Mechanisms for redox control of gene expression

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 53, Issue , 1999, Pages 495-523

  Bauer, Carl E ^a   Elsen, Sylvie ^a   Bird, Terry H ^b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

ArcB; CrtJ; FixL; FNR; NifA; NifL; OxyR; RegB; SoxR

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE; FLAVOPROTEIN; HEME; IRON SULFUR PROTEIN; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; REGULATOR PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION; DISULFIDE BOND; DNA BINDING; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; NITROGEN FIXATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXYGEN AFFINITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROKARYOTE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW;

BACTERIA; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 0032724622     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.495     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Agron PG, Helinski DR. 1993. Oxygen regulation of nifA transcription in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3506-10
2. 70 in stationary phase. Mol. Microbiol. 13:265-72
3. Altuvia S, Weinstein-Fischer D, Zhang A, Postow L, Storz G. 1997. A small, stable RNA induced by oxidative stress: role as a pleiotropic regulator and antimutator. Cell 90:45-53
4. Amábile-Cuevas CF, Demple B. 1991. Molecular characterization of the soxRS genes of Escherichia coli: two genes control a superoxide stress regulon. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4479-84
5. Anthamatten D, Hennecke H. 1991. The regulatory status of the fixL- and fixJ-like genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum may be different from that in Rhizobium melitoti. Mol. Gen. Genet. 225:38-48
6. Appleby JL, Parkinson JS, Bourret RB. 1996. Signal transduction via the multistep phosphorelay: not necessarily a road less traveled. Cell 86:845-48
7. Åslund F, Zheng M, Beckwith J, Storz G. 1999. Regulation of the OxyR transcription factor by hydrogen peroxide and the cellular thiol-disulfide status Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:6161-65
8. Austin S, Buck M, Cannon W, Eydmann T, Dixon R. 1994. Purification and in vitro activities of the native nitrogen fixation control proteins NifA and NifL. J. Bacteriol. 176:3460-65
9. Bates DM, Lazazzera BA, Kiley PJ. 1995. Characterization of FNR* mutant proteins indicates two distinct mechanisms for altering oxygen regulation of the Escherichia coli transcription factor FNR. J. Bacteriol. 177:3972-78
10. Batut J, Daveran-Mingot M-L, David M, Jacobs J, Garnerone AM, Kahn D. 1989. fixK, a gene homologous with fnr and crp from Escherichia coli, regulates nitrogen fixation genes both positively and negatively in Rhizobium meliloti. EMBO J. 8:1279-86
11. Bauer CE. 1995. Regulation of photosynthesis gene expression. In Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, ed. RE, Blankenship, MT Madigan, CE Bauer. pp. 1221-34. The Netherlands: Kluwer
12. Bauer CE, Bird TH. 1996. Regulatory circuits controlling photosynthesis gene expression. Cell 85:5-8
13. Bauer E, Kaspar T, Fischer H, Hennecke H. 1998. Expression of the fixR-nifA operon in Bradyrhizobium japonicum depends on a new response regulator, RegR. J. Bacteriol. 180:3853-63
14. Berger DK, Narberhaus F, Kustu S. 1994. The isolated catalytic domain of NifA, a bacterial enhancer-binding protein, activates transcription in vitro: activation is inhibited by NifL. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:103-07
15. Beynon JL, Williams MK, Cannon FC. 1988. Expression and functional analysis of the Rhizobium meliloti nifA gene. EMBO J. 7:7-14
16. Bird TH, Du S, Bauer CE. 1999. Autophosphorylation, phosphotransfer, and DNA-binding properties of the RegB/RegA two-component regulatory system in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Biol. Chem. 274:16343-48
17. Blanco G, Drummond M, Woodley P, Kennedy C. 1993. Sequence and molecular analysis of the nifL gene of Azotobacter vinelandii. Mol. Microbiol. 9:869-79
18. Bogachev AV, Murtazina RA, Skulachev VP. 1993. Cytochrome d induction in Escherichia coli growing under unfavorable conditions. FEBS Lett. 336:75-78
19. Bölker M, Kahmann R. 1989. The Escherichia coli regulatory protein OxyR discriminates between methylated and unmethylated states of the phage Mu mom promoter. EMBO J. 8:2403-10
20. Bollivar DW, Suzuki JY, Beatty JT, Dobrowolski JM, Bauer CE. 1994. Directed mutational analysis of Bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Mol. Biol. 237:622-40
21. Bradley TM, Hidalgo E, Leautaud V, Ding H, Demple B. 1997. Cysteine-to-alanine replacements in the Escherichia coli SoxR protein and the role of the [2Fe-2S] centers in transcriptional activation. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1469-75
22. Buggy JJ, Bauer CE. 1995. Cloning and characterization of senC, a gene involved in both aerobic respiration and photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol. 177:6958-65
23. Chan E, Weiss B. 1987. Endonuclease IV of Escherichia coli is induced by paraquat. J. Bacteriol. 84:31189-93
24. Chao G, Shen J, Tseng CP, Park SJ, Gunsalus RP. 1997. Aerobic regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (icd) expression in Escherichia coli by the arcA and fnr gene products. J. Bacteriol. 179:4299-304
25. Christman MF, Morgan RW, Jacobsen FS, Ames BN. 1985. Positive control of a regulon for defenses against oxidative stress and some heat-shock proteins in Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 41:753-62
26. Christman MF, Storz G, Ames BN. 1989. OxyR, a positive regulator of hydrogen peroxyde-inducible genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, is homologous to a family of bacterial regulatory proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3484-88
27. Cohen-Bazire G, Sistrom WR, Stanier RY. 1957. Kinetic studies of pigment synthesis by non-sulfur purple photosynthetic bacteria. J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 49:25-68
28. Cotter PA, Chepuri V, Gennis RB, Gunsalus RP. 1990. Cytochrome o (cyoABCDE) and d (cydAB) oxidase gene expression in Escherichia coli is regulated by oxygen, pH, and the fnr gene product. J. Bacteriol. 172:6333-38
29. Cotter PA, Gunsalus RP. 1989. Oxygen, nitrate and molybdenum regulation of dmsABC gene expression in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171:3817-23
30. Cotter PA, Melville SB, Albrecht JA, Gunsalus RP. 1997. Aerobic regulation of cytochrome d oxidase (cydAB) operon expression in Escherichia coli: roles of Fnr and ArcA in repression and activation. Mol. Microbiol. 25:605-15
31. David M, Daveran ML, Batut J, Dedieu A, Domergue O, Ghai J, Hertig C, Boistard P, Kahn D. 1988. Cascade regulation of nif gene expression in Rhizobium meliloti. Cell 54:671-83
32. Demple B. 1998. A bridge to control. Science 279:1655-56
33. Demple B, Halbrook J. 1983. Inducible repair of oxidative DNA damage in Escherichia coli. Nature 304:466-68
34. de Philip P, Batut J, Boistard P. 1990. Rhizobium meliloti FixL is an oxygen sensor and regulates R. meliloti nifA and fixK genes differently in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 172:4255-62
35. de Philip P, Soupene E, Batut J, Boistard P. 1992. Modular structure of the FixL protein of Rhizobium meliloti. Mol. Gen. Genet. 235:49-54
36. Ding H, Demple B. 1997. In vivo kinetics of a redox-regulated transcriptional switch. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:8445-49
37. Ding H, Hidalgo E, Demple B. 1996. The redox state of the [2Fe-2S] clusters in SoxR protein regulates its activity as a transcription factor. J. Biol. Chem. 271:33173-75
38. Dixon R. 1998. The oxygen-responsive NifL-NifA complex: a novel two-component regulatory system controlling nitrogenase synthesis in α-Proteobacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 169:371-80
39. Drapal N, Sawers G. 1995. Purification of ArcA and analysis of its specific interaction with the pfl promoter-regulatory region. Mol. Microbiol. 16:597-607
40. Drummond MH, Contreras A, Michenall LA. 1990. The function of isolated domains and chimaeric proteins constructed from the transcriptional activators NifA and NtrC of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mol. Microbiol. 4:29-37
41. Drummond MH, Wootton JC. 1987. Sequence of nifL from Klebsiella pneumoniae: mode of action and relationship to two families of regulatory proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 1:37-44
42. Du S, Bird TH, Bauer CE. 1998. DNA-binding characteristics of RegA*: a constitutively active anaerobic activator of photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Biol. Chem. 273:18509-13
43. Elsen S, Ponnampalam SN, Bauer CE. 1998. CrtJ bound to distant sites interacts cooperatively to aerobically repress photopigment biosynthesis and light harvesting-II gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Biol. Chem. 273:30762-69
44. Eraso JM, Kaplan S. 1994. prrA, a putative response regulator involved in oxygen regulation of photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 176:32-43
45. Eraso JM, Kaplan S. 1995. Oxygen-in-sensitive synthesis of the photosynthetic membranes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides: a mutant histidine kinase. J. Bacteriol. 177: 2695-706
46. Eydmann T, Söderbäck E, Jones T, Hill S, Austin S, Dixon R. 1995. Transcriptional activation of the nitrogenase promoter in vitro: adenosine nucleotides are required for inhibition of NifA activity by NifL. J. Bacteriol. 177:1186-95
47. Fawcett W, Wolf RE. 1994. Purification of a MalE-SoxS fusion protein and identification of the control sites of Escherichia coli superoxide-inducible genes. Mol. Microbiol. 14:669-79
48. Fisher H-M. 1994. Genetic regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhizobia. Microbiol. Rev. 58:352-86
49. Fisher H-M, Bruderer T, Hennecke H. 1988. Essential and non-essential domains in the Bradyrhizobium japonicum NifA protein; identification of indispensable cysteine residues potentially involved in redox reactivity and/or metal binding. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:2207-24
50. Fisher H-M, Fritsche S, Herzog B, Hennecke H. 1989. Critical spacing between two essential cysteine residues in the interdomain linker of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum NifA protein. FEBS Lett. 255:167-71
51. Fisher H-M, Hennecke H. 1987. Direct response of Bradyrhizobium japonicum nifA-mediated nil gene regulation to cellular oxygen stares. Mol. Gen. Genet. 209:621-26
52. Frey B, Janel G, Michelson U, Kersten H. 1989. Mutations in the Escherichia coli fnr and tgt genes: control of molybdate reductase activity and the cytochrome d complex by fnr. J. Bacteriol. 171:1524-30
53. Fu HA, Lin ECC. 1991. The requirement of ArcA and Fnr for peak expression of the cyd operon in Escherichia coli under microaerobic conditions. Mol. Gen. Genet. 266:209-13
54. Galinier A, Garnerone A-M, Reyrat J-M, Kahn D, Batut K, Boistard P. 1994. Phosphorylation of the Rhizobium meliloti FixJ protein induces its binding to a compound regulatory region at the fixK promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:23784-89
55. Gaudu P, Weiss B. 1996. SoxR, a [2Fe-2S] transcription factor, is active only in its oxidized form. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10094-98
56. Georgellis D, Lynch AS, Lin ECC. 1997. In vitro phosphorylation study of the Arc two-component signal transduction system of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 179:5429-35
57. Gilles-Gonzalez MA, Ditta GS, Helinski DR. 1991. A haemoprotein with kinase activity encoded by the oxygen sensor of Rhizobium meliloti. Nature 350:170-72
58. Gilles-Gonsalez MA, Gonzales G. 1993. Regulation of the kinase activity of heme protein FixL from the two-component system FixL/FixJ of Rhizobium meliloti. J. Biol. Chem. 268:16293-97
59. Gilles-Gonzalez MA, Gonzalez G, Perutz MF, Kiger L, Marden MC, Poyart C. 1994. Heme-based sensors, exemplified by the kinase FixL, are a new class of heme protein with distinctive ligand binding and autoxidation. Biochemistry 33:8067-73
60. Govantes F, Andújar E, Santero E. 1998. Mechanism of translational coupling in the nifLA operon of Klebsiella pneumoniae. EMBO J. 17:2368-77
61. Govantes F, Molina-López JA, Santero E. 1996. Mechanism of coordinated synthesis of the antagonistic regulatory proteins NifL and NifA of Klebsiella pneumoniae, J. Bacteriol. 178:6817-23
62. Green J, Guest JR. 1993. Activation of FNR-dependent transcription by iron: an in vitro switch for FNR. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 113:219-22
63. Green J, Guest JR. 1993. A role for iron in transcriptional activation by FNR. FEBS Lett. 329:55-58
64. Green J, Marshall FA. 1999. Identification of a surface of FNR overlapping activating region 1 that is required for repression of gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 10244-48
65. Green J, Sharrocks AD, Green B, Geisow M, Guest JR. 1993. Properties of FNR proteins substituted at each of the five cysteine residues. Mol. Microbiol. 8:61-68
66. Green J, Trageser M, Six S, Unden G, Guest JR. 1991. Characterization of the FNR protein of Escherichia coli, an iron-binding transcriptional regulator. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 244:137-44
67. Greenberg JT, Monach P, Chou JH, Josephy PD, Demple B. 1990. Positive control of a global antioxidant defense regulon activated by superoxide-generating agents in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6181-85
68. Guest JR, Green J, Irvine AS, Spiro S. 1996. The FNR modulon and FNR-regulated gene expression. In Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli, ed. ECC Lin, AS Lynch, pp. 317-42. Austin, TX: RG Landes
69. Guest JR, Lambden PR. 1976. Mutants of Escherichia coli unable to use fumerate as an anaerobic electron acceptor. J. Gen. Microbiol. 97:145-60
70. He L, Soupene E, Ninfa A, Kustu S. 1998. Physiological role for the GlnK protein of enteric bacteria: Relief of NifL inhibition under nitrogen limiting conditions. J. Bacteriol. 180:6661-67
71. Henderson N, Austin S, Dixon R. 1989. Role of metal ions in negative regulation of nitrogen fixation by the nifL gene products from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216:484-91
72. Hildalgo E, Bollinger JM, Bradley TM, Walsh CT, Demple B. 1995. Binuclear [2Fe-2S] clusters in the Escherichia coli SoxR protein and role of the metal centers in transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 20908-14
73. Hildalgo E, Demple B, 1994. An iron-sulfur center essential for transcriptional activation by the redox-sensing SoxR protein. EMBO J. 13:138-46
74. Hidalgo E, Demple B. 1996. Adaptive responses to oxidative stress: The soxRS and oxyR regulons. In Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli, ed. ECC Lin, A. Simon-Lynch, pp. 433-50. Austin, TX: Landes
75. Hidalgo E, Demple B. 1997. Spacing of promoter elements regulates the basal expression of the soxS gene and converts SoxR from a transcriptional activator into a repressor. EMBO J. 16:1056-65
76. Hidalgo E, Ding H, Demple B. 1997. Redox signal transduction: mutations shifting [2Fe-2S] centers of the SoxR sensor-regulator to the oxidized form. Cell 88: 121-29
77. Hidalgo E, Leautaud V, Demple B. 1998. The redox-regulated SoxR protein acts from a single DNA site as a repressor and an allosteric activator. EMBO J. 17:2629-36
78. Hidalgo E, Nunoshiba T, Demple B. 1994. Molecular genetics of the soxRS oxidative stress regulon of Escherichia coli. Methods Mol. Genet. 3:325-40
79. Hill S, Austin S, Eydmann T, Jones T, Dixon R. 1996. Azotobacter vinelandii NifL is a flavoprotein that modulates transcriptional activation of nitrogen-fixation genes via a redox-sensitive switch. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:2143-48
80. Holmgren A. 1985. Thioredoxin. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54:237-71
81. Iisma SE, Watson JM. 1989. The nifA gene product from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii lacks the N-terminal domain found in other NifA proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 3:943-55
82. Inoue K, Kouadio JK, Mosley CS, Bauer CE. 1995. Isolation and in vitro phosphorylation of sensory transduction components controlling anaerobic induction of light harvesting and reaction center gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Biochemistry 34:391-96
83. Ishige K, Nagasawa S, Tokishita S, Mizuno T. 1994. A novel device of bacterial signal transducers. EMBO J. 13:5195-202
84. Iuchi S. 1993. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the receiver module at the conserved asparate residue controls transphosphorylation activity of histidine kinase in sensor protein Arc B of Excherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 268:23972-80
85. Iuchi S, Cameron DC, Lin ECC. 1989. A second global regulator gene (arcB) mediating repression of enzymes in aerobic pathways of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171:868-73
86. Iuchi S, Chepuri V, Fu H-A, Guennis RB, Lin ECC. 1990. Requirement for terminal cytochromes for the arc regulatory system in Escherichia coli: study utilizing deletions and lac fusions of cyo and cyd. J. Bacteriol. 172:6020-25
87. Iuchi S, Lin ECC. 1988. arcA (dye), a global regulatory gene in Escherichia coli mediating repression of enzymes in aerobic pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1888-92
88. Iuchi S, Lin ECC. 1991. Adaptation of Escherichia coli to respiratory conditions: regulation of gene expression. Cell 66:5-7
89. Iuchi S, Lin ECC. 1992. Purification and phosphorylation of the Arc regulatory components of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 174:5617-23
90. Iuchi S, Lin ECC. 1993. Adaptation of Escherichia coli to redox environments by gene expression. Mol. Microbiol. 9:1-15
91. Iuchi S, Matsuda Z, Fujiwara T, Lin ECC. 1990. The arcB gene of Escherichia coli encodes a sensor-regulator protein for anaerobic repression of the arc modulon. Mol. Microbiol. 4:715-27
92. Jones HM, Gunsalus RP. 1987. Regulation of Escherichia coli fumarate reductase genes (frdABCD) operon expression by respiratory electron acceptors and the fnr gene product. J. Bacteriol. 169:3340-49
93. Joshi HM, Tabita FR. 1996. A global two component signal transduction system that integrates the control of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide assimilation, and nitrogen fixation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14515-20
94. Kahn D, Ditta G. 1991. Modular structure of FixJ: homology of the transcriptional activator domain with the -35 binding domain of sigma factors. Mol. Microbiol. 5:987-97
95. Kato M, Mizuno T, Shimizu T, Hakoshima T. 1997. Insights into multistep phosphorelay from the crystal structure of the C-terminal HPt domain of ArcB. Cell 88:717-23
96. Khoroshilova N, Beinert H, Kiley PJ. 1995. Association of a polynuclear iron sulfur center with a mutant FNR protein enhances DNA binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:2499-503
97. 2: [4Fe-4S] to [2Fe-2S] conversion with loss of biological activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:6087-92
98. Kiley PJ, Reznikoff WS. 1991. Fnr mutants that activate gene expression in the presence of oxygen. J. Bacterol. 173:16-22
99. Kim Y-M, Ahn K-J, Beppu T, Uozumi T. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of the nifLA operon of Klebsiella oxytoca NG13 and characterization of the gene products. Mol. Gen. Genet. 205:253-59
100. Krey R, Pühler A, Klipp W. 1992. A defined amino acid exchange close to the putative nucleotide binding site is responsible for an oxygen-tolerant variant of the Rhizobium meliloti NifA protein. Mol. Gen. Genet. 234:433-41
101. Kullik I, Hennecke H, Fischer H-M. 1989. Inhibition of Bradyrhizobium japonicum nifA-dependent nif gene activation by oxygen occurs at the NifA protein level and is irreversible. Arch. Microbiol. 151:191-97
102. Kullik I, Stevens J, Toledano MB, Storz G. 1995. Mutational analysis of the redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator OxyR: regions important for DNA binding and multimerization. J. Bacteriol. 177:1285-91
103. Kullik I, Toledano MB, Tartaglia LA, Storz. G. 1995. Mutational analysis of the redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator OxyR: regions important for oxidation and transcriptional activation. J. Bacteriol. 177:1275-84
104. Lazazzera BA, Bates DM, Kiley PJ. 1993. The activity of the Escherichia coli transcription factor FNR is regulated by a change in oligomeric state. Genes Dev. 7:1993-2005
105. Lazazzera BA, Beinert H, Khoroshilova N. Kennedy MC, Kiley PJ. 1996. DNA binding and dimerization of the Fe-S containing FNR protein from Escherichia coli are regulated by oxygen. J. Biol. Chem. 271:2762-68
106. Lee HS, Narberhaus F, Kustu S. 1993. In vitro activity of NifL, a signal transduction protein for biological nitrogen fixation. J. Bacteriol. 175:7683-88
107. Li Z, Demple B. 1994. SoxS, an activator of superoxide stress genes in Escherichia coli. Purification and interaction with DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 269:18371-77
108. Li Z, Demple B. 1996. Sequence specificity for DNA binding by Escherichia coli SoxS and Rob proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 20:937-45
109. Lois AF, Ditta GS, Helinski DR. 1993. The oxygen sensor FixL of Rhizobium meliloti is a membrane protein containing four possible transmembrane segments. J. Bacteriol. 175:1103-09
110. Lois AF, Weinstein M, Ditta GS, Helinski DR. 1993. Autophosphorylation and phosphatase activities of the oxygen-sensing protein FixL of Rhizobium meliloti are coordinately regulated by oxygen. J. Biol. Chem. 268:4370-75
111. Lukat-Rodgers GS, Rexine JL, Rodgers KR. 1998. Heme speciation in alkaline ferric FixL and possible tyrosine involvement in the signal transduction pathway for regulation of nitrogen fixation. Biochemistry 37:13543-52
112. Lynch AS, Lin ECC. 1996. Transcriptional control mediated by the ArcA two-component response regulator protein of Escherichia coli: characterization of DNA binding at target promoters. J. Bacteriol. 178:6238-49
113. Lynch AS, Lin ECC. 1996. Responses to molecular oxygen. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, ed. FC Neidhardt, pp. 1526-38 Washington, DC: ASM Press
114. Macheroux P, Hill S, Austin S, Eydmann T, Jones T, et al. 1998. Electron donation to the flavoprotein NifL, a redox-sensing transcriptional regulator. Biochem. J. 332:413-19
115. Masuda S, Matsumoto Y, Nagashima KYP, Shimada K, Inoue K, et al. 1999. Structural and functional analysis of photosynthetic regulatory genes regA and regB from Rhodovulum sulfidophilum, Roseobacter denitrificans and Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol. In press
116. Matsushika A, Mizuno T, 1998. A dual-signaling mechanism mediated by the ArcB hybrid sensor kinase containing the histidine-containing phosphotransfer domain in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 180:3973-77
117. Melville SB, Gunsalus RP. 1990. Mutations in fnr that alter anaerobic regulation of electron transport-associated genes in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 265:18733-36
118. Melville SB, Gunsalus RP. 1996. Isolation of an oxygen-sensitive FNR protein of Escherichia coli: interaction at activator and repressor sites of FNR-controlled genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1226-31
119. Merrick M, Hill S, Hennecke H, Hahn M, Dixon R, Kennedy C. 1982. Repressor properties of the nifL gene product in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 185:75-81
120. Monson EK, Ditta GS, Helinski DR. 1994. The oxygen sensor protein, FixL, of Rhizobium meliloti: role of histidine residues in heme binding, phosphorylation and signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 270:5243-50
121. Monson EK, Weinstein M, Ditta GS, Helinski DR. 1992. The FixL protein of Rhizobium meliloti can be separated into a heme-binding oxygen-sensing domain and a functional C-terminal kinase domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4280-84
122. Monteiro RA, Souza EM, Funayama S, Yates MG, Pedrosa FO, Chubatsu LS. 1999. Expression and functional analysis of an N-truncated NifA protein of Herbaspirillum seropedicae. FEBS Lett. 447:283-86
123. Morett E, Fischer H-M, Hennecke H. 1991. Influence of oxygen on DNA binding, positive control, and stability of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum NifA regulatory protein. J. Bacteriol. 173:3478-87
124. Morett E, Kreutzer R, Cannon W, Buck M. 1990. The influence of the Klebsiella pneumoniae regulatory gene nifL upon the transcriptional activator protein NifA. Mol. Microbiol. 4:1253-58
125. 54 bacterial enhancer-binding protein family: mechanism of action and phylogenetic relationship of their functional domains. J. Bacteriol. 175:6067-74
126. Morgan RW, Christman MF, Jacobson FS, Storz G, Ames BN. 1986. Hydrogen peroxide-inducible proteins in Salmonella typhimurium overlap with heat shock and other stress proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8059-63
127. Mosley CS, Suzuki JY, Bauer CE. 1994. Identification and molecular genetic characterization of a sensor kinase responsible for coordinately regulating light harvesting and reaction center gene expression in anaerobiosis. J. Bacteriol. 176:7566-73
128. Mukhopadhyay S, Shellhorn HE. 1997. Identification and characterization of hydrogen peroxide-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli: genes that require OxyR for expression. J. Bacteriol. 179: 330-38
129. Narberhaus F, Lee H-S, Schmitz RA, He L, Kustu S. 1995. The C-terminal domain of NifL is sufficient to inhibit NifA activity. J. Bacteriol. 177:5078-87
130. Niehaus F, Hantke K, Unden G. 1991. Iron content and FNR-dependent gene regulation in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 84:319-24
131. Nunoshiba T, Hidalgo E, Amábilc-Cuevas CF, Demple B. 1992. Two-stage control of an oxidative stress regulon: the Escherichia coli SoxR protein triggers redox-inducible expression of the soxS regulatory gene. J. Bacteriol. 174: 6054-60
132. O'Gara JP, Eraso JM, Kaplan S. 1998. A redox-responsive pathway for aerobic regulation of photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. J. Bacteriol 180:4044-50
133. Ogino T, Matsubara M, Kato N, Nakamura Y, Mizuno T. 1998. An Escherichia coli protein thai exhibits phosphohistidine phosphatase activity towards the HPt domain of the ArcB sensor involved in the multistep His-Asp phophorelay. Mol. Microbiol. 27:573-85
134. Park S-J, Chao G, Gunsalus RP. 1997. Aerobic regulation of the sucABCD genes of Escherichia coli, which encode alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase and succinyl coenzyme A synthetase: roles of ArcA, Fnr, and the upstream sdhCDAB promoter. J. Bacteriol. 179:4138-42
135. Park S-J, Gunsalus RP. 1995. Oxygen, iron, carbon and superoxide control of the fumarase fumA and fumC genes of Escherichia coli: role of the arcA, fnr, and soxR gene products. J. Bacteriol. 177: 6255-62
136. Park S-J, Tseng C-P, Gunsalus RP. 1995. Regulation of succinate dehydrogenase (sdhCDAB) operon expression in Escherichia coli in response to carbon supply and anaerobiosis: role of ArcA and Fnr. Mol. Microbiol. 15:473-82
137. Parkinson JS, Kofoid EC. 1992. Communication modules in bacterial signalling proteins. Annu. Rev. Genet. 26:71-112
138. Penfold RJ, Pemberton JM. 1991. A gene from the photosynthetic gene cluster of Rhodobacter sphaeroides induces trans-suppression of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid levels in R. sphaeroides and R. capsulatus. Curr. Microbiol. 23:259-63
139. Penfold RJ, Pemberton JM. 1994. Sequencing, chromosomal inactivation, and functional expression in Escherichia coli of ppsR, a gene which represses carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll synthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 176:2869-76
140. Ponnampalam SN, Bauer CE. 1997. DNA binding characteristics of CrtJ. J. Biol. Chem. 272:18391-96
141. Ponnampalam SN, Buggy JJ, Bauer CE. 1995. Characterization of an aerobic repressor that coordinately regulates bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoid, and light harvesting-II expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol. 177:2990-97
142. Ponnampalam SN, Elsen S, Bauer CE. 1998. Aerobic repression of the Rhodobacter capsulatus bchC promoter involves cooperative interactions between CrtJ bound to neighboring palindromes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:30757-61
143. Popescu C, Bates DM, Beinert H, Münck E, Kiley PJ. 1998. Mössbauer spectroscopy as a tool for the study of activation/inactivation of the transcription regulator FNR in whole cells of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:13431-35
144. 2 fixation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 178:12-18
145. Raina R, Bageshwar UK, Das HK. 1993. The Azotobacter vinelandii nifL-like gene: nucleotide sequence analysis and regulation of expression. Mol. Gen. Genet. 237:400-06
146. Reyrat JM, Blonski C, Boistard P, Batut J. 1993. Oxygen-regulated in vitro transcription of Rhizobium meliloti nifA and fixK genes. J. Bacteriol. 175:6867-72
147. Sawers RG, Zalelein E, Böck A. 1988. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of Escherichia coli proteins: influence of various anaerobic growth conditions and the fnr gene product on cellular protein composition. Arch. Microbiol. 149:240-44
148. Schell MA. 1993. Molecular biology of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47:597-626
149. Schmitz RA. 1997. NifL of Klebsiella pneumoniae carries an N-terminally bound FAD cofactor, which is not directly required for the inhibitory function of NifL. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 157:313-18
150. Schmitz RA, He L, Kustu S. 1996. Iron is required to relieve inhibitory effects of NifL on transcriptional activation by NifA in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 178:4679-87
151. Screen S, Watson J, Dixon R. 1994. Oxygen sensitivity and meta ion-dependent transcriptional activation by NifA protein from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 245:313-22
152. Sganga MW, Bauer CE. 1992. Regulatory factors controlling photosynthetic reaction center and light-harvesting gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Cell 68:945-54
153. Sharrocks AD, Green J, Guest JR. 1990. In vivo and in vitro mutants of FNR the anaerobic transcription factor of Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 270:119-22
154. Shaw DJ, Rice DW, Guest JR. 1983. Homology between CAP and FNR, a regulator of anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 166:241-47
155. Shen J, Gunsalus RP. 1997. Role of multiple Area recognition sites in anaerobic regulation of succinate dehydrogenase (sdhCDAB) gene expression in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 26: 223-36
156. Siddavattam D, Steibl H-D, Kreutzer R, Klingmüller W. 1995. Regulation of nif gene expression in Enterobacter agglomerans: nucleotide sequence of the nifLA operon and influence of temperature and ammonium on its transcription. Mol. Gen. Genet. 249:629-36
157. Söderbäck E, Reyes-Ramirez F, Eydmann T, Austin S, Hill S, Dixon R. 1998. The redox- and fixed nitrogen-responsive regulatory protein NifL from Azotobacter vinelandii comprises discrete flavin and nucleotide-binding domains. Mol. Microbiol. 28:179-92
158. Souza EM, Pedrosa FO, Drummond M, Rigo LU, Yates MG. 1999. Control of Herbaspirillum seropedicae NifA activity by ammonium ions and oxygen. J. Bacteriol. 181:681-84
159. Spiro S. 1994. The FNR family of transcriptional regulators. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 66:23-36
160. Spiro S, Guest JR. 1988. Inactivation of FNR protein of Escherichia coli by targeted mutagenesis in the N-terminal region. Mol. Microbiol. 2:701-07
161. Spiro S, Roberts RE, Guest JR. 1989. FNR-dependent repression of ndh gene of Escherichia coli and metal ion requirement for FNR-regulated gene expression. Mol. Microbiol. 3:601-08
162. Stewart V. 1982. Requirment of Fnr and NarL functions for nitrate reductase expression in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 151:1320-25
163. Storz G, Tartaglia LA, Ames BN. 1990. Transcriptional regulator of oxidative stress-inducible genes: direct activation by oxidation. Science 248:189-94
164. Tao K. 1997. oxyR-dependent induction of Escherichia coli grx gene expression by peroxide stress. J. Bacteriol. 179:5967-70
165. Tao K, Fujita N, Ishihama A. 1993. Involvement of the RNA polymerase α subunit C-terminal region in cooperative interaction and transcriptional activation with OxyR protein. Mol. Microbiol. 7:859-64
166. Tao K, Makino K, Yonei S, Nakata A. Shinagawa H. 1989. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of oxyR, the positive regulatory gene of a regulon for an adaptative response to oxidative stress in Escherichia coli: homologies between OxyR protein and a family of bacterial activator proteins. Mol. Gen. Genet. 218:371-76
167. Tao K, Makino K, Yonei S, Nakata A, Shinagawa H. 1991. Purification and characterization of the Escherichia coli OxyR protein, the positive regulator for a hydrogen peroxide-inducible regulon. J. Biochem. 109:262-66
168. Tartaglia LA, Storz G, Ames BN. 1989. Identification and molecular analysis of oxyR-regulated promoters important for the bacterial adaptation to oxidative stress. J. Mol. Biol. 210:709-19
169. Tiwari RP, Reeve WG, Dilworth MJ, Glenn AR. 1996. Acid tolerance in Rhizobium meliloti strain WSM419 involves a two-component sensor-regulator system. Microbiology 142:1693-704
170. Toledano MB, Kullik I, Trinh F, Baird PT, Schneider TD, Storz G. 1994. Redox-dependent shift of OxyR-DNA contacts along an extended DNA-binding site: a mechanism for differential promoter selection. Cell 78:897-909
171. Trageser M, Unden G. 1989. Role of cysteine residues and of metal ions in the regulatory functioning of FNR, the transcriptional regulator of anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 3:593-99
172. Tsaneva IR, Weiss B. 1990. soxR, a locus governing a superoxide response regulon in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 172:4197-205
173. Tseng C-P, Albrecht J, Gunsalus RP. 1996. Effect of microaerophilic cell growth conditions on expression of the aerobic (cyoABCDE and cydAB) and anaerobic (narGHJI, frdABCD, and dmsABC) respiratory pathway genes in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178: 1094-98
174. 2-dependent gene regulation in facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 164:81-90
175. Williams SM, Savery NJ, Busby SJ, Wing HJ. 1997. Transcription activation at a class I FNR-dependent promoters: identification of the activating surface of FNR and the corresponding contact site in the C-terminal. domain of the RNA polymerase α subunit. Nucleic Acid Res. 25:4028-34
176. Woodley P, Drummond M. 1994, Redundancy of the conserved His residue in Azotobacter vinelandii NifL, a histidine autokinase homologue which regulates transcription of nitrogen fixation genes. Mol. Microbiol. 13:619-26
177. Wu J, Dunham WR, Weiss B. 1995. Overproduction and physical characterization of SoxR, a [2Fe-2S] protein that governs an oxidative response regulon in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 270:10323-27
178. Wu J, Weiss B. 1991. Two divergently transcribed genes, soxR and soxS, control a superoxide response regulon of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 173:2864-71
179. Wu J, Weiss B. 1992. Two stage induction of the soxRS (superoxide response) regulon of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 174:3915-20
180. Zeilstra-Ryalls J, Gomelsky M, Eraso JM, Yeliseev A, O'Gara J, Kaplan S. 1998. Control of photosystem formation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 180:2801-09
181. Zheng M, Åslund F, Storz G. 1998. Activation of the OxyR transcription factor by reversible disulfide bond formation. Science 279:1718-21
182. Zhulin IB, Taylor BL, Dixon R. 1997. PAS domain S-boxes in Archae, Bacteria and sensors for oxygen and redox. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:331-33
183. Ziegelhoffer EC, Kiley PJ. 1995. In vitro analysis of a constitutively active mutant form of the Escherichia coli global transcription factor FNR. J. Mol. Biol. 245:351-61