Review Article: AberranT Crypt Foci: A Review

Toxicologic Pathology

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 632-642

  Fenoglio Preiser, Cecilia M ^a   Noffsinger, Amy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN; CARCINOGEN; GROWTH FACTOR; MUCIN;

CANCER GROWTH; COLON CANCER; COLON CARCINOGENESIS; DYSPLASIA; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERPLASIA; INTESTINE CRYPT; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; MUTATION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ADENOMA; ANIMALS; CARCINOMA; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; MICE; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; MUTATION; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; RATS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0032698272     PISSN: 01926233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/019262339902700604     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Allen RC, Zoghbi HY, Moseley AB, Rosenblatt HM, and Belmont JW (1992). Methylation of Hpall and Hhal sites near the polymorphic CAG repeat in the human androgen-receptor gene correlates with X chromosome inactivation. Hum. Genetics 51: 1229-1239.
2. Augenlicht LH, Richards C., Corner G., and Pretlow TP (1996). Evidence for genomic instability in human colonic aberrant crypt foci. Oncogene 12: 1767-1772.
3. Barrow BJ, O'Riordan MA, Stellato TA, Calkins BM, and Pretlow TP (1990). Enzyme-altered foci in colons of carcinogen-treated rats. Cancer Res. 50: 1911-1916.
4. Bird RP (1987). Observation and quantification of aberrant crypts in the murine colon treated with a colon carcinogen: Preliminary findings. Cancer Lett. 37: 147-151.
5. Bird RP (1995). Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Cancer Lett. 93: 55-71.
6. Bird RP, McLellan EA, and Bruce WR (1989). Aberrant crypts, putative precancerous lesions, in the study of the role of diet in the aetiology of colon cancer. Cancer Surv. 8: 189-200.
7. Bouzourene H., Chaubert P., Seelentag W., Bosman FT, and Saraga E. (1999). Aberrant crypt foci in patients with neoplastic and nonneoplastic colonic disease. Hum. Pathol. 30: 66-71.
8. Bussey Hjr (1975). Familial Polyposis Coli. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
9. Caderni G., Bianchini F., Mancina A., Spagnesi MT, and Dolara P. (1991). Effect of dietary carbohydrates on the growth of dysplastic crypt foci in the colon of rats treated with 1.2-dimethylhydrazine. Cancer Res. 51: 3721-3725.
10. Caderni G., Giannini A., Lancioni L., Luceri L., Biggeri A., and Dolara P. (1995). Characterisation of aberrant crypt foci in carcinogen-treated rats: Association with intestinal carcinogenesis. Br. J. Cancer 71: 763-769.
11. Caderni G., Lancioni L., Luceri C., Giannini A., Lodovici M., Bifferi A., and Dolara P. (1997). Dietary sucrose and starch affect dysplastic characteristics in carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in rat colon. Cancer Lett. 114: 39-41.
12. Cameron IL, Garza J., and Hardman WE (1996). Distribution of lymphoid nodules, aberrant crypt foci and tumours in the colon of carcinogen-treated rats. Br. J. Cancer 73: 893-898.
13. Chang WW (1978). Histogenesis of symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasms of the colon in the mouse. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 60: 1405-1418.
14. Chang WW (1982). Morphological basis of multistep process in experimental colonic carcinogenesis. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 41: 17-37.
15. Corpet DE, Stamp D., Medline A., Minkin S., Archer MC, and Bruce WR (1990). Promotion of colonic microadenoma growth in mice and rats fed cooked sugar and cooked casein and fat. Cancer Res. 50: 6955-6958.
16. Di Gregorio C., Losi L., Fante R., Modica S., Ghidoni M., Pedroni M., Tamassia MG, Gafa L., Ponz de Leon M., and Roncucci L. (1997). Histology of aberrant crypt foci in the human colon. Histopathology 30: 328-334.
17. Dolara P., Caderni G., Lancioni L., Giannini A., Anastasi A., Fazi M., and Castiglione G. (1997). Aberrant crypt foci in human colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Detect. Prev. 21: 135-140.
18. Doll MA and Hein DW (1995). Cloning, sequencing and expression of NAT1 and NAT2 encoding genes from rapid and slow acetylator inbred rats. Pharmacogenetics 5: 247-251.
19. Fairman MP (1990). DNA polymerase delta/PCNA: Actions and interactions. J. Cell Sci. 95: 1-4.
20. Fearon ER and Vogelstein B. (1990). A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 661: 759-767.
21. Feng Y., Fretland AJ, Rustan TD, Jiang W., Becker WK, and Hein DW (1997). Higher frequency of aberrant crypt foci in rapid than slow acetylator inbred rats administered the colon carcinogen 3,2'dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 147: 56-62.
22. Fenoglio CM and Lane N. (1974). The anatomical precursor of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 34: 819-823.
23. Gebbers JO and Laissue JA (1986). Mixed hyperplastic and neoplastic polyp of the colon: An immunohistological study. Virchows Arch. A 410: 189-194.
24. Gerdes J., Lemke H., Baisch H., Wacker HH, Schwab U., and Stein H. (1984). Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. J. Immunol. 133: 1710-1715.
25. Hamilton SR (1983). Pathogenesis of polyps (adenomas). Dis. Colon Rectum 26: 413-414.
26. Hein DW (1988). Acetylator genotype and arylamine-induced carcinogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 948: 37-66.
27. Hein DW, Rustan TD, Bucher KD, Furman EJ, and Martin WJ (1991). Extrahepatic expression of the N-acetylation polymorphism toward arylamine carcinogens in tumor target organs of an inbred rat model. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 258: 232-236.
28. Hein DW, Rustan TD, Bucher KD, Martin WJ, and Furman EJ (1991). Acetylator phenotype-dependent and -independent expression of arylamine N-acetyltransferase isozymes in rapid and slow acetylator inbred rat liver. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19: 933-937.
29. Heinen CD, Shivapurkar N., Tang Z., Groden, J., and Alabaster O. (1996). Microsatellite instability in aberrant crypt foci from human colons. Cancer Res. 56: 5339-5341.
30. Jen J., Powell SM, Papadapoulos N., Smith KJ, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B., and Kinzler KW (1994). Molecular determinants of dysplasia in colorectal lesions. Cancer Res. 54: 5523-5526.
31. Kawamori T., Rao CV, Seibert K., and Reddy BS (1998). Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, against colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 58: 409-412.
32. Kobayashi M., Watanabe H., Ajioka Y., Honma T., and Osakura H. (1996). Effect of K-ras mutation on morphogenesis of colorectal adenomas and early cancers: Relationship to distribution of proliferating cells. Hum. Pathol. 27: 1042-1049.
33. Kolodner RD (1995). Mismatch repair: Mechanisms and relationship to cancer susceptibility. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20: 397-401.
34. Konstantakos AK, Siu I-M., Pretlow TG, Stellato TA, and Pretlow TP (1996). Human aberrant crypt foci with carcinoma in situ from a patient with sporadic colon cancer. Gastroenterology 111: 772-777.
35. Kuramoto S., Ihara O., Sakai S., Shimazu R., Kaminishi M., and Oohara T. (1990). Depressed adenoma in the large intestine: Endoscopic features. Dis. Colon Rectum 33: 108-112.
36. Lam Lkt and Zhang J. (1991). Reduction of aberrant crypt formation in the colon of CF1 mice by potential chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis 12: 2311-2315.
37. Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N., Liu B., Jen J., Parsons R., Peltomaki R., Sistonen P., Aaltonen LA, Nystrom-Lahti M., Guan XY, Zhang J., Meltzer P., Yu JW, Kao FT, Chen DJ, Cerosaletti KM, Fournier Rek, Todd S., Lewis T., Leach RJ, Naylor SL, Weissenbach J., Mecklin HP, Jarvinen H., Petersen HM, Hamilton SR, Green J., Jass J., Watson P., Lynch HT, Trent JM, de la Chappelle A., Kinzler KW, and Vogelstein B. (1993). Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75: 1215-1225.
38. Leach FS, Polyak K., Burll M., Johnson KA, Hill D., Dunlop MG, Wylie AH, Peltomaki P., de la Chapelle A., Hamilton SR, Kinzler KW, and Vogelstein B. (1996). Expression of the human mismatch repair gene hMSH2 in normal and neoplastic tissue. Cancer Res. 56: 235-240.
39. Li H., Kramer PM, Lubet RA, Steele VE, Kelloff GJ, and Pereira MA (1998). Effect of calcium on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci and cell proliferation in the colon of rats. Cancer Lett. 124: 39-46.
40. Longacre TA and Fenoglio-Preiser CM (1990). Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas: A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 14: 524-537.
41. Losi L., Roncucci L., Di Gregorio C., Ponz de Leon M., and Benhattar J. (1996). K-ras and p53 mutations in human colorectal aberrant crypt foci. J. Pathol. 178: 259-263.
42. Magnuson BA, Carr I., and Bird RP (1993). Ability of aberrant crypt foci characteristics to predict colonic tumor incidence in rats fed cholic acid. Cancer Res. 53: 4499-4504.
43. McCormick D. and Hall PA (1992). The complexities of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Histopathology 21: 591-594.
44. McLellan EA and Bird RP (1988). Aberrant crypts: Potential preneoplastic lesions in the murine colon. Cancer Res. 48: 6187-6192.
45. McLellan EA and Bird RP (1988). Specificity study to evaluate the induction of aberrant crypts in murine colons. Cancer Res. 48: 6183-6186.
46. McLellan EA and Bird RP (1991). Effect of disulfiram on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine- and azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci. Carcinogenesis 12: 969-972.
47. McLellan EA, Medline A., and Bird RP (1991). Dose response and proliferative characteristics of aberrant crypt foci: Putative preneoplastic lesions in rat colon. Carcinogenesis 12: 2093-2098.
48. McLellan EA, Medline A., and Bird RP (1991). Sequential analyses of the growth and morphological characteristics of aberrant crypt foci: Putative preneoplastic lesions. Cancer Res. 51: 5270-5274.
49. McLellan EA, Owen RA, Stepniewska KA, Shiffield JP, and Lemoine NR (1993). High frequency of K-ras mutations in sporadic colorectal adenomas. Gut 34: 392-396.
50. McSherry LK, Cohen BE, Bokkenheuser VD, Mosbach EH, Winter J., Matoba N., and Scholes J. (1989). Effect of calcium and bile acid feeding on colon tumours in the rat. Cancer Res. 49: 6039-6043.
51. Miyaki M., Konishi M., Kikuchi-Yanoshita R., Enomoto M., Igari T., Takana K., Muraoka M., Takahashi H., Amada Y., and Fukayama M. (1994). Characteristics of somatic mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in colorectal tumors. Cancer Res. 54: 3011-3020.
52. Moen CJ, van der Valk MA, Bird RP, Hart AA, and Demant P. (1996). Different genetic susceptibility to aberrant crypts and colon adenomas in mice. Cancer Res. 56: 2382-2386.
53. Morishita Y., Yoshimi N., Kawabata K., Matsunaga K., Sugie S., Tanaka T., and Mori H. (1997). Regressive effects of various chemopreventive agents on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 88: 815-820.
54. Nakamura Y. (1995). The adenomatous polyposis coli gene and human cancers. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121: 529-534.
55. Nucci MR, Robinson CR, Longo P., Campbell P., and Hamilton SR (1997). Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of aberrant crypt foci in human colorectal mucosa. Hum. Pathol. 28: 1396-1407.
56. Otori K., Konishi M., Sugiyama K., Hasebe T., Shimoda T., Kikuchi-Yanoshita R., Mukai K., Fukushima S., Miyaki M., and Esumi H. (1998). Infrequent somatic mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in aberrant crypt foci of human colon tissue. Cancer 83: 896-900.
57. Otori K., Sugiyama K., Haseve T., Fukushima S., and Esumi H. (1995). Emergence of adenomatous aberrant crypt foci (ACF) from hyperplastic ACF with concomitant increase in cell proliferation. Cancer Res. 55: 4743-4746.
58. Owen DA (1996). Flat adenoma, flat carcinoma and de novo carcinoma of colon. Cancer 77: 3-6.
59. Park HS, Goodlad RA, and Wright NA (1997). The incidence of aberrant crypt foci and colonic carcinoma in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats varies in a site-specific manner and depends on tumor histology. Cancer Res. 47: 4507-4510.
60. Pimentel E. (1994). Transforming growth factors. In: Handbook of Growth Factors, Vol. 2. Peptide Growth Factors, E Pimentel (ed). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 263-323.
61. Polyak K., Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B., and Kinzler KE (1996). Early alteration of cell-cycle-regulated gene expression in colorectal neoplasia. Am. J. Pathol. 149: 381-387.
62. Powell SM, Zilz N., Beazer-Barclay Y., Bryan TM, Hamilton SR, Thibodeau SN, Vogelstein B., and Kinzler KW (1992). APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis. Nature 359: 235-237.
63. Premoselli F., Sesca E., Binasco V., Caderni G., and Tessitore L. (1998). Fasting/re-feeding before initiation enhances the growth of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon and rectum. Int. J. Cancer 77: 286-294.
64. Pretlow TP (1995). Aberrant crypt foci and K-ras mutations: Earliest recognized players or innocent bystanders in colon carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 108: 600-603.
65. Pretlow TP, Barrow BJ, Ashton WS, O'Riordan MA, Pretlow TG, Jurcisek JA, and Stellato TA (1991). Aberrant crypts: Putative preneoplastic foci in human colonic mucosa. Cancer Res. 51: 1564-1567.
66. Pretlow TP, Brasitus TA, Fulton NC, Cheyer C., and Kaplan EL (1993). K-ras mutations in putative preneoplastic lesions in human colon. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85: 2004-2007.
67. Pretlow TP, Cheyer C., and O'Riordan MA (1994). Aberrant crypt foci and colon tumors in F344 rats have similar increases in proliferative activity. Int. J. Cancer 56: 599-602.
68. Pretlow TP, O'Riordan MA, Kolman MF, and Jurcisek JA (1990). Colonic aberrant crypts in azoxymethane-treated F344 rats have decreased hexosaminidase activity. Am. J. Pathol. 636: 13-16.
69. Pretlow TP, O'Riordan MA, Somich GA, Amini SB, and Pretlow TG (1992). Aberrant crypts correlate with tumour incidence in F344 rats treated with azoxymethane and phytate. Carcinogenesis 13: 1509-1512.
70. Pretlow TP, O'Riordan MN, Pretlow TG, and Stellato TA (1992). Aberrant crypts in human colonic mucosa: Putative preneoplastic lesions. J. Cell. Biochem. 16G: 55-62.
71. Qin X., Zarkovic M., Nakatsuru Y., Arai M., Oda H., and Ishikawa T. (1994). DNA adduct formation and assessment of aberrant crypt foci in vivo in the rat colon mucosa after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Carcinogenesis 15: 851-855.
72. Roncucci L., Medline A., and Bruce WR (1991). Classification of aberrant crypt foci and microadenomas in human colon. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1: 57-60.
73. Roncucci L., Pedroni M., Fante R., Di Gregorio C., and Ponz de Leon M. (1993). Cell kinetic evaluation of human colonic aberrant crypts. Cancer Res. 53: 3726-3729.
74. Roncucci L., Stamp D., Medline A., Cullen JB, and Bruce WR (1991). Identification and quantification of aberrant crypt foci and microadenomas in the human colon. Hum. Pathol. 22: 287-294.
75. Sandforth F., Heimpel S., Balzer T., Gutschmidt S., and Riecken EO (1988). Characterization of stereomicroscopically identified preneoplastic lesions during dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinogenesis. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 18: 655-662.
76. Sandgren EP, Luetteke NC, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, and Lee DC (1990). Overexpression of TGFα in transgenic mice: Induction of epithelial hyperplasia, pancreatic metaplasia, and carcinoma of the breast. Cell 61: 1121-1135.
77. Sawhney N. and Hall PA (1992). Ki-67: Structure, function, and new antibodies. J. Pathol. 168: 161-162.
78. Scott N., Bell SM, Sagar P., Blair GE, Dixon MF, and Guirke P. (1993). p53 expression and K-ras mutations in colorectal adenomas. Gut 34: 621-624.
79. Seraj MJ, Umemoto A., Kajikawa A., Mimura S., Kinouchi T., Ohnishi Y., and Monden Y. (1977). Effects of dietary bile acids on formation of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in F344 rats. Cancer Lett. 115: 97-103.
80. Shirtliff N. and Bird RP (1996). Growth features of aberrant crypt foci that resist modulation by cholic acid. Carcinogenesis 17: 2093-2096.
81. Shivapurkar N., Huang L., Ruggeri B., Swalsky PA, Bakker A., Finkelstein S., Frost A., and Silverberg S. (1997). K-ras and p53 mutations in aberrant crypt foci and colonic tumors from colon cancer patients. Cancer Lett. 115: 39-46.
82. Shpitz B., Bomstein Y., Mekori Y., Cohen R., Kaufman Z., Grankin M., and Bernheim J. (1997). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen as a marker of cell kinetics in aberrant crypt foci, hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas of the human colon. Am. J. Surg. 174: 425-430.
83. Shpitz B., Bomstein Y., Mekori Y., Cohen R., Kaufman Z., Neufeld D., Galkin M., and Bernheim J. (1998). Aberrant crypt foci in human colons: Distribution and histomorphologic characteristics. Hum. Pathol. 29: 469-475.
84. Siu M., Robinson DR, Schwartz S., Kung H-S., Pretlow TG, Petersen RB, and Pretlow TP (1999). The identification of monoclonality in human aberrant crypt foci. Cancer Res. 59: 63-66.
85. Smith AJ, Stern HS, Penner M., Hay K., Mitri A., Bapat BV, and Gallinger S. (1994). Somatic APC and K-ras codon 12 mutations in aberrant crypt foci from human colons. Cancer Res. 54: 5527-5530.
86. Smith TK, Lund TK, and Johnson T. (1998). Inhibition of dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt foci and induction of apoptosis in rat colon following oral administration of the glucosinolate sinigrin. Carcinogenesis 19: 267-273.
87. Soh K., Yannnagisawa A., Hiratsuka H., Sugano H., and Kato Y. (1993). Variation in K-ras codon 12 point mutation rate with histological atypia within individual colorectal tumors. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 84: 388-393.
88. Stopera SA, Murphy LC, and Bird RP (1992). Evidence for a ras gene mutation in azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypts in Sprague-Dawley rats: Earliest recognizable precursor lesions of experimental colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 13: 2081-2085.
89. Sunter JP (1980). Experimental carcinogenesis and cancer in the rodent gut. In: Cell Proliferation in the Gastrointestinal Tract, DA Appelton, JP Sunter, and AJ Watson (eds). Pitman Medical, London, UK, pp. 255-277.
90. Sunter JP, Appleton DR, Wright NA, and Watson AJ (1978). Pathological features of the colonic tumours induced in rats by the administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. 29: 211-223.
91. Takahashi M., Minamoto T., Yamashita N., Yazawa K., Sugimura T., and Esumi H. (1993). Reduction in formation and growth of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt foci in rat colon by docosahexanoic acid. Cancer Res. 53: 2786-2789.
92. Takayama T., Katsuki S., Takahashi Y., Ohi M., Nojiri S., Sakamaki S., Kato J., Kogawa K., Miyake H., and Niitsu Y. (1998). Aberrant crypt foci of the colon as precursors of adenoma and cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 339: 1277-1284.
93. Thorup I. (1997). Histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization of colonic aberrant foci in rats: Relationship to growth factor expression. Carcinogenesis 8: 465-472.
94. Tudek B., Bird RP, and Bruce WR (1989). Foci of aberrant crypts in the colons of mice and rats exposed to carcinogens associated with foods. Cancer Res. 49: 1236-1240.
95. Uchida K., Kado S., Onoue M., and Tohyama K. (1997). Relationship between the nature of mucus and crypt multiplicity in aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Jpn. Cancer Res. 88: 807-814.
96. Vatis KP, Weber WW, Bell DA, Dupret JM, Evans Dap, Grant DM, Hein DW, Lin HJ, Meyer UA, Relling MV, Sim E. Suzuki T., and Yamazoe Y. (1995). Nomenclature for N-acetyltransferase. Pharmacogenetics 5: 1-17.
97. Vivona AA, Shpitz B., Medline A., Bruce WR, Hay K., Ward MA, Stem HS, and Gallinger S. (1993). K-ras mutations in aberrant crypt foci, adenomas and adenocarcinomas during azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 14: 1777-1781.
98. Vogelstein B., Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Jerb SE, Preseinger AC, Leppert M., Nakamura Y., White R., Smits Amm, and Bos JL (1988). Genetic alteration during colorectal-tumor development. N. Engl. J. Med. 319: 525-532.
99. Wargovich MJ, Harris C., Chen CD, Palmer C., Steele VE, and Kelloff GJ (1992). Growth kinetics and chemoprevention of aberrant crypts in the rat colon. J. Cell. Biochem. 16: 51-54.
100. Wiebecke B., Krey U., Lohrs U., and Eder M. (1973). Morphological and autoradiographical investigations on experimental carcinogenesis and polyp development in the intestinal tract of rats and mice. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. 360: 179-193.
101. Wolber RA and Owen DA (1991). Flat adenomas of the colon. Hum. Pathol. 22: 70-74.
102. Yamashita N., Minamoto T., Ochiai A., Onda M., and Esumi H. (1995). Frequent and characteristic K-ras activation and absence of p53 protein accumulation in aberrant crypt foci of the colon. Gastroenterology 108: 434-440.
103. Yamashita N., Minamoto T., Ochiai A., Onda M., and Esumi H. (1995). Frequent and characteristic K-ras activation in aberrant crypt foci of colon: Is there preference among K-ras mutants for malignant progression? Cancer 75: 1527-1533.
104. Yokota T., Sugano K., Kondo H., Saito D., Sugihara K., Fukayama N., Ohkura H., Ochiai A., and Yoshida S. (1997). Detection of aberrant crypt foci by magnifying colonoscopy. Gastrointest. Endosc. 46: 61-65.
105. Zhang X-M., Stamp D., Minkin S., Medline A., Corpet DE, Bruce WR, and Archer MC (1993). Promotion of aberrant crypt foci and cancer in rat colon by thermolyzed protein. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84: 1026-1030.