Course and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder among Gulf War veterans: A prospective analysis

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 67, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 520-528

  Wolfe, Jessica ^a   Erickson, Darin J ^b   Sharkansky, Erica J ^b   King, Daniel W ^b   King, Lynda A ^b  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; DISEASE COURSE; EDUCATION; EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; MILITARY SERVICE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREDICTION; RACE DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOLDIER; WAR;

ADULT; COHORT STUDIES; COMBAT DISORDERS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE EAST; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; VETERANS; WAR;

EID: 0032776116     PISSN: 0022006X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.4.520     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Adler, A. B., Vaitkus, M. A., & Martin, J. A. (1996). Combat exposure and posttraumatic stress symptomatology among U.S. soldiers deployed to the Gulf War. Military Psychology, 8, 1-14.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1995). Risk factors for PTSD-related trauma events: A prospective analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 529-535.
4. Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Peterson, E. L., & Schultz, L. (1997). Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 81-87.
5. Carlier, I. V. E., Lamberts, R. D., & Gersons, B. P. R. (1997). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in police officers: A prospective analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 498-506.
6. Davidson, J. R., & Foa, E. B. (1991). Diagnostic issues in posttraumatic stress disorder: Considerations for the DSM-IV. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 346-355.
7. Engel, C. C., Engel, A. L., Campbell, S. J., McFall, M. E., Russo, J., & Katon, W. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and precombat sexual and physical abuse in Desert Storm veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 683-688.
8. Gallops, M., Laufer, R. S., & Yager, T. (1981). The combat scale revised. In A. Egendorf, C. Kadushin, R. S. Laufer, G. Rothbart, & L. Sloan (Eds.), Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative adjustment of veterans and their peers (pp. 125-129). New York: Center for Policy Research.
9. Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Gleser, G. C., & Leonard, A. (1990). Risk factors for PTSD and other diagnoses in a general sample of Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 729-733.
10. Holmes, D. T., Tariot, P. N., & Cox, C. (1998). Preliminary evidence of psychological distress among reservists in the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 166-173.
11. Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group. (1997). Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 238-245.
12. Joseph, S. C. (1997). A comprehensive clinical evaluation of 20,000 Persian Gulf War veterans. Military Medicine, 162, 149-155.
13. Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988). Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Three studies in reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 85-90.
14. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
15. Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., & Weiss, D. S. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
16. Malone, J. D., Paige-Dobson, B., Ohl, C., DiGiovanni, C., Cunnion, S., & Roy, M. J. (1996). Possibilities for unexplained chronic illnesses among reserve units deployed in Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Southem Medical Journal, 89, 1147-1155.
17. McCarroll, J. E., Ursano, R. J., & Fullerton, C. S. (1995). Symptoms of PTSD following recovery of war dead: 13-15-month follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 939-941.
18. McFarlane, A. C. (1988). The longitudinal course of posttraumatic morbidity: The range of outcomes and their predictors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 30-39.
19. Perconte, S. T., Wilson, A. T., Pontius, E. B., Dietrick, A. L., & Spiro, K. J. (1993). Psychological and war stress symptoms among deployed and non-deployed reservists following the Persian Gulf War. Military Medicine, 158, 516-521.
20. Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Best, C. L., & Kramer, T. L. (1992). Vulnerability-stress factors in development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 424-430.
21. Rosenheck, R. (1992). Overview of findings. In R. Rosenheck, H. Becnel, A. Blank, F. Farley, A. Fontana, M. Friedman, J. Fulton, J. Gelsomino, M. Grishman, F. Gusman, T. Keane, L. Lehmann, T. Podkul, R. Ursano, & J. Wolfe (Eds.), Returning Persian Gulf troops: First year findings (pp. 3-18). New Haven, CT: Department of Veterans Affairs.
22. Sharkansky, E. J., King, D. W., King, L. A., Wolfe, J., Erickson, D. J., & Stokes, L. R. (1998). Coping with Persian Gulf War combat stress: Mediating and moderating effects. Manuscript submitted for publication.
23. Sorg, B. A., & Kalivas, P. W. (1995). Stress and neuronal sensitization. In M. J. Friedman, D. S. Charney, & A. Y. Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to posttraumatic stress disorder (pp. 83-102). New York: Lippincott-Raven.
24. Southwick, S. M., Morgan, C. A., Darnell, A., Bremner, D., Nicolaou, A. L., Nagy, L. M., & Chamey, D. S. (1995). Trauma-related symptoms in veterans of Operation Desert Storm: A 2-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1150-1155.
25. Southwick, S. M., Morgan, C. A., Nagy, L. M., Bremner, D., Nicolaou, A. L., Johnson, D. R., Rosenheck, R., & Charney, D. S. (1993). Traumarelated symptoms in veterans of Operation Desert Storm: A preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1524-1528.
26. Stretch, R. H. (1986). Incidence and etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder among active Army personnel. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 464-481.
27. Stretch, R. H., Marlowe, D. H., Wright, K. M., Bliese, P. D., Knudson, K. H., & Hoover, C. H. (1996). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Gulf War veterans. Military Medicine, 161, 407-410.
28. Sutker, P. B., Uddo, M., Brailey, K., & Allain, A. N. (1993). War-zone trauma and stress-related symptoms in Operation Desert Shield/Storm (ODS) returnees. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 33-49.
29. U.S. General Accounting Office. (1992). Operation Desert Storm: Race and gender comparison of deployed forces with all active duty forces (Publication No. GAO/NSIAD-92-111FS). Washington, DC: Author.
30. Wolfe, J., Brown, P. J., & Kelley, J. M. (1993). Reassessing war stress: Exposure and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 15-31.
31. Wolfe, J., & Keane, T. M. (1993). New perspectives in the assessment and diagnosis of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 165-177). New York: Plenum Press.
32. Wolfe, J., & Kimerling, R. (1997). Gender issues in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 192-238). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Wolfe, J., Proctor, S. P., Davis, J. D., Borgos, M. S., & Friedman, M. J. (1998). Health symptoms reported by Persian Gulf War veterans two years after return. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 33, 104-113.
34. Wolfe, J., Sharkansky, E. J., Read, J., Dawson, R., Martin, J., & Ouimette, P. C. (1998). Sexual harassment and assault as predictors of PTSD symptomatology among U.S. female Persian Gulf War personnel. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 40-57.
35. Yehuda, R., Boisoneau, D., Lowy, M. T., & Giller, E. L. (1995). Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 583-593.
36. Zatzick, D. F., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Browner, W. S., Metzler, T. J., Golding, J. M., Stewart, A., Schlenger, W. E., & Wells, K. B. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1690-1695.