Treatment and prevention of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

Drugs

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 633-661

  Bastian, Ivan ^a   Colebunders, Robert ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; BCG VACCINE; CAPREOMYCIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINAFLOXACIN; CLOFAZIMINE; CYCLOSERINE; ETHAMBUTOL; ETHIONAMIDE; ISONIAZID; KANAMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; METRONIDAZOLE; MOXIFLOXACIN; PYRAZINAMIDE; QUINOLONE; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; SPARFLOXACIN; THEOPHYLLINE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG COST; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEARING LOSS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL; VACCINATION;

ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUBERCULOSIS, MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS BCG;

EID: 0032726452     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199958040-00005     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. 1. Dolin PJ, Raviglione MC, Kochi A. Global tuberculosis incidence and mortality during 1990-2000. Bull World Health Organ 1994; 72: 213-20
2. 2. Raviglione MC, Snider DE, Kochi A. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic. JAMA 1995; 273: 220-6
3. 3. Murray CJL, Styblo K, Rouillon A. Tuberculosis in developing countries: burden, intervention and cost. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1990; 65: 6-24
4. 4. Cantwell MF, Snider DE, Cauthen GM, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States, 1985 through 1992. JAMA 1994; 272: 535-9
5. 5. Bhatti N, Law MR, Morris JK, et al. Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in England and Wales: a study of the likely causes. BMJ 1995; 310: 967-9
6. 6. Raviglione MC, Rieder HL, Styblo K, et al. Tuberculosis trends in Eastern Europe and the former USSR. Tuber Lung Dis 1094; 75: 400-16
7. 7. Raviglione MC, Sudre P, Reider HL, et al. Secular trends in tuberculosis in Western Europe. Bull World Health Organ 1993; 71: 297-306
8. 8. Cohn DL, Bustreo F, Raviglione MC. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: review of the worldwide situation and the WHO/IUATLD global surveillance project. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 Suppl. 1: S121-30
9. 9. Pablos-Mendez A, Raviglione MC, Laszlo A, et al. Global surveillance for antituberculosis-drug resistance, 1994-1997. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1641-9
10. 10. Bloch AB, Cauthen GM, Onorato IM, et al. Nationwide survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States. JAMA 1994; 271: 665-71
11. 11. Kaye K, Frieden TR. Tuberculosis control: the relevance of classic principles in an era of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and multidrug resistance. Epidemiol Rev 1996; 18: 52-63
12. 12. Brudney K, Dobkin J. Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City: human immunodeficiency virus, homelessness, and the decline of tuberculosis control programs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 745-9
13. 13. Burr RG, Menzics R. The effect of war on tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1994; 75: 251-9
14. 14. Gibson N, Boillot F, Jalloh H. The cost of tuberculosis to patients in Sierra Leone's war zone. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 726-31
15. 15. Spence DPS, Hotchkiss J, Williams CSD, et al. Tuberculosis and poverty. BMJ 1993; 307: 759-61
16. 16. Mahmoudi A, Iseman MD. Pitfalls in the care of patients with tuberculosis: common errors and their association with the acquisition of drug resistance. JAMA 1993; 270: 65-8
17. 17. Liu Z, Shilkret KL, Finelli L. Initial drug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis: evaluation of physician prescribing practices in New Jersey, 1994 to 1995. Chest 1998; 113: 1446-51
18. 18. Sumartojo E. When tuberculosis treatment fails: a social behavioral account of patient adherence. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1311-20
19. 19. Goble M, Iseman MD, Madsen LA, et al. Treatment of 171 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and rifampin. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 527-32
20. 20. Crofton J, Chaulet P, Maher D, et al. Guidelines for the management of drug resistant tuberculosis. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997. Publication no. WHO/TB/96.210
21. 21. Iseman MD, Madsen LA. Drug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med 1989; 10: 341-53
22. 22. Pearson ML, Jereb JA, Frieden TR, et al. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a risk to patients and health care workers. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 191-6
23. 23. Beck-Saguc C, Dooley SW, Hutton MD, et al. Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients. JAMA 1992; 268: 1280-6
24. 24. Reeves R, Blakey D, Snider DE, et al. Transmission of multiple drug-resistanl tuberculosis: report of a school and community outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113: 423-35
25. 25. Centers for Disease Control. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - Texas, California and, Pennsylvania. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1990; 39: 369-72
26. 26. Iseman MD. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 784-91
27. 27. Centers for Disease Control. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons-Florida and Now York, 1988-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991; 40: 585-91
28. 28. Fischl MA, Daikos GL, Uttamehandani RB, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of patients with HIV infection and tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant bacilli. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 184-90
29. 29. Frieden TR, Fujiwara PI, Washko RM, et al. Tuberculosis in New York City - turning the tide. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 229-33
30. 30. Moore M, Onorato IM, McCray E, et al. Trends in drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States, 1993-1996. JAMA 1997; 278: 833-7
31. 31. Public Health Laboratory Service/Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Outbreak of hospital acquired multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Commun Dis Rep Wkly 1995; 5: 161
32. 32. Moro ML, Gori A, Errante I, et al. An outbreak of multidrug resistant tuberculosis involving HIV-infected patients of two hospitals in Milan, Italy. AIDS 1998; 12: 1095-102
33. 33. Ritacco V, Di Lonardo M, Renievo A, et al. Nosocomial spread of human immunodeficiency-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Buenos Aires. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 637-42
34. 34. Coninx R, Pfyffer GE, Mathieu C, et al. Drug resistant tuberculosis in prisons in Azerbaijan: case study. BMJ 1988; 316: 1423-5
35. 35. Gilbert GL. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: prevention is better than cure. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 121-4
36. 36. Kochi A, Vareldzis B, Styblo K. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and its control. Res Microbiol 1994; 144: 104-10
37. 37. McDermott W, Muschenheim C, Hadley SJ, et al. Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis in humans. Ann Intern Med 1947; 27: 769-822
38. 38. David HL. Probability distribution of drug-resistant mutants in unselected populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Appl Microbiol 1970; 20: 810-14
39. 39. Mitchison DA. How drug resistance emerges as a result of poor compliance during short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 10-5
40. 40. Iseman MD, Sbarbaro JA. Short course chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 697-8
41. 41. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council. Controlled trials of 2, 4, and 6 months of pyrazinamide in 6-month, three-times-weekly regimens for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, including an assessment of a combined preparation of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide: results at 30 months. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 700-6
42. 42. Combs DL, O'Brien PJ, Geiter LJ. USPHS tuberculosis short-course chemotherapy trial 21: effectiveness, toxicity, and acceptability: the report of final results. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 397-406
43. 43. Centers for Disease Control. Initial therapy for tuberculosis in the era of multidrug resistance: recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42 (RR-7): 1-8
44. 44. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control. Treatment ot tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1359-74
45. 45. Global Tuberculosis Programme. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programmes. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997. Publication no. WHO/TB/97.220
46. 46. Chaulk CP, Moore Rice K, Rizzo R, et al. Eleven years of community-based directly observed therapy for tuberculosis. JAMA 1995; 274: 945-51
47. 47. Mitchison DA. The origins of DOT. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 863-5
48. 48. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX, et al. The effect of directly observed therapy on the rates of drug resistance and relapse in tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1179-84
49. 49. Chaulk CP, Kazandjian VA. Directly observed therapy for treatment completion of pulmonary tuberculosis: consensus statement of the Public Health Tuberculosis Guidelines Panel. JAMA 1998; 279: 943-8
50. 50. Wardman AG, Knox AJ, Muers MF, et al. Profiles of non-compliance with antituberculous therapy. Br J Dis Chest 1988; 82: 285-9
51. 51. Bayer R, Stayton C, Desvarieux M, et al. Directly observed therapy and treatment completion for tuberculosis in the United States: is universal supervised therapy necessary? Am J Public Health 1998; 88: 1052-8
52. 52. Tuberculosis programme: framework for effective tuberculosis control. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994. Publication no. WHO/TB/94.179
53. 53. Murray CJL, DeLonghe E, Chum HJ, et al. Cost effectiveness of chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in three sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet 1991; 338: 1305-8
54. 54. Results of directly observed short-course chemotherapy in 112 842 Chinese patients with smear-positive tuberculosis. Chinese Tuberculosis Control Collaboration. Lancet 1996; 347: 358-62
55. 55. Raviglione MC, Dye C, Schmidt S, et al. Assessment of worldwide tuberculosis control. Lancet 1997; 350: 624-9
56. 56. Chaulet P. Compliance with chemotherapy for tuberculosis: responsibilities of the Health Ministry and of physicians. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1990-1991; 66 Suppl.: 33-5
57. 57. Byrd RB, Horn BR, Solomon DA, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis by the nonpulmonary physician. Ann Intern Med 1977; 86: 799-802
58. 58. Bloch AB, Simone PM, McCray K, et al. Preventing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. JAMA 1996; 275: 487-9
59. 59. Wenger PN, Otten J, Breeden A, et al. Control of nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resisiant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among healthcare workers and HIV-infected patients. Lancet 1995; 345: 235-40
60. 60. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities, 1994, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994, 43 (RR-13): 1-132
61. 61. Bates JH, Nardell E. Institutional control measures for tuberculosis in the era of multiple drug resistance: ACCP/ATS consensus conference. Chest 1995; 108: 1690-710
62. 62. Barnes PF. The influence of epidemiologic factors on drug resistance rates in tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 325-8
63. 63. Ben-Dov I, Mason GR. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in southern Californian hospitals: trends from 1969 to 1984. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 1307-10
64. 64. Riley LW, Arathoon E, Loverde VD. The epidemiologic patterns of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 1282-5
65. 65. Telzak EE, Sepkowitz K, Alpert P, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in patients without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 907-11
66. 66. Salomon N, Perlman DC, Friedmann P, et al. Predictors and outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1245-52
67. 67. Daley CL, Small PM, Schecter GF, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: an analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 231-5
68. 68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: principles of therapy and revised recommendations. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998; 47 (RR-20): 1-58
69. 69. Park MM, Davis AL, Schluger NW, et al. Outcome of MDR-TB patients, 1983-1993: prolonged survival with appropriate therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Mol 1996; 153: 317-24
70. 70. Mannheimer SB, Sepkowitz KA, Stoeckle M, et al. Risk factors and outcome of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with sporadic multi drug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1: 319-25
71. 71. Kim TC, Blackman RS, Heatwole KM, et al. Acid-fast bacilli in sputum smears of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Prevalence and significance of negative smears pretreatment and positive smears post-treatment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 264-8
72. 72. Tenover FC, Crawford JT, Huebner RE, et al. The resurgence of tuberculosis: is your laboratory ready? J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 767-70
73. 73. Huebner RE, Good RC, Tokars JI. Current practices in mycobacteriology: results of a survey of state public health laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 771-5
74. 74. Inderlied CB, Salfinger M. Antimicrobial agents and susceptibilty tests: mycobacteria. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, et al, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1995: 1385-404
75. 75. Anargyros P, Astill DSJ, Lim ISL. Comparison of improved BACTEC and Lowenstein-Jensen media for culture of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1288-91
76. 76. Garza-Gonzales E, Guerrero-Olazaran M.Tijerina-Mechaca, et al. Determination of drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through mycolic acid analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1287-9
77. 77. Heifets L, Cangelosi GA. Drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - a neglected problem at the turn of the century. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3: 564-81
78. 78. Rieder HL. Sputum smear conversion during directly observed treatment for tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1996; 77: 124-9
79. 79. Kritski AL, Rodrigues de Jesus LS, Andrade MK, et al. Retreatment tuberculosis cases: factors associated with drug resistance and adverse outcomes. Chest 1997; 111: 1162-7
80. 80. Crofton J. The prevention and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1987; 62: 6-11
81. 81. Harkin TJ, Harris HW. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. In: Rom WN, Gray SM, editors. Tuberculosis. New York: Little, Brown & Company (Inc.), 1996: 843-50
82. 82. Davidson PT, Le HQ. Drug treatment of tuberculosis - 1992. Drugs 1992; 43: 651-73
83. 83. McClatchy JK, Kanes W, Davidson PT, et al. Cross-resistance in M. tuberculosis to kanamycin, caprcomycin and viomycin. Tubercle 1977; 58: 29-34
84. 84. Peloquin CA. Pharmacology of the antimycobacterial drugs. Med Clin North Am 1993; 77: 1253-62
85. 85. Aranda CP. Second-line agents: p-aminosalicylic acid, ethionamide, cycloserine, and thiacetazone. In: Rom WN, Gray SM, editors. Tuberculosis. New York: Little, Brown & Company (Inc.), 1996: 811-6
86. 86. Ji B, Lounis N, Masio C, et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of moxifloxacin and clinafloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 2066-9
87. 87. Saito H, Sato K, Tumioka H, et al. In vitro antimycobacterial activity of a new quinolone, levofloxacin (DR-3355). Tuber Lung Dis 1995; 76: 377-80
88. 88. Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Gomez Garcia AC. In vitro activities of quinolones against mycobacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 32: 797-808
89. 89. Alangaden GJ, Lerner SA. The clinical use of the fluoroquinolones for the treatment of mycobacterial discuses. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1213-21
90. 90. Kennedy N, Berger L, Curram J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a drug regimen that includes eiprofloxacin for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 827-33
91. 91. Sirgel FA, Botha FJ, Parkin DP, et al. The early bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 901-5
92. 92. Tsukamura M, Nakamura E, Yoshi S, et al. Therapeutic effect of a new antibacterial substance ofloxacin (DL8280) on pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 352-6
93. 93. Yew WW, Kwan SY, Ma WK, et al. In vitro activity of ofloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its clinical efficacy in multiply resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26: 227-36
94. 94. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council. A controlled study of rifabutin and an uncontrolled study of ofloxucin in the retreatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid, streptomycin and rifampicin. Tuber Lung Dis 1992; 73: 59-67
95. 95. Sullivan EA, Kreiswirth BN, Palumbo L, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. Lancet 1995; 345: 1148-50
96. 96. Xu C, Kreiswirth BN, Sreevatsan S, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance associated with specific gyrase mutations in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1996; 174: 1127-30
97. 97. Kaplan JA, Krieff DM. Quinolones for the treatment and prophylaxis of tuberculosis. Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30: 1020-2
98. 98. Berning SE, Madsen L, Iseman MD, et al. Long-term safety of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 2006-9
99. 99. Berning SE, Huitt GA, Iseman MD, et al. Malabsorption of antituberculusis medications by a patient with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1817-8
100. 100. Iseman MD, Madsen L, Goble M, et al. Surgical intervention in the treatment of pulmonary disease caused by drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 623-5
101. 101. Muthuswamy P, Chechani V, Barker W. Surgical management of pulmonary tuberculosis [abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: A816
102. 102. Pomerantz M, Brown JM. Surgery in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med 1997; 18: 123-30
103. 103. Mitchison DA, Nunn AJ. Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short-course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 423-30
104. 104. Frieden TR, Sherman LF, Maw KL, et al. A multi-institutional outbreak of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis: epidemiology and clinical outcomes. JAMA 1996; 276: 1229-35
105. 105. Carpels G, Fissette K, Limbana V, et al. Drug resistant tuberculosis in sub Saharan Africa: an estimation of incidence and cost for the year 2000. Tuber Lung Dis 1995; 76: 480-6
106. 106. Blumberg HM, Watkins DL, Berschling JD, et al. Preventing the nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 658-63
107. 107. Maloney SA, Pearson ML, Gordon MT, et al. Efficacy of control measures in preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to patients and health care workers. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 90-5
108. 108. Adal KA, Anglim AM, Palumbo CL. et al. The use of high-efficiency panticulate air-filter respirators to protect hospital workers from tuberculosis: a costeffectiveness analysis. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 169-73
109. 109. Centers for Disease Control. The use of preventative therapy for tuberculous infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for humiliation of Tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1990; 39 (RR-8): 9-12
110. 110. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventative therapy for tuberculosis: 5 years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ 1982; 60: 555-64
111. 111. Snider DE, Caras GJ, Koplan JP. Preventive therapy with isoniazid: cost-effectiveness of different durations of therapy. JAMA 1986; 255: 1579-83
112. 112. O'Brien RJ, Perriens JH. Preventative therapy for tuberculosis in HIV infection: the promise and the reality. AIDS 1995; 9: 665-73
113. 113. World Health Organization/International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Tuberculosis preventative therapy in HIV-infected individuals: a joint statement of the WHO Tuberculosis Programme and the Global Programme on AIDS, and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1993; 68: 361-8
114. 114. Koplan JP, Farer LS. Choice of preventative treatment for isoniazid-resistant tuberculous infection. JAMA 1980; 244: 2736-40
115. 115. Villarino ME, Ridzon R, Weismuller PC, et al. Rifampin preventive therapy for tuberculosis infection: experience with 157 adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1735-8
116. 116. Polesky A, Farber HW, Gottlieb DJ, et al. Rifampin preventive therapy for tuberculosis in Boston's homeless. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1473-7
117. 117. Centers for Disease Control. Management of persons exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992; 41 (RR-11): 61-71
118. 118. Passannante MR, Gallagher CT, Reichman LB. Preventative therapy for contacts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a Delphi survey. Chest 1994; 106: 431-4
119. 119. Stevens JP, Daniel TM. Chemoprophylaxis of multidrug-resistant tuberculous infection in HIV-uninfected individuals using ciprofloxacin and pyrazinamide: a decision analysis. Chest 1995; 108:712-7
120. 120. Horn DL, Hewlett D, Alfalla C, et al. Limited tolerance of ofloxacin and pyrazinamide prophylaxis against tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1241
121. 121. Villarino ME, Simone PM, McCray E, et al. Preventive therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. JAMA 1996; 276: 28
122. 122. Brewer TF, Colditz GA, Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination for the prevention of tuberculosis in health care workers. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 136-42
123. 123. Stevens JP, Daniel TM. Bacille Calmette-Guerin immunization of healthcare workers exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a decision analysis. Tuber Lung Dis 1996, 77: 315-21
124. 124. Jenney AWJ, Spelman DW. In support of Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin for healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998; 19: 191-3
125. 125. Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA 1994; 271: 698-702
126. 126. Centers for Disease Control. The role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States, MMWK Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996; 45 (RR-4): 1-18
127. 127. O'Brien RJ, Vernon AA. New tuberculosis drug development. How can we do better? Am Rev Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1705-7
128. 128. Moulding TS. Should isoniazid be used in retreatment of tuberculosis despite acquired isoniazid resistance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 262-4
129. 129. Victor TC, Warren R, Butt JL, et al. Genome and MIC stability in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and indications for continuation of use of isoniazid in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 1997; 46: 847-57
130. 130. Klemens SP, DeStefano MS, Cynamon MH. Therapy of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: lessons from studies with mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 2344-7
131. 131. De Cian W, Sassella D, Wynne BA. Clinical experience with rifabutin in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Scand J Infect Dis 1995; Suppl. 98: 22-6
132. 132. Heifets LB, Lindholm-Levy PJ, Iseman MD. Rifabutine: minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 719-21
133. 133. Gonzalez-Montaner LJ, Natal S, Yongchaiyud P, et al. Rifabutin for the treatment of newly-diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a multinational, randomized, comparative study versus rifampicin. Tuber Lung Dis 1994; 75: 341-7
134. 134. McGregor MM, Olliaro P, Wolmarans L, et al. Efficacy and safety of rifabutin in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1462-7
135. 135. Grassi C, Peona V. Use of rifabutin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22 Suppl. 1: S50-4
136. 136. Hardy DJ, Guay DRP, Jones RN. Clarithromycin, a unique macrolide: a pharmacokinetic, microbiological, and clinical overview. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15: 39-53
137. 137. Hoffner SE, Gezelius L, Olsson-Liljequist B. In vitro activity of fluorinated quinolones and macrolides against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 885-8
138. 138. Luna-Herrera J, Reddy VM, Daneluzzi D, et al. Antituberculosis activity of clarithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2692-5
139. 139. Truffot-Pernot C, Lounis N, Grosset JH, et al. Clarithromycin is inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2827-8
140. 140. Cavalieri SJ, Bichle JR, Sanders WE. Synergistic activities of clarithromycin and antituberculous drugs against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1542-5
141. 141. Jagannath C, Reddy VM, Kailasam S, et al. Chemotherapeutic activity of clofazimine and its analogues against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: in vitro, intracellular, and in vivo studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1083-6
142. 142. Reddy VM, Nadadhur G, Danetuzzi D, et al. Antituberculosis activities of clofazimine and its new analogs B4154 and B4157. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 633-6
143. 143. Shah A, Bhagat R, Panchal N. Resistant tuberculosis: successful treatment with amikacin, olloxacin, clofazimine and PAS. Tuber Lung Dis 1993; 74: 64-7
144. 144. Chambers HF, Moreau D, Yajko D, et al. Can penicillins and other beta-lactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2620-4
145. 145. Voladri RKR, Lakey DL, Hennigan SH, et al. Recombinant expression and characterization of the major β-lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1375-81
146. 146. Cynamon MH, Palmer GS. In vitro activity of amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 24: 429-31
147. 147. Nadler JP, Berger J, Nord JA, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for treating drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chest 1991; 99: 1025-6
148. 148. Yew WW, Wong CF, Lee J, et al. Do β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations have a place in the treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1995; 76; 90-2
149. 149. Chambers HF, Kocagoz T, Sipit T, et al. Activity of amoxicillin/clavulanate in patients with tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 874-7
150. 150. Wayne LG, Dormancy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and latency of disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 908-14
151. 151. Wayne LG, Sramek HA. Metronidazole is bactericidal to dormant cells of Mycobacterium tuberulosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2054-8
152. 152. Dhillon I, Alien KW, Hu Y-M, et al. Metronidazole has no antibacterial effect in Cornell model murine tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 736-42
153. 153. Oleksijew A, Meulbroek J, Ewing P, et al. In vivo efficacy of ABT-255 against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 2674-7
154. 154. Grandoni JA, Marta PT, Schloss JV. Inhibitors of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis as potential antitubeculosis agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 475-82
155. 155. Amaral L, Kristiansen JE, Abebe LS, et al. Inhibition of the respiration of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by thioridazine: potential use for initial therapy of freshly diagnosed tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 38: 1049-53
156. 156. Condos R, Rom WN, Schluger NW. Treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with interferon-gamma via aerosol. Lancet 1997; 349: 1513-5
157. 157. Prior JG, Khan AA, Cartwright KAV, et al. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae combined with second line chemotherapy in drug-resistant abdominal tuberculosis. J Infection 1995; 31: 59-61
158. 158. Rom WN, Yie T.A, Tchou-Wong K-M. Development of a suicide gene as a novel approach to killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1993-8
159. 159. Farmer P, Kim JY. Community based approaches to the control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: introducing "DOTS-plus". BMJ 1998; 317: 671-4
160. 160. Fujiwara PI, Larkin C, Frieden TR. Directly observed therapy in New York City: history, implementation, results and challenges. Clin Chest Med 1997; 18: 135-48
161. 161. Kim SJ, Hong YP. Drug resistante of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Korea. Tuber Lung Dis 1992; 73: 219-24
162. 162. Kim SJ, Bai GH, Hong YP. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Korea, 1994. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1: 302-8
163. 163. Boulahbal F, Khaled S, Tazir M. The interest of follow-up of resistance of the tubercle bacillus in the evaluation of a programme. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1989; 64 (3): 23-5
164. 164. Stybio K, Dunkova D, Drapela J, et al. Epidemiological and clinical study of tuberculosis in the district of Kolin, Czechoslovakia: report for the first 4 years of the study (1961-64). Bull World Health Organ 1967; 37: 819-74