Molecular epidemiologic research on the effects of environmental pollutants on the fetus

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 107, Issue SUPPL. 3, 1999, Pages 451-460

  Perera, Frederica P ^a   Jedrychowski, Wieslaw ^b   Rauh, Virginia ^a   Whyatt, Robin M ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Poland)

Author keywords

Cigarette smoking; CYP1A1 MspI RFLP; GSTM1; Newborns; PAH DNA adducts; Poland; Pollution

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CIGARETTE SMOKE; COTININE; ETHOXYRESORUFIN DEETHYLASE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; TOBACCO SMOKE;

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; BIRTH WEIGHT; BODY HEIGHT; COGNITION; DNA ADDUCT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FETUS; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; PARTICULATE MATTER; PASSIVE SMOKING; PLACENTA; PLACENTAL TRANSFER; POLAND; POLLUTION; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; RISK;

EID: 0032765426     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.99107s3451     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. National Research Council. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington:National Academy Press, 1993.
2. Whyatt RM, Perera FP. Application of biologic markers to studies of environmental risks in children and the developing fetus. Environ Health Perspect 103 (suppl 6):105-110 (1995).
3. Calabrese EJ. Age and Susceptibility to Toxic Substances. New York:John Wiley and Sons, 1986.
4. WHO. Principles for Evaluating Health Risks from Chemicals during Infancy and Early Childhood: The Need for a Special Approach. Environmental Health Criteria 59. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1986.
5. Mott L, Vance F, Curtis J. Handle with Care: Children and Environmental Carcinogens. New York:U.S. Natural Resources Defense Council, 1994.
6. U.S. EPA. Environmental Health Threats to Children. Washington:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
7. Srivastava VK, Chauhan SS, Srivastava PK, Kumar V, Misra UK. Fetal translocation and metabolism of PAH obtained from coal fly ash given intratracheally to pregnant rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 18:459-469 (1986).
8. Neubert D, Tapken S. Transfer of benzo(a)pyrene into mouse embryos and fetuses. Arch Toxicol 35:2943-2953 (1988).
9. 32P-postlabeling assay in mice of transplacental DNA damage induced by the environmental carcinogens safrole, 4-aminobiphenyl and benzo(a)pyrene. Cancer Res 46:3046-3054 (1986).
10. Lu LJW, Wang MY. Modulation of benzo-(a)pyrene-induced covalent DNA modification in adult and fetal mouse tissues by gestation stage. Carcinogenesis 11:1367-1372 (1990).
11. Whyatt RM, Santella RM, Jedrychowski W, Garte SJ, Bell DA, Ottman R, Gladek-Yarborough A, Cosma G, Young T-L, Cooper TB, Randall MC, Manchester DK, Perera FP. Relationship between ambient air pollution and procarcinogenic DNA damage in Polish mothers and newborns. Environ Health Perspect 106(suppl 3):821-826 (1998).
12. Laib RJ, Klein KP, Bolt HM. The rat liver foci bioassay: age dependence of induction by vinyl chloride of ATP-deficient foci. Carcinogenesis 6:65-68 (1985).
13. Ruhle W, Graf von Ballestrem CL, Pult HM, Gnirs J. Correlation of cotinine level in amniotic fluid, umbilical artery blood and maternal blood. Geburt Frauenheilk 55:156-159 (1995).
14. Donnenfeld AE, Pulkkinen A, Palomaki GE, Knight GJ, Haddow JE. Simultaneous fetal and maternal cotinine levels in pregnant women smokers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:781-782 (1993).
15. Sorsa M, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Assessment of passive and transplacental exposure to tobacco smoke. IARC Sci Publ 89:129-132 (1988).
16. Rodier PM. Developing brain as a target of toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 103:63-66 (1995).
17. Needleman JL. Behavioral toxicology. Environ Health Perspect 103:77-79 (1995).
18. Lester BM, Corwin MJ, Sepkoski C, Seifer R, Peucker M, McLaughlin S, Golub HL. Neurobehavioral syndromes in cocaine-exposed newborn infants. Child Develop 62:694-705 (1991).
19. Coles CD, Platzman KA, Smith I, James ME, Falek A Effects of cocaine and alcohol use in pregnancy on neonatal growth and neurobehavioral status. Neurotoxicol Teratol 14:23-33 (1992).
20. Chasnoff IJ, Griffith DR, Freier C, Murray J. Cocaine/polydrug use in pregnancy: two-year follow-up. Pediatrics 89:284-289 (1992).
21. Sram RJ, Dejmek JI, Topinka J, Binkova B, Dostal M, Mrackova G, Peterkova K, Benes I, Selevan SG. Impact of environmental pollution on human health in Northern Bohemia. Carcinogenesis from environmental pollution: assessment of human risk and strategies for prevention. In: Unpublished abstract in the Proceedings from the Joint Conference of AACR, IARC and the Hungarian Cancer Society, 6-9 October, 1996, Budapest, Hungary.
22. National Research Council. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington: National Academy Press, 1994.
23. Schulte PA, Perera FP, eds. Molecular Epidemiology: Principles and Practices. New York:Academic Press, 1993.
24. Ratcliffe SG, Masera N. Head circumfrence and IQ of children with sex chromosome abnormalities. Dev Med Child Neurol 36:533-544 (1994).
25. Lucas A, Morley R, Lister G, Leeson-Payne C. Effect of very low birth weight on cognitive abilities at school age. N Engl J Med 326:202-203 (1992).
26. Hack M, Breslau N, Weissman B, Aram D, Klein N, Borawski E. Effect of very low birth weight and subnormal head size on cognitive ability at school age. N Engl J Med 325:231-237 (1991).
27. Perera FP, Whyatt RM, Jedrychowski W, Rauh V, Manchester D, Santella RM, Ottman R. Recent developments in molecular epidemiology: a study of the effects of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on birth outcomes in Poland. Am J Epidemiol 147:309-314 (1998).
28. Fox NL, Sexton N, Hebel JR. Prenatal exposure to tobacco. I: Effects on physical growth at age three. Int J Epidemiol 19 (1):56-71 (1990).
29. Bui QQ, Tran MB, West WL. A comparative study of the reproductive effects of methadone and benzo(a)pyrene in the pregnant and pseudopregnant rat. Toxicology 42:195-204 (1986).
30. Davis DL, Bradlow HL, Wolff M, Woodruff T, Hoel DG, Anton-Culver H. Medical hypothesis: xenoestrogens as preventable causes of breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 101:372-377 (1993).
31. Barbieri O, Ognio E, Rossi O, Astigiano S, Rossi L. Embryotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene and some of its synthetic derivatives in Swiss mice. Cancer Res 46:94-98 (1986).
32. Mackenzie KM, Angevine DM. Infertility in mice exposed in utero to benzo(a)pyrene. Biol Reprod 24:183-191 (1981).
33. Shum S, Jensen NM, Nebert DW. The murine Ah locus: in utero toxicity and teratogenesis associated with genetic differences and benzo(a)pyrene metabolism. Teratology 20:365-376 (1979).
34. McKee RH, Pasternak SJ, Traul KA. Developmental toxicity of EDS recycle solvent and fuel oil. Toxicology 46:205-215 (1987).
35. York RG, Manson JM. Neonatal toxicity in mice associated with the Ahb allele following transplacental exposure to 3-methylcholanthrene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 72:417-426 (1984).
36. Legraverend C, Guenthner TM, Nebert DW. Importance of the route of administration for genetic differences in benzo(a)pyrene-induced in utero toxicity and teratogenicity. Teratology 29:35-47 (1984).
37. Sram RJ, Benes I, Blanka B, Dejmek J, Horstman D, Kotesovec F, Otto D, Perreault SD, Rubes J, Selevan SG, et al. Teplice Program -the impact of air pollution on human health. Environ Health Perspect 104:699-714 (1996).
38. IARC. Approaches to Classifying Chemical Carcinogens According of Mechanisms of Action. IARC Tech Rpt No 53. Lyon:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1983.
39. Perera FP, Hemminki K, Grzybowska E, Motykiewicz G, Michalska J, Santella RM, Young TL, Dickey C, Brandt-Rauf P, DeVivo I et al. Molecular and genetic damage from environmental pollution in Poland. Nature 360:256-258 (1992).
40. Chuang JC, Mack GA, Kuhlman MR, Wilson NK. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in an eight-home study. Atmos Environ 25B:369-380 (1991).
41. Lewtas J. Human exposure to complex mixtures of air pollutants. Toxicol Lett 72:163-169 (1994).
42. Allen JO, Dookeran, NM, Smith KA, Sarofim AF. Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with size-segregated atmospheric aerosol in Massachusetts. Environ Sci Technol 30:1023-1031 (1996).
43. Venkataraman C, Friedlander SK. Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon. 2: Ambient measurements and effects of atmospheric processes. Environ Sci Technol 28:563-572 (1994).
44. Halsall CJ, Coleman PJ, Davis BJ, Burnett V, Waterhouse KS, Harding-Jones P, Jones KC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in U.K. urban air. Environ Sci Technol 28:2380-2386 (1994).
45. Aceves M, Grimalt JO. Seasonally dependent size distributions of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosols from densely populated areas. Environ Sci Technol 27:2896-2908 (1993).
46. National Research Council. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects. Washington:National Academy Press 1986.
47. Butler JP, Post GB, Lioy PJ, Waldman JM, Greenberg A. Assessment of carcinogenic risk from personal exposure to benzo(a)pyrene in the Total Human Environmental Exposure Study (THEES). J Air Waste Manag Assoc 43:970-977 (1993).
48. Rothman N, Poirier MC, Correa-Villasenor A, Ford DP, Hansen JA, O'Toole T, Strickland PT. Association of PAH-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells with dietary exposure to PAHs. Environ Health Perspect 99:265-267 (1992).
49. Rothman N, Correa-Villasenor A, Ford DP, Poirier MC, Haas R, Hansen JA, O'Toole T, Strickland PT. Contribution of occupation and diet to white blood cell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in wildland firefighters. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2:341-347 (1993).
50. Wang X, Ding H, Ryan L, Xu X. Association between air pollution and low birth weight: a community-based study. Environ Health Perspect 105:514-520 (1997).
51. Xu X, Ding H, Wang X. Acute Effects of Total Suspended particles and sulfur dioxides on preterm delivery: a community-based cohort study. Arch Environ Health 50:407-415 (1995).
52. Woodruff TJ, Grillo J, Schoendorf KC. The relationship between selected causes of post-neonatal infant mortality and paniculate air pollution in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 105:608-612 (1997).
53. Spengler J, Wilson R. Emissions, dispersion, and concentration of particles. In: Particles in our Air: Concentrations and Health Effects (Spengler J, Wilson R, eds). Boston:Harvard University Press, 1996;41-62.
54. Jannsen N, Hoek G, Harssema H, Brunekreef B, Personal exposure to fine particles in children correlates closely with ambient fine particles. Arch Environ Health 54:95-101 (1999).
55. Ozkaynak H, Xue J, Spengler J, Wallace L, Pellizzari E, Jenkins P. Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the particle team study in Riverside, California. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 6:57-78 (1996).
56. Wallace L. Indoor particles, a review. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 46:98-126 (1996).
57. Spengler JD, Dockery DW, Turner WA, Wolfson JM, Ferris BG Jr. Long-term measurements of respirable sulfates and particles inside and outside homes. Atmos Environ 15:23-30 (1981).
58. Leaderer BP, Koutrakis P, Briggs S, Rizzuto J. Impact of indoor sources on residential aerosol concentrations. Canada Mortgage Housing Corp., 1990.
59. McClellan RO. Health effects of exposures to diesel exhaust paritcles. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 27:279-300 (1987).
60. Diaz-Sanchez D. The role of diesel exhaust particles and their associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the induction of allergic airway disease. Allergy 52:52-56 (1997).
61. Sexton M, Fox NL, Hebel JR. Prenatal exposure to tobacco. II: Effects on cognitive functioning at age three. Int J Epidemiol 19(1):72-77 (1990).
62. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM. The effect of paternal smoking on the birthweight of newborns whose mothers did not smoke. Am J Public Health 84:1489-1491 (1994).
63. Charlton A. Children and passive smoking: a review. J Fam Prac 38:267-277 (1994).
64. Rona RJ, Chinn S, Du Ve Florey C. Exposure to cigarette smoking and children's growth. Int J Epidemiol 14:402-409 (1985).
65. Cancer Facts and Figures - 1996. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 1996.
66. Janerich DT, Thompson WD, Varela LR, Greenwald P, Chorost, S, Tucci, C, Zaman MB, Melamed MR, Kiely M, McKneally MF. Lung cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke in the household. N Engl J Med 323:632-636 (1990).
67. Schuster-Kolbe J, Ludwig H. Smoking and the risk of cancer. Wien Med Wochertschr 144:540-544 (1994).
68. Becher H, Zatonski W, JÖckel K.-H. Passive smoking in Germany and Poland: comparison of exposure levels, sources of exposure, validity, and perception. Epidemiology 3:509-514 (1992).
69. Whyatt RM, Bell DA, Santella RM, Garte SJ, Jedrychowski W, Gladek-Yarborough A, Cosma G, Manchester DK, Young T-L, Wahrendorf J, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human placenta and modulation by CYP1A1 induction and genotype. Carcinogenesis 19:1389-1392 (1998).
70. Weaver VM, Davoli CT, Murphy SE, Sunyer J, Heller PJ, Colosiomo SG, Groopman JD. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in inner-city children. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 5:135-137 (1996).
71. Perera FP, Weinstein IB. Molecular epidemiology and carcinogen-DNA adduct detection: New approaches to studies of human cancer causation. J Chron Dis 35:581-600 (1982).
72. Hulka BS. Epidemiological studies using biological markers: issues for epidemiologists. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1:13-19 (1991).
73. Hulka BS. Using biomarkers: views from an epidemiologist. Health Environ Digest 5:1-7 (1991).
74. Omenn GS. Future research directions in cancer ecogenetics. Mutat Res 247:283-291 (1991).
75. Groopman JD, Wogan GN, Roebuck BD, Kenslet TW. Molecular biomarkers for aflatoxins and their application to human cancer prevention. Cancer Res 54:1907s-1911s (1994).
76. Harris C. Chemical and physical carcinogenesis: advances and perspectives for the 1990s. Cancer Res 51(suppl):5023S-5044S (1991).
77. Mooney LA, Santella RM, Covey L, Jeffrey AM, Bigbee W, Randall MC, Cooper TB, Ottman R, Tsai W-Y, Wazneh L, Glassman AH, Young TL, Perera FP. Decline in DNA damage and other biomarkers in peripheral blood following smoking cessation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 4:627-634 (1995).
78. U.S. Surgeon General. The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation. Washington:Department of Health and Human Services, 1990.
79. Kemmeren JM, Van Poppel G, Verhoef P, Jarvis MJ. Plasma cotinine: stability in smokers and validation of self-reported smoke exposure in nonsmokers. Environ Res 66:235-243 (1994).
80. Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith WCS, Tavendale R. Smoking characteristics and inhalation biochemistry in the Scottish population. J Clin Epidemiol 44:1405-1410 (1991).
81. Pojer R, Whitfield JB, Poulos V, Eckhard IF, Richmond R, Hensley WJ. Carboxyhemoglobin, cotinine, and thiocyanate assay compared for distinguishing smokers from non-smokers. Clin Chem 30:1377-1380 (1984).
82. Ueda Y, Morikawa H, Funakoshi T, Kobayashi A, Takeuchi K, Mochizuki M, Jimbo T, Sata A. Estimation of passive smoking during pregnancy by cotinine measurement and its effect on fetal growth. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi - Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 41:454-460 (1989).
83. Jedrychowski W, Whyatt RM, Cooper TB, Flak E, Perera FP. Exposure misclassification error in studies on prenatal effects of tobacco smoking in pregnancy and the birth weight of children. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 8:347-357 (1998).
84. Oryszczyn MP, Godin J, Annesi I, Hellier G, Kauffmann F. In utero exposure to parental smoking, cotinine measurements, and cord blood IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 87:1169-1174 (1991).
85. Rebagliato M, Florey C du V, Bolumar F. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in nonsmoking pregnant women in relation to birth weight. Am J Epidemiol 142:531-537 (1995).
86. Haddow JE, Knight GJ, Palomaki GE, McCarthy JE. Second-trimester serum cotinine levels in nonsmokers in relation to birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:481-484 (1988).
87. Eskenazi B, Prehn AW, Christianson RE. Passive and active maternal smoking as measured by serum cotinine: the effect on birthweight. Am J Public Health 85:395-398 (1995).
88. Tang D, Santella RM, Blackwood A, Young TL, Mayer J, Jaretzki A, Grantham S, Carberry D, Steinglass KM, Tsai WY, et al. A case-control molecular epidemiologic study of lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 4:341-346 (1995).
89. 6-alkylguanine ratio in DNA with carcinogenic potency in rodents. Mutat Res 110:181-219 (1983).
90. Pelkonen O, Karki NT, Sotaniemi BA. Determination of carcinogen-activating enzymes in the monitoring of high-risk groups. In: Human Cancer: Its Characterization and Treatment (Davis W, Harrap KR, Stathopoulos G, eds). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1980;8-57.
91. Wood KA, Youle RJ. The role of free radicals and p53 in neuron apoptosis in vivo. J Neuroscience 15:5851-5857 (1995).
92. Meyn MS. Ataxia-telangiectasia and cellular responses to DNA damage. Cancer Res 55:5991-6001 (1995).
93. Nicol CJ, Harrison ML, Laposa RR, Gimelshtein IL, Wells PG. A teratologic suppressor role for p53 in benzo[a]pyrene-treated transgenic p53-deficient mice. Nat Genet 10:181-187 (1995).
94. Lut WK. Quantitative evaluation of DNA binding data for risk estimation and for classification of direct and indirect carcinogens. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 112:85-91 (1986).
95. Lewtas J, Mumford J, Everson RB, Hulka B, Wilcosky T, Kozumbo W, Thompson C, George M, Dobiáa Srám R, Li X, et al. Comparison of DNA adducts from exposure to complex mixtures in various human tissues and experimental systems. Environ Health Perspect 99:89-97 (1993).
96. Perera FP. Molecular epidemiology, insights into cancer susceptibility, risk assessment, and prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 38:496-509 (1996).
97. Nebert DW. Role of genetics and drug metabolism in human cancer risk. Mutat Res 247: 267-281 (1991).
98. Pasanen M, Pelkonen O. The expression and environmental regulation of P450 enzymes in human placenta. Crit Rev Toxicol 24:211-229 (1994).
99. Amos CI, Caporaso NE, Weston A. Host factors in lung cancer risk: a review of interdisciplinary studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 505-513 (1991).
100. Kawajir K, Nakachi K, Imai K, Hayashi S, Watanabe J. Individual differences in lung cancer susceptibility in relation to polymorphisms of P-450IA1 gene and cigarette dose. Int Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund 21:55-61 (1990).
101. Hayash, SI, Watanabe J, Nakachi K. Genetic linkage of lung cancer-associated Mspl polymorphism with amino acid replacement in the heme binding region of the human cytochrome P450IA1 gene. J Biochem 110:407-411 (1991).
102. Hirvonen A, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Karjalainen A, Anttila S, Vainio H. Point-mutational Mspl and IIe-Val polymorphism closely linked in the CYP1A1 gene: lack of association with susceptibility to lung cancer in a Finnish study population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1:485-489 (1992).
103. Tefre T, Ryberg D, Haugen A, Nebert DW, Skaug V, Brogger A, Borresen A-L. Human CYP1A1 (cytochrome P450) gene: lack of association between the Mspl restriction fragment length polymorphism and incidence of lung cancer in a Norwegian population. Pharmacogenetics 1:20-25 (1991).
104. Shields PG, Caporaso NE, Falk RT, Sugimura H, Trivers GE, Trump BF, Hoover RN, Weston A, Harris CC. Lung cancer, race, and a CYP1A1 genetic polymorphism. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2:481-485 (1993).
105. Alexandrie AK, Sundberg MI, Seidegard J, Tornling G, Rannug A. Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer with special emphasis on CYP1A1 and GSTM1: a study on host factors in relation to age at onset, gender and histological cancer types. Carcinogenesis 15:1785-1790 (1994).
106. Sugimura H, Hamada GS, Suzuki I, Iwase T, Kiyokawa E, Kino I, Tsugane S. CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 polymorphism and lung cancer, case-control study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Pharmacogen 5:145-148 (1995).
107. 32P-postlabelling and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in lung parenchyma of smokers and ex-smokers. Carcinogenesis 12:1301-1305 (1991).
108. Alexandrov K, Margarita R, Geneste O, Castegnaro M, Camus A M, Petruzzelli S, Giuntini C, and Bartsch H. An improved fluorometric assay for dosimetry of benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide-DNA adducts in smokers' lung: comparisons with total bulky adducts and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Cancer Res 52:6248-6253 (1992).
109. Manchester DK, Jacoby EH. Sensitivity of human placental monooxygenase activity to maternal smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30:687-692 (1981).
110. Gurtoo HL, Williams CJ, Gottlieb K, Mulhern AI, Caballes L, Vaught JB, Marinello AJ, Bansal SK. Population distribution of placental benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in smokers. Int J Cancer 31:29-37 (1983).
111. Sesardic D, Pasanen M, Pelkonen O, Boobis AR. Differential expression and regulation of members of the cytochrome P450IA gene subfamily in human tissues. Carcinogenesis 11:1183-1188 (1990).
112. Manchester DK, Bowman ED, Parker NB, Caporaso NE, Weston A. Determinants of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human placenta. Cancer Res 52:1499-1503 (1992).
113. Sanyal KM, Li YL, Belanger K. Metabolism of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon in human term placenta influenced by cigarette smoke exposure. Reprod Toxicol 8:411-418 (1994).
114. Manchester DK, Parker NB, Bowman CM. Maternal smoking increases xenobiotic metabolism in placenta but not umbilical vein endothelium. Pediatr Res 18:1071-1075 (1984).
115. Manchester D, Jacoby E. Decreased placental monooxygenase activities associated with birth defects. Teratology 30:31-37 (1984).
116. Bell DA, Thompson CL, Taylor J, Clark G, Miller CR, Perera F, Hsieh L, Lucier GW. Genetic monitoring of human polymorphic cancer susceptibility genes by polymerase chain reaction: application to glutathione transferase. Environ Health Perspect 98:113-117 (1992).
117. McWilliams JE, Sanderson BJS, Harris EL, Richert-Boe KE, Henner WD. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) deficiency and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 4:589-594 (1995).
118. Seidegard J, Pero RW, Markowitz MM, Roush G, Miller DG, Beattie EJ. Isoenzyme(s) of glutathione transferase (class mu) as a marker for the susceptibility to lung cancer: a follow-up study. Carcinogenesis 11:33-36 (1990).
119. Hayashi S, Watanabe J, Kawajiri K. High susceptibility to lung cancer analysed in terms of combined genotype of P450IA1 and Mu-class glutathione S-transferase genes. Jpn J Cancer Res 83:866-870 (1392).
120. Zhong S, Howie AF, Ketterer B, Taylor J, Hayes JD, Beckett GJ, Wathen CG, Wolf CR, Spurr NK. Glutathione S-transferase mu locus: use of genotyping and phenotyping assays to assess association with lung cancer susceptibility. Carcinogenesis 9:1533-1537 (1991).
121. Brockmöller J, Kerb R, Drakoulis N, Nitz M, Roots I. Genotype and phenotype of glutathione S-transferase class μ isoenzymes μ and ψ in lung cancer patients and controls. Cancer Res 53:1004-1011 (1993).
122. Nazar-Stewart V Motulsky AG, Eaton DL, White E, Hornung SK, Leng Z-T, Stapleton P, Weiss N. The glutathione S-transferase μ polymorphism as a marker for susceptibility to lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 53:2313-2318 (1993).
123. Ichiba M, Hagmar L., Rannug A, HÖgstedt B, Alexandrie AK, Carstensen U, Hemminki K. Aromatic DNA adducts, micronuclei and genetic polymorphism for CYP1A1 and GST in chimney sweeps. Carcinogenesis 15:1347-1352 (1994).
124. Rothman N, Shields PG, Poirier MC, Harrington, AM, Ford DP, Strickland PT. The impact of glutathione S-transferase M1 and cytochrome P450 1AI genotypes on white blood cell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct levels in humans. Mol Carcinog 14:63-68 (1995).
125. Shields PG, Bowman ED, Harrington AM, Doan VT, Weston A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human lung anc cancer susceptibility genes. Cancer Res 53:3486-3492 (1993Ÿ).
126. Mooney LA, Bell DA, Santella RM, Van Bennekum AM, Ottman R, Paik M, Blaner WS, Lucier GW, Covey L, Young L, Cooper TB, Glassman AH, Perera FP. Contribution of genetic and nutritional factors to DNA damage in heavy smokers. Carcinogenesis 18:503-509 (1997).
127. Kato S, Bowman ED, Harrington AM, Blomeke B, Shields PG. Human lung carcinogen-DNA adduct levels mediated by genetic polymorphisms in vivo. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:902-907 (1995).
128. Hertzman C. Poland: health and environment in the context of socioeconomic decline. Vancouver, BC:Health Policy Research Unit, 1990.
129. Jedrychowski W, Becher H, Wahrendorf J, Basa-Cierpialek Z. A case-control study of lung cancer with special reference to the effect of air pollution in Poland. J Epidemiol Comm Health 44:114-120 (1990).
130. Nowicki M. Monat-84: experimental study for the needs of air pollution control in Cracow, Poland. Environ Protect Engineer 2:11-15 (1985).
131. Mikulska M. Retrospective analysis of causes of perinatal mortality in a polluted area. Am J Perinatol 15:357-361 (1998).
132. Brzezinski ZJ, Szamotulska K. The widening gap in low birthweight rates between extreme social groups in Poland during 1985-1990. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 8:373-383 (1994).
133. Sitarek K, Berlinska B, Swiatczak J, Baranski B. Frequency of birth defects in newborns in four regions of Poland. Medica Pracy 48:25-34 (1997).
134. Norska-Borowka I, Bursa J. Infant morbidity and mortality in a region of ecological disaster. Folia Medica Cracov 34:73-83 (1993).
135. Siniarska A, Antoszewska A, Dziewiecki C. Urbanization and industrialization versus biological status of human populations. Stud Human Ecol 10:335-358 (1992).
136. Hanke W, Kalinka J, Sobala W. Single motherhood, urban residence and SGA babies in Central Poland. Int J Gynaecol Obstetr 61:289-291 (1998).
137. Zatonski W, Pukkala E. Atlas of cancer mortatlity in Poland, 1986-1990. Warsaw, Poland: Maria Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 1993.
138. Whyatt RM, Garte SJ, Cosma G, Bell DA, Jedrychowski W, Wanrendorf J, Randall MC, Cooper TB, Ottman R, Tang D, et al. CYP1A1 messenger RNA levels in placental tissue as a biomarker of environmental exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 4:147-153 (1995).
139. Binková B, Lewtas J, Misková I, RÖssner P, Cerna M, Mrácková G, Peterková K, Mumford J, Meyer S, Srám R. Biomarker studies in the Northern Bohemia. Environ Health Perspect 104(suppl 3):591-597 (1996).
140. Fein GG, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Schwartz PM, Dowler JK. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: effects on birth size and gestational age. J Pediatr 105:315-320 (1984).
141. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. Intellectual impairment in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls in utero. N Engl J Med 335:783-789 (1996).
142. Manchester DK, Gordon SK, Golas CL, Roberts EA, Okey AB. Ah receptor in human placenta: stabilization by molybdate and characterization of binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo(a)pyrene. Cancer Res 47:4861-4868 (1987).
143. Blot WJ, Miller RW. Mental retardaton following in utero exposure to the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Pediatr Radiol 196:617-620 (1973).
144. Hilesmaa VK, Teramo K. Fetal head growth retardation associated with maternal antiepileptic drugs. Lancet 2:165-167 (1981).
145. Strickler SM, Dansky LV, Miller MA, Seni M-H, Andermann E, Spielberg SP. Genetic predisposition to phenytoin-induced birth defects. Lancet 2:746-749 (1985).
146. Buehler BA, Delimont D, van Waes M, Finnell RH. Prenatal prediction of risk of the fetal hydantoin syndrome. N Engl J Med 322:1567-1571 (1990).