Ru(arene)(amino alcohol)-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of ketones: Mechanism and origin of enantioselectivity

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 121, Issue 41, 1999, Pages 9580-9588

  Alonso, Diego A ^a   Brandt, Peter ^b   Nordin, Sofia J M ^a   Andersson, Pher G ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 PROPANOL; AMINOALCOHOL; KETONE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; RUTHENIUM;

ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL BOND; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; ENANTIOMER; HYDROGENATION; REACTION ANALYSIS;

EID: 0032706359     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja9906610     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. (a) Noyori, R. Asymmetric Catalysis in Organic Synthesis; Wiley: New York, 1994; Chapter 2.
2. (b) Houben-Weyl, Methods of Organic Chemistry, Stereoselective Synthesis; 4th ed., Heimchen, G. J., Schaumann, E., Eds.; Georg Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart, New York, 1995; Vol. E21d, pp 3945-4464.
3. General references to transfer hydrogenation of ketones using i-PrOH: (a) Sasson, Y.; Blum, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 24, 2167. (b) Sasson, Y.; Blum, J. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 1887. (c) Linn, D. E.; Halpern, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 2969. (d) Chowdhury, R. L.; Bäckvall, J. E. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 1063.
4. General references to transfer hydrogenation of ketones using i-PrOH: (a) Sasson, Y.; Blum, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 24, 2167. (b) Sasson, Y.; Blum, J. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 1887. (c) Linn, D. E.; Halpern, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 2969. (d) Chowdhury, R. L.; Bäckvall, J. E. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 1063.
5. General references to transfer hydrogenation of ketones using i-PrOH: (a) Sasson, Y.; Blum, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 24, 2167. (b) Sasson, Y.; Blum, J. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 1887. (c) Linn, D. E.; Halpern, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 2969. (d) Chowdhury, R. L.; Bäckvall, J. E. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 1063.
6. General references to transfer hydrogenation of ketones using i-PrOH: (a) Sasson, Y.; Blum, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 24, 2167. (b) Sasson, Y.; Blum, J. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 1887. (c) Linn, D. E.; Halpern, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 2969. (d) Chowdhury, R. L.; Bäckvall, J. E. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 1063.
7. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
8. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
9. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
10. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
11. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
12. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
13. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
14. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
15. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
16. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
17. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
18. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
19. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
20. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
21. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
22. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
23. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
24. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
25. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
26. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
27. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
28. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
29. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
30. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
31. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
32. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y.
33. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
34. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenations: (a) Gladiali, S.; Pinna, L.; Delogu, G.; De Martin, S.; Zassinovich, G.; Mestroni, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1990, 1, 635. (b) Muller, D.; Umbricht, G.; Weber, B.; Pfaltz, A. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 232. (c) Evans, D. A.; Nelson, S. G.; Gagné, M. R.; Muci, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9800. (d) Genet, J.-P.; Ratovelomonana-Vidal, V.; Pinel, C. Synlett 1993, 34, 478. (e) Krasik, P.; Alper, H. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4347. (f) Yang, H.; Alvarez, M.; Lugan, N.; Mathieu, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1721. (g) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (h) Gamez, P.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 705. (i) Langer, T.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1381. (j) Langer, T.; Janssen, J.; Helmchen, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1599. (k) Jiang, Q.; Van Plew, D.; Murtuza, S.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 797. (l) Püntener, K.; Schwink, L.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8165. (m) Gamez, P.; Dunjic, B.; Lemaire, M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5196. (n) Gao, J.-X.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1087. (o) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215. (p) Sammakia, T.; Stangeland, E. L. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6104. (q) Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738. (r) Palmer, M.; Walsgrove, T.; Wills, M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5226. (s) Inoue, S.-I.; Nomura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R.; Izawa, Y. Chem. Lett. 1997, 657. (t) Halle, R.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Synlett 1997, 1257. (u) Touchard, F.; Fache, F.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3319. (v) Ohta, T.; Nakahara, S.; Shigemura, Y.; Hattori, K.; Furukawa, I. Chem. Lett. 1998, 491. (w) Schwink, L.; Ireland, T.; Püntener, K.; Knochel, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1143. (x) Bayston, D. J.; Travers, C. B.; Polywka, M. E. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2015. (y) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3817. (z) Everaere, K.; Carpentier, J.-F.; Mortreux, A.; Bulliard, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2971. (aa) Breysse, E.; Pinel, C.; Lemaire, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 897. (bb) Arikawa, Y.; Ueoka, M.; Matoba, K.; Nishibayashi, Y.; Haidai, M.; Uemura, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 572, 163.
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51. 6-coordinated.
52. In the study of both mechanisms A and B, a number of different configurations around ruthenium were evaluated in order to find the lowest energy pathway.
53. 5a
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