresser, C.M.3
  • 43
    • 0030752005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A one year study of the macular pigment: The effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement
    • Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, et al. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res 1997; 65:57-62.
    • (1997) Exp Eye Res , vol.65 , pp. 57-62
    • Landrum, J.T.1    Bone, R.A.2    Joa, H.3
  • 44
    • 61849127473 scopus 로고
    • Separation, identification, and quantification of carotenoids in fruits, vegetables and human plasma by high performance liquid chromotography
    • Khachik F, Beecher GR, Goli MB, et al. Separation, identification, and quantification of carotenoids in fruits, vegetables and human plasma by high performance liquid chromotography. Pure Appl Chem 1991;63:71-80.
    • (1991) Pure Appl Chem , vol.63 , pp. 71-80
    • Khachik, F.1    Beecher, G.R.2    Goli, M.B.3
  • 45
    • 0026746023 scopus 로고
    • Separation and quantification of carotenoids in foods
    • Packer L, ed. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Khachik F, Beecher GR, Goli MB, Lusby WR. Separation and quantification of carotenoids in foods. In: Packer L, ed. Methods in enzymology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992;213A:347-59.
    • (1992) Methods in Enzymology , vol.213 A , pp. 347-359
    • Khachik, F.1    Beecher, G.R.2    Goli, M.B.3    Lusby, W.R.4
  • 46
    • 0026655945 scopus 로고
    • Separation and identification of carotenoids and their oxidation products in extracts of human plasma
    • Khachik F, Beecher GR, Goli MB, et al. Separation and identification of carotenoids and their oxidation products in extracts of human plasma. Anal Chem 1992;64:2111-22.
    • (1992) Anal Chem , vol.64 , pp. 2111-2122
    • Khachik, F.1    Beecher, G.R.2    Goli, M.B.3
  • 47
    • 0026688740 scopus 로고
    • Separation and quantification of carotenoids in human plasma
    • Packer L, ed. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Khachik F, Beecher GR, Goli MB, et al. Separation and quantification of carotenoids in human plasma. In: Packer L, ed. Methods in enzymology, San Diego: Academic Press, 1992;213A:205-19.
    • (1992) Methods in Enzymology , vol.213 A , pp. 205-219
    • Khachik, F.1    Beecher, G.R.2    Goli, M.B.3
  • 48
    • 0031570089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification, quantification, and relative concentration of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum
    • Khachik F, Spangler CJ, Smith JC Jr, et al. Identification, quantification, and relative concentration of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum. Anal Chem 1997;69:1873-81.
    • (1997) Anal Chem , vol.69 , pp. 1873-1881
    • Khachik, F.1    Spangler, C.J.2    Smith Jr., J.C.3
  • 49
    • 0031658490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: The macular pigment in human eyes
    • Sommerburg O, Keunen JEE, Bird AC, et al. Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:907-10.
    • (1998) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.82 , pp. 907-910
    • Sommerburg, O.1    Keunen, J.E.E.2    Bird, A.C.3
  • 50
    • 0030826642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas
    • Khachik F, Bernstein PS, Garland DL. Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38:1802-11.
    • (1997) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.38 , pp. 1802-1811
    • Khachik, F.1    Bernstein, P.S.2    Garland, D.L.3
  • 51
    • 0021774509 scopus 로고
    • Resonance Raman spectra of betacarotene in native and modified low density lipoprotein
    • Verma SP, Philippot JR, Bonnet B, et al. Resonance Raman spectra of betacarotene in native and modified low density lipoprotein, Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1984;122:867-75.
    • (1984) Biochem Biophys Res Comm , vol.122 , pp. 867-875
    • Verma, S.P.1    Philippot, J.R.2    Bonnet, B.3
  • 52
    • 0029031171 scopus 로고
    • Lutein associated with a transthyretin indicates carotenoid derivation and novel multiplicity of transthyretin ligands
    • Pattersson T, Ernstrom U, Griffiths W, et al. Lutein associated with a transthyretin indicates carotenoid derivation and novel multiplicity of transthyretin ligands. FEBS Lett 1995;365:23-6.
    • (1995) FEBS Lett , vol.365 , pp. 23-26
    • Pattersson, T.1    Ernstrom, U.2    Griffiths, W.3
  • 53
    • 0025784171 scopus 로고
    • Binding of retinoids and β-carotene to β-lactoglobulin: Influence of protein modifications
    • Dufour E, Haertle T. Binding of retinoids and β-carotene to β-lactoglobulin: influence of protein modifications. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991;1079:316-20.
    • (1991) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1079 , pp. 316-320
    • Dufour, E.1    Haertle, T.2
  • 54
    • 0025837561 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the carotenoids in the muscle of salmon: V: Combination of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin with bovine serum albumin and egg albumin
    • Hemmi H, Hata M, Takeuchi M. Studies of the carotenoids in the muscle of salmon: V: Combination of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin with bovine serum albumin and egg albumin. Comp Biochem Physiol 1991;99B:609-12.
    • (1991) Comp Biochem Physiol , vol.99 B , pp. 609-612
    • Hemmi, H.1    Hata, M.2    Takeuchi, M.3
  • 56
    • 0022479906 scopus 로고
    • The teieost cone cytoskeleton: Localization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
    • Nagle BW, Okamoto C, Taggert B, et al. The teieost cone cytoskeleton: localization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27:689-701.
    • (1986) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.27 , pp. 689-701
    • Nagle, B.W.1    Okamoto, C.2    Taggert, B.3
  • 57
    • 0026791750 scopus 로고
    • Optical density spectra of the macular pigment in vivo and in vitro
    • Bone RA, Landrum JT, Cains A. Optical density spectra of the macular pigment in vivo and in vitro- Vis Res 1992;32:105-10.
    • (1992) Vis Res , vol.32 , pp. 105-110
    • Bone, R.A.1    Landrum, J.T.2    Cains, A.3
  • 58
    • 0026030610 scopus 로고
    • Biological control of primate macular pigment: Biochemical and densitometric studies
    • Handelman GJ, Snodderly DM, Krinsky NI, et al. Biological control of primate macular pigment: biochemical and densitometric studies. Invest Ophihalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:257-67.
    • (1991) Invest Ophihalmol Vis Sci , vol.32 , pp. 257-267
    • Handelman, G.J.1    Snodderly, D.M.2    Krinsky, N.I.3
  • 60
    • 0016024327 scopus 로고
    • Macular pigment and chromatic aberration
    • Reading VM, Weale RA. Macular pigment and chromatic aberration. J Optom Soc Am 1974;64:231-8.
    • (1974) J Optom Soc Am , vol.64 , pp. 231-238
    • Reading, V.M.1    Weale, R.A.2
  • 61
    • 0020608372 scopus 로고
    • Potential retinal hazards. Instrument and environmental light sources
    • Mainster MA, Ham WT Jr, Delori FC. Potential retinal hazards. Instrument and environmental light sources. Ophthalmology 1983;90:927-32.
    • (1983) Ophthalmology , vol.90 , pp. 927-932
    • Mainster, M.A.1    Ham Jr., W.T.2    Delori, F.C.3
  • 62
    • 0017890553 scopus 로고
    • Spectral transmittance of intraocular lenses and retinal damage from intense light sources
    • Mainster MA. Spectral transmittance of intraocular lenses and retinal damage from intense light sources. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;85:167-172.
    • (1978) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.85 , pp. 167-172
    • Mainster, M.A.1
  • 63
    • 0017264207 scopus 로고
    • Retinal sensitivity to radiation damage from short wavelength light
    • Ham WT Jr., Mueller HA, Sliney DH. Retinal sensitivity to radiation damage from short wavelength light. Nature 1976;260:153-8.
    • (1976) Nature , vol.260 , pp. 153-158
    • Ham Jr., W.T.1    Mueller, H.A.2    Sliney, D.H.3
  • 64
    • 0021145039 scopus 로고
    • Photochemical lesions in the primate retina under conditions of elevated blood oxygen
    • Ruffolo JJ Jr, Ham WT Jr, Mueller HA, et al. Photochemical lesions in the primate retina under conditions of elevated blood oxygen. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:893-8.
    • (1984) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.25 , pp. 893-898
    • Ruffolo Jr., J.J.1    Ham Jr., W.T.2    Mueller, H.A.3
  • 65
    • 0022242751 scopus 로고
    • Distribution patterns of photoreceptors, protein, and cyclic nucleotides in the human retina
    • Farber DB, Flannery JG, Lolley RN, et al. Distribution patterns of photoreceptors, protein, and cyclic nucleotides in the human retina. Invest Ophthalmol 1985;26:1558-68.
    • (1985) Invest Ophthalmol , vol.26 , pp. 1558-1568
    • Farber, D.B.1    Flannery, J.G.2    Lolley, R.N.3
  • 66
    • 0024195091 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of human foveal color mechanisms throughout the life span
    • Werner JS, Steele VG. Sensitivity of human foveal color mechanisms throughout the life span. J Opt Soc Am 1988;5:2122-30.
    • (1988) J Opt Soc Am , vol.5 , pp. 2122-2130
    • Werner, J.S.1    Steele, V.G.2
  • 67
    • 0024260326 scopus 로고
    • Short-wavelength-sensitive-cone sensitivity with aging: A protective role for macular pigment?
    • Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Short-wavelength-sensitive-cone sensitivity with aging: a protective role for macular pigment? J Opt Soc Am 1988;5:2140-4.
    • (1988) J Opt Soc Am , vol.5 , pp. 2140-2144
    • Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G.1
  • 68
    • 0021245127 scopus 로고
    • The macular pigment. I. Absorbance spectra, localization, and discrimination from other yellow pigments in primate retinas
    • Snodderly DM, Brown PK, Delori FC, et al. The macular pigment. I. Absorbance spectra, localization, and discrimination from other yellow pigments in primate retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:660-73.
    • (1984) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.25 , pp. 660-673
    • Snodderly, D.M.1    Brown, P.K.2    Delori, F.C.3
  • 69
    • 0019269111 scopus 로고
    • Retinal effects of blue light exposure
    • Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
    • Ham WT Jr, Mueller HA, Ruffolo JJ Jr. Retinal effects of blue light exposure. In: Ocular effects of non-ionizing radiation. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1980;229:46-50.
    • (1980) Ocular Effects of Non-ionizing Radiation , vol.229 , pp. 46-50
    • Ham Jr., W.T.1    Mueller, H.A.2    Ruffolo Jr., J.J.3
  • 70
    • 0017059827 scopus 로고
    • Spectroscopic evaluation and classification of normal, aging and cataractous lens
    • Lerman S, Borkman R. Spectroscopic evaluation and classification of normal, aging and cataractous lens. Ophthalmic Res 1976;8:335-3.
    • (1976) Ophthalmic Res , vol.8 , pp. 335-343
    • Lerman, S.1    Borkman, R.2
  • 72
    • 0031893363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of ocular factors to the incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy
    • Klein R, Klein BE, Jensen SC, et al. The relationship of ocular factors to the incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:506-13.
    • (1998) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.116 , pp. 506-513
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.2    Jensen, S.C.3
  • 73
    • 0030906870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants and human disease: A general introduction
    • Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: a general introduction- Nutr Rev 1997;55:S44-9.
    • (1997) Nutr Rev , vol.55
    • Halliwell, B.1
  • 74
    • 0020063154 scopus 로고
    • Action spectrum for retinal injury from near-ultraviolet radiation in the aphakic monkey
    • Ham WT Jr, Mueller HA, Ruffolo JJ Jr, et al. Action spectrum for retinal injury from near-ultraviolet radiation in the aphakic monkey. Am J Ophihalmol 1982;93:299-306.
    • (1982) Am J Ophihalmol , vol.93 , pp. 299-306
    • Ham Jr., W.T.1    Mueller, H.A.2    Ruffolo Jr., J.J.3
  • 75
    • 0016748343 scopus 로고
    • Carotenoid triplet states in reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum
    • Cogdell RJ, Monger TG, Parson WW. Carotenoid triplet states in reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum. Biochem Biophys Acta 1975;408:189-99.
    • (1975) Biochem Biophys Acta , vol.408 , pp. 189-199
    • Cogdell, R.J.1    Monger, T.G.2    Parson, W.W.3
  • 76
    • 0000034450 scopus 로고
    • Carotenoid protection against oxidation
    • Krinsky NI. Carotenoid protection against oxidation. Pure Appl Chem 1979; 51:649-60.
    • (1979) Pure Appl Chem , vol.51 , pp. 649-660
    • Krinsky, N.I.1
  • 78
    • 0026623077 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity of xanthophylls on peroxyl radical-mediated phospholipid peroxidation
    • Lim BP, Nagao A, Terao J, er al. Antioxidant activity of xanthophylls on peroxyl radical-mediated phospholipid peroxidation, Biochim Biophys Acta 1992;1126:178-84.
    • (1992) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1126 , pp. 178-184
    • Lim, B.P.1    Nagao, A.2    Terao, J.3
  • 79
    • 0029023834 scopus 로고
    • Lutein, lycopene, and their oxidative metabolites in chemoprevention of cancer
    • Khachik F, Beecher GR, Smith Jr JC. Lutein, lycopene, and their oxidative metabolites in chemoprevention of cancer. J Cell Biochem 1995;22:236-46.
    • (1995) J Cell Biochem , vol.22 , pp. 236-246
    • Khachik, F.1    Beecher, G.R.2    Smith Jr., J.C.3
  • 80
    • 0019379810 scopus 로고
    • Ageing and degeneration of the human macula. 1. Outer nuclear layer and photoreceptors
    • Gartner S, Henkind P. Ageing and degeneration of the human macula. 1. Outer nuclear layer and photoreceptors. Br J Ophthalmol 1981;65:23-8.
    • (1981) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.65 , pp. 23-28
    • Gartner, S.1    Henkind, P.2
  • 81
    • 0025331715 scopus 로고
    • The protective effect of ascorbic acid in retinal light damage of rats exposed to intermittent light
    • Organisciak DT, Jiang YL, Wang HM, et al. The protective effect of ascorbic acid in retinal light damage of rats exposed to intermittent light. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990;31:1195-202.
    • (1990) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.31 , pp. 1195-1202
    • Organisciak, D.T.1    Jiang, Y.L.2    Wang, H.M.3
  • 82
    • 0024378477 scopus 로고
    • Cell loss in the ageing retina. Relationship to lipofuscin accumulation and macular degeneration
    • Dorey CK, Wu G, Ebenstein D, et al. Cell loss in the ageing retina. Relationship to lipofuscin accumulation and macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989;30:1691-9.
    • (1989) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.30 , pp. 1691-1699
    • Dorey, C.K.1    Wu, G.2    Ebenstein, D.3
  • 84
    • 0018463434 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the retina to radiation damage as a function of wavelength
    • Ham WT Jr, Mueller HA, Ruffolo JJ, et al. Sensitivity of the retina to radiation damage as a function of wavelength. Photochem Photobiol 1979;29:73543.
    • (1979) Photochem Photobiol , vol.29 , pp. 73543
    • Ham Jr., W.T.1    Mueller, H.A.2    Ruffolo, J.J.3
  • 85
    • 0027421593 scopus 로고
    • Spectral sensitivity of the blood-retinal barrier at the pigment epithelium for blue light in the 400-500 nm range
    • Putting BJ, van Best JA, Zweypfenning RC, et al. Spectral sensitivity of the blood-retinal barrier at the pigment epithelium for blue light in the 400-500 nm range. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1993;231:600-6.
    • (1993) Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol , vol.231 , pp. 600-606
    • Putting, B.J.1    Van Best, J.A.2    Zweypfenning, R.C.3
  • 86
    • 0029097328 scopus 로고
    • Blue light-induced reactivity of retinal age pigment. in vitro generation of oxygen-reactive species
    • Rozanowska M, Jarvis-Evans J, Karytowski W, et al. Blue light-induced reactivity of retinal age pigment. In vitro generation of oxygen-reactive species. J Biol Chem 1995;270:18825-30.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 18825-18830
    • Rozanowska, M.1    Jarvis-Evans, J.2    Karytowski, W.3
  • 87
    • 85038153527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phototoxicity of lipofuscin in vitro
    • Abstract 349, S.102. XIII International Congress of Eye Research
    • Davies S, Boulton ME. The phototoxicity of lipofuscin in vitro, Exp Eye Res (Abstract 349, S.102.) XIII International Congress of Eye Research, 1998.
    • (1998) Exp Eye Res
    • Davies, S.1    Boulton, M.E.2
  • 90
    • 0026791750 scopus 로고
    • Optical density spectra of the macular pigment in vivo and in vitro
    • Bone RA, Landrum J, Cains A. Optical density spectra of the macular pigment in vivo and in vitro. Vis Res 1992;32:105-10.
    • (1992) Vis Res , vol.32 , pp. 105-110
    • Bone, R.A.1    Landrum, J.2    Cains, A.3
  • 91
    • 0024366550 scopus 로고
    • Human macular pigment assessed by imaging fundus reflectometry
    • Kilbride PE, Alexander KR, Fishman M, et al. Human macular pigment assessed by imaging fundus reflectometry. Vis Res 1989;29:663-74.
    • (1989) Vis Res , vol.29 , pp. 663-674
    • Kilbride, P.E.1    Alexander, K.R.2    Fishman, M.3
  • 92
    • 0031732739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foveal cone photopigment distribution: Small alterations associated with macular pigment distribution
    • Elsner AE, Burns SA, Beausencourt E, et al. Foveal cone photopigment distribution: small alterations associated with macular pigment distribution. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39:2394-404.
    • (1998) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.39 , pp. 2394-2404
    • Elsner, A.E.1    Burns, S.A.2    Beausencourt, E.3
  • 93
  • 94
    • 0030249886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and retinal carotenoids: Implications for age-related macular degeneration
    • Hammond BR, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Cigarette smoking and retinal carotenoids: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Vis Res 1996;36:3003-9.
    • (1996) Vis Res , vol.36 , pp. 3003-3009
    • Hammond, B.R.1    Wooten, B.R.2    Snodderly, D.M.3
  • 95
    • 12644299593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density of the human crystalline lens related to the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin
    • Hammond BR Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Density of the human crystalline lens related to the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:499-504.
    • (1997) Optom Vis Sci , vol.74 , pp. 499-504
    • Hammond Jr., B.R.1    Wooten, B.R.2    Snodderly, D.M.3
  • 96
    • 0025911041 scopus 로고
    • Dependence of intraocular stray light on pigmentation and light transmission through the ocular wall
    • Van den Berg TJTP, Ijspeert JK, de Waard PWT. Dependence of intraocular stray light on pigmentation and light transmission through the ocular wall. Vis Res 1991;31:1361-7.
    • (1991) Vis Res , vol.31 , pp. 1361-1367
    • Van den Berg, T.J.T.P.1    Ijspeert, J.K.2    De Waard, P.W.T.3
  • 98
    • 0026439413 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch
    • Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:1701-8.
    • (1992) Ophthalmol , vol.110 , pp. 1701-1708
  • 99
    • 0021942216 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of senile macular degeneration to ocular pigmentation
    • Weiter JJ, Delori FC, Wing GL, et al. Relationship of senile macular degeneration to ocular pigmentation. Am J Ophthalmol 1985;99:185-7.
    • (1985) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.99 , pp. 185-187
    • Weiter, J.J.1    Delori, F.C.2    Wing, G.L.3
  • 100
    • 0003030580 scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, iris colour, and age-related maculopar degeneration
    • abstract
    • Stock CJ, Canter LA, Puklin JE, et al. Gender, race, iris colour, and age-related maculopar degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vu Sci 1995; 36(Suppl), S10 (abstract).
    • (1995) Invest Ophthalmol Vu Sci , vol.36 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Stock, C.J.1    Canter, L.A.2    Puklin, J.E.3
  • 101
    • 0027955814 scopus 로고
    • Decreasing stromal iris pigmentation as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration
    • Holz FG, Piguet B, Minassian DC, et al. Decreasing stromal iris pigmentation as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;117:19-23.
    • (1994) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.117 , pp. 19-23
    • Holz, F.G.1    Piguet, B.2    Minassian, D.C.3
  • 102
    • 0028351921 scopus 로고
    • Iris pigmentation and extent of disease in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration
    • Sandberg MA, Gaudio AR, Miller S, et al. Iris pigmentation and extent of disease in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35:2734-40.
    • (1994) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.35 , pp. 2734-2740
    • Sandberg, M.A.1    Gaudio, A.R.2    Miller, S.3
  • 103
    • 0022518375 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors in age-related maculopathy complicated by choroidal neovascularization
    • Blumenkranz MS, Rusell SR, Robey MG, et al. Risk factors in age-related maculopathy complicated by choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology 1986;93:552-6.
    • (1986) Ophthalmology , vol.93 , pp. 552-556
    • Blumenkranz, M.S.1    Rusell, S.R.2    Robey, M.G.3
  • 104
    • 0023013595 scopus 로고
    • Senile cataract and senile macular degeneration. An investigation into possible risk-factors
    • Gibson JM, Shaw DE, Rosenthal AR. Senile cataract and senile macular degeneration. An investigation into possible risk-factors. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1986;105:463-9.
    • (1986) Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK , vol.105 , pp. 463-469
    • Gibson, J.M.1    Shaw, D.E.2    Rosenthal, A.R.3
  • 105
    • 0024359696 scopus 로고
    • Exposure to sunlight and other risk factors for age-related macular degeneration
    • West SK, Rosenthal FS, Bressler NM, et al. Exposure to sunlight and other risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:875-9.
    • (1989) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.107 , pp. 875-879
    • West, S.K.1    Rosenthal, F.S.2    Bressler, N.M.3
  • 106
    • 0026627974 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative determination of the melanin contents of ocular tissues from human blue and brown eyes
    • Menon IA, Wakeham DC, Persad SD, et al. Quantitative determination of the melanin contents of ocular tissues from human blue and brown eyes. J Ocular Pharmacol 1992;8:35-42.
    • (1992) J Ocular Pharmacol , vol.8 , pp. 35-42
    • Menon, I.A.1    Wakeham, D.C.2    Persad, S.D.3
  • 107
    • 0001244166 scopus 로고
    • Risk-factors for age-related maculopathy
    • abstract
    • Hyman L, He Q, Grimson R, et al. Risk-factors for age-related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis Sci 1992;33:801 (abstract).
    • (1992) Invest Ophthalmol. Vis Sci , vol.33 , pp. 801
    • Hyman, L.1    He, Q.2    Grimson, R.3
  • 108
    • 0018100714 scopus 로고
    • Senile disciform macular degeneration and smoking
    • Paetkau ME, Boyd TAS, Grace M, et al. Senile disciform macular degeneration and smoking. Can J Ophthalmol 1978;13:67-71.
    • (1978) Can J Ophthalmol , vol.13 , pp. 67-71
    • Paetkau, M.E.1    Boyd, T.A.S.2    Grace, M.3
  • 109
    • 0027450026 scopus 로고
    • The Beaver Dam Eye Study: The relation of age-related maculopathy to smoking
    • Klein R, Klein BEK, Linton KLP, et al. The Beaver Dam Eye Study: the relation of age-related maculopathy to smoking. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137: 190-200.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.137 , pp. 190-200
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.K.2    Linton, K.L.P.3
  • 110
    • 0011811740 scopus 로고
    • Age-related macular degeneration and smoking. the Rotterdam study
    • abstract
    • Vingerling JR, Dielemans I, Hofman A, et al. Age-related macular degeneration and smoking. The Rotterdam study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36(Suppl) S9 (abstract).
    • (1995) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.36 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Vingerling, J.R.1    Dielemans, I.2    Hofman, A.3
  • 111
    • 0028097891 scopus 로고
    • Current smoking of elderly men reduces antioxidants in alveolar macrophages
    • Kondo T, Tagami S, Yoshioka A, et al.Current smoking of elderly men reduces antioxidants in alveolar macrophages. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1994;149:178-82.
    • (1994) Am J Resp Crit Care Med , vol.149 , pp. 178-182
    • Kondo, T.1    Tagami, S.2    Yoshioka, A.3
  • 112
    • 0025881765 scopus 로고
    • Effects of smoking and vitamin E on blood oxidant status
    • Duthie GG, Arthur JR, James WPT. Effects of smoking and vitamin E on blood oxidant status. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;531061S-3S.
    • (1991) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.53
    • Duthie, G.G.1    Arthur, J.R.2    James, W.P.T.3
  • 113
    • 0028881563 scopus 로고
    • Vitamins E, C and lipid peroxidation is plasma and arterial tissue of smokers and non-smokers
    • Mezzetti A, Lapenna D, Pierdomenico SD, et al. Vitamins E, C and lipid peroxidation is plasma and arterial tissue of smokers and non-smokers. Atherosclerosis 1995;112:91-9.
    • (1995) Atherosclerosis , vol.112 , pp. 91-99
    • Mezzetti, A.1    Lapenna, D.2    Pierdomenico, S.D.3
  • 114
    • 0024409418 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and risk of nuclear cataract
    • West S, Munoz B, Emmett EA, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of nuclear cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:1166-9.
    • (1989) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.107 , pp. 1166-1169
    • West, S.1    Munoz, B.2    Emmett, E.A.3
  • 115
    • 0025350044 scopus 로고
    • Studies of experimentally induced retinal degeneration. 2. Early morphological changes produced by lipid peroxidation in the albino rabbit
    • Armstrong D, Hiramitsu T. Studies of experimentally induced retinal degeneration. 2. Early morphological changes produced by lipid peroxidation in the albino rabbit. Jap J Ophthalmol 1990;34:158-73.
    • (1990) Jap J Ophthalmol , vol.34 , pp. 158-173
    • Armstrong, D.1    Hiramitsu, T.2
  • 116
    • 0028945839 scopus 로고
    • Racial/ethnic differences in age-related maculopathy. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    • Klein Rj Rowland ML, Harris MI. Racial/ethnic differences in age-related maculopathy. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ophthalmology 1995;102:371-81.
    • (1995) Ophthalmology , vol.102 , pp. 371-381
    • Klein, R.1    Rowland, M.L.2    Harris, M.I.3
  • 117
    • 0017704582 scopus 로고
    • The Framingham Eye Study, I: Outline and major prevalence findings
    • Kahn HA, Leibowitz HM, Ganley JP, et al. The Framingham Eye Study, I: outline and major prevalence findings. Am J Epidemiol 1977;106:17-32.
    • (1977) Am J Epidemiol , vol.106 , pp. 17-32
    • Kahn, H.A.1    Leibowitz, H.M.2    Ganley, J.P.3
  • 118
    • 0029061539 scopus 로고
    • Features of age-related macular degeneration in a black population
    • Schachat AP, Hyman L, Leske MC, et al. and the Barbados Eye Study Group. Features of age-related macular degeneration in a black population. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:728-35.
    • (1995) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.113 , pp. 728-735
    • Schachat, A.P.1    Hyman, L.2    Leske, M.C.3
  • 119
    • 0027534867 scopus 로고
    • Sunlight and age-related macular degeneration. the Beaver Dam Eye Study
    • Cruickshanks KJ, Klein R, Klein BEK. Sunlight and age-related macular degeneration. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:514-18.
    • (1993) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.111 , pp. 514-518
    • Cruickshanks, K.J.1    Klein, R.2    Klein, B.E.K.3
  • 120
    • 0024413809 scopus 로고
    • The association of age-related macular degeneration and lens opacities in the aged
    • Liu IY, White L, LaCroix AZ. The association of age-related macular degeneration and lens opacities in the aged. Am J Publ Health 1989;79:765-9.
    • (1989) Am J Publ Health , vol.79 , pp. 765-769
    • Liu, I.Y.1    White, L.2    LaCroix, A.Z.3
  • 121
    • 0026702160 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of cataract surgery in women
    • Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of cataract surgery in women. JAMA 1992;268:994-8.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 994-998
    • Hankinson, S.E.1    Willett, W.C.2    Colditz, G.A.3
  • 122
    • 0017641111 scopus 로고
    • Sunlight and cataract: An epidemiologic investigation
    • Hiller R, Giacometti L, Yuen K. Sunlight and cataract: an epidemiologic investigation. Am J Epidemiol 1977;105:450-9.
    • (1977) Am J Epidemiol , vol.105 , pp. 450-459
    • Hiller, R.1    Giacometti, L.2    Yuen, K.3
  • 123
    • 0023791906 scopus 로고
    • Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation
    • Taylor HR, Wes SK, Rosenthal FS, et al. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1429-33.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 1429-1433
    • Taylor, H.R.1    Wes, S.K.2    Rosenthal, F.S.3
  • 124
    • 0026099329 scopus 로고
    • The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study Group: Risk factors for cataract
    • Leske MC, Chylack MT Jr, Wu SY. The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study Group: risk factors for cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:244-51.
    • (1991) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.109 , pp. 244-251
    • Leske, M.C.1    Chylack Jr., M.T.2    Wu, S.Y.3
  • 125
    • 0023931451 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant status in persons with and without senile cataract
    • Jaques PF, Chylack LT Jr, McGandy RB, et al. Antioxidant status in persons with and without senile cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:337-40.
    • (1988) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.106 , pp. 337-340
    • Jaques, P.F.1    Chylack Jr., L.T.2    McGandy, R.B.3
  • 126
    • 0028839561 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols in human lenses
    • Yeum KJY, Taylor A, Tang G, et al. Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols in human lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:2756-61.
    • (1995) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.36 , pp. 2756-2761
    • Yeum, K.J.Y.1    Taylor, A.2    Tang, G.3
  • 127
    • 0023813198 scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration - Analysis of data from NHANES I
    • Goldberg J, Flowerdrew G, Smith E, et al. Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration - analysis of data from NHANES I. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:700-11.
    • (1988) Am J Epidemiol , vol.128 , pp. 700-711
    • Goldberg, J.1    Flowerdrew, G.2    Smith, E.3
  • 128
    • 0027946498 scopus 로고
    • Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C and E, and advance age-related macular degeneration
    • Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al for the Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C and E, and advance age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 1994;272:1413-20.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 1413-1420
    • Seddon, J.M.1    Ajani, U.A.2    Sperduto, R.D.3
  • 129
    • 2642666487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preservation of visual sensitivity of older subjects: Association with macular pigment density
    • Hammond BR Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Preservation of visual sensitivity of older subjects: association with macular pigment density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39:397-404.
    • (1998) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.39 , pp. 397-404
    • Hammond Jr., B.R.1    Wooten, B.R.2    Snodderly, D.M.3
  • 130
    • 0023277076 scopus 로고
    • Early color vision changes in age-related maculopathy
    • Applegate RA, Adams AJ, Cavender JC, et al. Early color vision changes in age-related maculopathy. Appl Optics 1987;26:1455-7.
    • (1987) Appl Optics , vol.26 , pp. 1455-1457
    • Applegate, R.A.1    Adams, A.J.2    Cavender, J.C.3
  • 131
    • 0023628221 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivities in older eyes with good acuity: Eyes whose fellow eye has exudative AMD
    • Eisner A, Fleming SA, Klein ML, et al. Sensitivities in older eyes with good acuity: eyes whose fellow eye has exudative AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987;28:1832-7.
    • (1987) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.28 , pp. 1832-1837
    • Eisner, A.1    Fleming, S.A.2    Klein, M.L.3
  • 132
    • 0026674299 scopus 로고
    • Visual function and the subsequent development of exudative age-related macular degeneration
    • Eisner A, Klein ML, Zilis JD, et al. Visual function and the subsequent development of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:3091-102.
    • (1992) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.33 , pp. 3091-3102
    • Eisner, A.1    Klein, M.L.2    Zilis, J.D.3
  • 133
    • 0015302873 scopus 로고
    • Dominant macular degenerations. the cone dystrophies
    • Krill AE, Deutman AF. Dominant macular degenerations. The cone dystrophies, Am J Ophthalmol 1972;73:352-9.
    • (1972) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.73 , pp. 352-359
    • Krill, A.E.1    Deutman, A.F.2
  • 134
    • 0020971486 scopus 로고
    • Retinitis pigmentosa. Clinical observations and correlations
    • Pruett RC. Retinitis pigmentosa. Clinical observations and correlations. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1983;81:693-700.
    • (1983) Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc , vol.81 , pp. 693-700
    • Pruett, R.C.1
  • 135
    • 0019123123 scopus 로고
    • Juvenile Batten's disease. An ophthalmological assessment of 26 patients
    • Spalton DJ, Taylor DSI, Sanders MD. Juvenile Batten's disease. An ophthalmological assessment of 26 patients. Br J Ophthalmol 1980;64:726-31.
    • (1980) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.64 , pp. 726-731
    • Spalton, D.J.1    Taylor, D.S.I.2    Sanders, M.D.3
  • 136
    • 2442761112 scopus 로고
    • Benign concentric annular macular dystrophy
    • Deutman AF. Benign concentric annular macular dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:597-601.
    • (1980) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.90 , pp. 597-601
    • Deutman, A.F.1
  • 137
    • 0024151007 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
    • Sarks JP, Sarks SH, Killingsworth MC. Evolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye 1988;2:552-77.
    • (1988) Eye , vol.2 , pp. 552-577
    • Sarks, J.P.1    Sarks, S.H.2    Killingsworth, M.C.3
  • 138
    • 0023002068 scopus 로고
    • Geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
    • Maguire P, Vine AK. Geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;102:621-5.
    • (1986) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.102 , pp. 621-625
    • Maguire, P.1    Vine, A.K.2
  • 139
    • 0024444504 scopus 로고
    • Atrophic macular degeneration: Rate of spread of geographic atrophy and visual loss
    • Schatz H, McDonald HR. Atrophic macular degeneration: rate of spread of geographic atrophy and visual loss. Ophthalmology 1989;96:1541-51.
    • (1989) Ophthalmology , vol.96 , pp. 1541-1551
    • Schatz, H.1    McDonald, H.R.2
  • 140
    • 0023730093 scopus 로고
    • Central sparing in annular macular degeneration
    • Weiter JJ, Delori FC, Dorey CK. Central sparing in annular macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:286-90.
    • (1988) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.106 , pp. 286-290
    • Weiter, J.J.1    Delori, F.C.2    Dorey, C.K.3
  • 142
    • 0023037646 scopus 로고
    • Cone-rod dystrophy. A clinical and histopathological report
    • Rabb MF, Tso MOM, Fishman GA. Cone-rod dystrophy. A clinical and histopathological report. Ophthalmology 1986;93:1443-7.
    • (1986) Ophthalmology , vol.93 , pp. 1443-1447
    • Rabb, M.F.1    Tso, M.O.M.2    Fishman, G.A.3
  • 143
    • 0026026761 scopus 로고
    • Age-related maculopathy. II: The nature of the central visual field loss
    • Swan PG, Lovie-Kitchin JE. Age-related maculopathy. II: The nature of the central visual field loss. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1991;11:59-70.
    • (1991) Ophthalmic Physiol Opt , vol.11 , pp. 59-70
    • Swan, P.G.1    Lovie-Kitchin, J.E.2
  • 144
    • 0017897377 scopus 로고
    • The topography and age relationship of lipofuscin concentration in the retinal pigment epithelium
    • Wing GL, Blanchar GC, Weiter JJ. The topography and age relationship of lipofuscin concentration in the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978;17:601-7.
    • (1978) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.17 , pp. 601-607
    • Wing, G.L.1    Blanchar, G.C.2    Weiter, J.J.3
  • 145
    • 0022585542 scopus 로고
    • Retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin and melanin and choroidal melanin in human eyes
    • Weiter JJ, Delori FC, Wing GL, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin and melanin and choroidal melanin in human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27:145-51.
    • (1986) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.27 , pp. 145-151
    • Weiter, J.J.1    Delori, F.C.2    Wing, G.L.3
  • 146
    • 0027213771 scopus 로고
    • Five-year follow-up of fellow eyes of patients with age-related macular degeneration and unilateral extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization
    • Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Five-year follow-up of fellow eyes of patients with age-related macular degeneration and unilateral extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1189-99.
    • (1993) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.111 , pp. 1189-1199
  • 147
    • 0028082441 scopus 로고
    • Are antioxidants or supplements protective for age-related macular degeneration?
    • West S, Vitale S, Hallfrisch J, et al. Are antioxidants or supplements protective for age-related macular degeneration? Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:222-7.
    • (1994) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.112 , pp. 222-227
    • West, S.1    Vitale, S.2    Hallfrisch, J.3
  • 148
    • 0028120012 scopus 로고
    • The alpha-tocopherol, betacarotene lung cancer prevention study: Design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance
    • The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group. The alpha-tocopherol, betacarotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance, Ann Epidemiol 1994;4:1-10.
    • (1994) Ann Epidemiol , vol.4 , pp. 1-10
  • 149
    • 0031966020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Six-year supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and age-related maculopathy
    • Teikari JM, Laatikainen L, Virtamo J, et al. Six-year supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and age-related maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 1998;76:224-9.
    • (1998) Acta Ophthalmol , vol.76 , pp. 224-229
    • Teikari, J.M.1    Laatikainen, L.2    Virtamo, J.3
  • 150
    • 0029931478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral zinc and the second eye in age-related macular degeneration
    • Stur M, Tittl M, Reitner A, et al. Oral zinc and the second eye in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:1225-35.
    • (1996) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.37 , pp. 1225-1235
    • Stur, M.1    Tittl, M.2    Reitner, A.3
  • 151
    • 0023746759 scopus 로고
    • The safety of β-carotene
    • Bendich A. The safety of β-carotene. Nutr Cancer 1988;11:207-14.
    • (1988) Nutr Cancer , vol.11 , pp. 207-214
    • Bendich, A.1
  • 152
    • 0010607277 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
    • The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1029-1035


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.