메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 69, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 513-534

Facilitation of conspecific seedling recruitment and shifts in temperate savanna ecotones

Author keywords

Acorn; Ecotone; Effects on seedling recruitment; Facilitation; Quercus emoryi; Safe site; Seed dispersal; Seedling establishment; Shade; Tree line

Indexed keywords

FACILITATION; RECRUITMENT; SAVANNA; SEED DISPERSAL; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; SHADING; TREELINE;

EID: 0032697006     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0513:FOCSRA]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (91)

References (147)
  • 1
    • 0002713140 scopus 로고
    • Impact of degradation processes on soil quality in arid Mediterranean environments
    • J. Rubio and J. Rickson, editors. Commission of the European Communities, Report EUR 11175
    • Albaladejo, J. 1990. Impact of degradation processes on soil quality in arid Mediterranean environments. Pages 193-214 in J. Rubio and J. Rickson, editors. Strategies to combat desertification in Mediterranean Europe. Commission of the European Communities, Report EUR 11175.
    • (1990) Strategies to Combat Desertification in Mediterranean Europe , pp. 193-214
    • Albaladejo, J.1
  • 3
    • 0028975880 scopus 로고
    • Stomatal responsiveness to changing light intensity increases rain-use efficiency of below-crown vegetation in tropical savannas
    • Amundson, R. G., A. R. Ali, and A. J. Belsky. 1995. Stomatal responsiveness to changing light intensity increases rain-use efficiency of below-crown vegetation in tropical savannas. Journal of Arid Environments 29:139-153.
    • (1995) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.29 , pp. 139-153
    • Amundson, R.G.1    Ali, A.R.2    Belsky, A.J.3
  • 4
    • 0002263877 scopus 로고
    • Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: Rates, patterns and proximate causes
    • M. Vavra, W. Laycock, and R. Pieper, editors. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA
    • Archer, S. 1994. Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates, patterns and proximate causes. Pages 13-68 in M. Vavra, W. Laycock, and R. Pieper, editors. Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA.
    • (1994) Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West , pp. 13-68
    • Archer, S.1
  • 5
    • 0028993623 scopus 로고
    • Tree-grass dynamics in a Prosopis-thornscrub savanna parkland: Reconstructing the past and predicting the future
    • _. 1995. Tree-grass dynamics in a Prosopis-thornscrub savanna parkland: reconstructing the past and predicting the future. Écoscience 2:83-99.
    • (1995) Écoscience , vol.2 , pp. 83-99
  • 7
    • 0029668087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germination and seedling growth of Quercus (section Erythrobalanus) across openings in a mixed-deciduous forest of southern New England, USA
    • Ashton, M. S., and B. C. Larson. 1996. Germination and seedling growth of Quercus (section Erythrobalanus) across openings in a mixed-deciduous forest of southern New England, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 80: 81-94.
    • (1996) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.80 , pp. 81-94
    • Ashton, M.S.1    Larson, B.C.2
  • 8
    • 0002617926 scopus 로고
    • Land-use history of the Research Ranch, Elgin, Arizona
    • Bahre, C. J. 1977. Land-use history of the Research Ranch, Elgin, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 12(supplement 2):1-32.
    • (1977) Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science , vol.12 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 1-32
    • Bahre, C.J.1
  • 9
    • 0003527518 scopus 로고
    • University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA
    • _. 1991. A legacy of change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
    • (1991) A Legacy of Change
  • 10
    • 0028164742 scopus 로고
    • The effect of Quercus douglasii removal on understory yield and composition
    • Bartolome, J. W., B. H. Allen-Diaz, and W. D. Tietje. 1994. The effect of Quercus douglasii removal on understory yield and composition. Journal of Range Management 47: 151-154.
    • (1994) Journal of Range Management , vol.47 , pp. 151-154
    • Bartolome, J.W.1    Allen-Diaz, B.H.2    Tietje, W.D.3
  • 11
    • 0002289050 scopus 로고
    • Coping with environmental heterogeneity: The physiological ecology of tree seedling across the gap-understory continuum
    • M. M. Caldwell and R. W. Pearcy, editors. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • Bazzaz, F. A., and P. M. Wayne. 1994. Coping with environmental heterogeneity: the physiological ecology of tree seedling across the gap-understory continuum. Pages 349-390 in M. M. Caldwell and R. W. Pearcy, editors. Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by plants. Ecophysiological processes above-and belowground. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (1994) Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants. Ecophysiological Processes Above-and Belowground , pp. 349-390
    • Bazzaz, F.A.1    Wayne, P.M.2
  • 12
    • 0024907514 scopus 로고
    • The effects of trees on their physical, chemical, and biological environments in a semiarid savanna in Kenya
    • Belsky, A. J., R. G. Amundson, J. M. Duxbury, S. J. Riha, A. R. Ali, and S. M. Mwonga. 1989. The effects of trees on their physical, chemical, and biological environments in a semiarid savanna in Kenya. Journal of Applied Ecology 26:1005-1024.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.26 , pp. 1005-1024
    • Belsky, A.J.1    Amundson, R.G.2    Duxbury, J.M.3    Riha, S.J.4    Ali, A.R.5    Mwonga, S.M.6
  • 13
    • 0027950825 scopus 로고
    • Forest gaps and isolated savanna trees: An application of patch dynamics in two ecosystems
    • Belsky, A. J., and C. D. Canham. 1994. Forest gaps and isolated savanna trees: an application of patch dynamics in two ecosystems. BioScience 44:77-84.
    • (1994) BioScience , vol.44 , pp. 77-84
    • Belsky, A.J.1    Canham, C.D.2
  • 14
    • 0028975315 scopus 로고
    • Competition vs. facilitation of tree seedling growth and survival in early successional communities
    • Berkowitz, A. R., C. D. Canham, and V. R. Kelly. 1995. Competition vs. facilitation of tree seedling growth and survival in early successional communities. Ecology 76: 1156-1168.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1156-1168
    • Berkowitz, A.R.1    Canham, C.D.2    Kelly, V.R.3
  • 15
    • 0000083206 scopus 로고
    • Pinyon and juniper invasion in black sagebrush communities in east-central Nevada
    • Blackburn, W. H., and P. T. Tueller. 1970. Pinyon and juniper invasion in black sagebrush communities in east-central Nevada. Ecology 51:841-848.
    • (1970) Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 841-848
    • Blackburn, W.H.1    Tueller, P.T.2
  • 16
    • 0024909569 scopus 로고
    • Interactions of factors affecting seedling recruitment of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) in California
    • Borchert, M., F. W. Davis, J. Michaelsen, and L. D. Oyler. 1989. Interactions of factors affecting seedling recruitment of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) in California. Ecology 70: 389-404.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 389-404
    • Borchert, M.1    Davis, F.W.2    Michaelsen, J.3    Oyler, L.D.4
  • 17
    • 0027995903 scopus 로고
    • Natural regeneration in encinal woodlands of southeastern Arizona
    • Borelli, S., P. F. Ffolliott, and G. J. Gottfried. 1994. Natural regeneration in encinal woodlands of southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 39:179-183.
    • (1994) Southwestern Naturalist , vol.39 , pp. 179-183
    • Borelli, S.1    Ffolliott, P.F.2    Gottfried, G.J.3
  • 18
    • 0027455955 scopus 로고
    • Comparative water relations of seedling and adult Quercus species during gallery forest expansion in tallgrass prairie
    • Bragg, W. K., A. K. Knapp, and J. M. Briggs 1993. Comparative water relations of seedling and adult Quercus species during gallery forest expansion in tallgrass prairie. Forest Ecology and Management 56:29-41.
    • (1993) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.56 , pp. 29-41
    • Bragg, W.K.1    Knapp, A.K.2    Briggs, J.M.3
  • 19
    • 0000158385 scopus 로고
    • The composition of savanna vegetation in Wisconsin
    • Bray, J. R. 1960. The composition of savanna vegetation in Wisconsin. Ecology 41:721-732.
    • (1960) Ecology , vol.41 , pp. 721-732
    • Bray, J.R.1
  • 20
    • 0032418054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of woody plants on microclimate in a semiarid woodland: Soil temperature and evaporation in canopy and intercanopy patches
    • Breshears, D. D., J. W. Nyhan, C. E. Heil, and B. P. Wilcox. 1998. Effects of woody plants on microclimate in a semiarid woodland: soil temperature and evaporation in canopy and intercanopy patches. International Journal of Plant Sciences 159:1010-1017.
    • (1998) International Journal of Plant Sciences , vol.159 , pp. 1010-1017
    • Breshears, D.D.1    Nyhan, J.W.2    Heil, C.E.3    Wilcox, B.P.4
  • 21
    • 0001899779 scopus 로고
    • Biotic communities of the American southwest - United States and Mexico
    • Brown, D. E., editor. 1982. Biotic communities of the American southwest - United States and Mexico. Desert Plants 4:1-342.
    • (1982) Desert Plants , vol.4 , pp. 1-342
    • Brown, D.E.1
  • 22
    • 0027099578 scopus 로고
    • Effects of shrubs on recruitment of Quercus douglasii and Quercus lobata in California
    • Callaway, R. M. 1992a. Effects of shrubs on recruitment of Quercus douglasii and Quercus lobata in California. Ecology 73:2118-2128.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 2118-2128
    • Callaway, R.M.1
  • 23
    • 0027019680 scopus 로고
    • Morphological and physiological responses of three California oak species to shade
    • _. 1992b. Morphological and physiological responses of three California oak species to shade. International Journal of Plant Science 153:434-441.
    • (1992) International Journal of Plant Science , vol.153 , pp. 434-441
  • 24
    • 0000162941 scopus 로고
    • Shrub facilitation of coast live oak establishment in central California
    • Callaway, R. M., and C. M. D'Antonio. 1991. Shrub facilitation of coast live oak establishment in central California. Madrono 38:158-169.
    • (1991) Madrono , vol.38 , pp. 158-169
    • Callaway, R.M.1    D'Antonio, C.M.2
  • 25
    • 0030431937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition and facilitation: Contrasting effects of artemisia tridentata on desert vs. montane pines
    • Callaway, R. M., E. H. DeLucia, D. Moore, R. Nowak, and W. H. Schlesinger. 1996. Competition and facilitation: contrasting effects of Artemisia tridentata on desert vs. montane pines. Ecology 77:2130-2141.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 2130-2141
    • Callaway, R.M.1    DeLucia, E.H.2    Moore, D.3    Nowak, R.4    Schlesinger, W.H.5
  • 26
    • 0026289698 scopus 로고
    • Facilitation and interference of Quercus douglasii on understory productivity in central California
    • Callaway, R. M, N. M. Nadkarni, and B. E. Mahall. 1991. Facilitation and interference of Quercus douglasii on understory productivity in central California. Ecology 72: 1484-1499.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1484-1499
    • Callaway, R.M.1    Nadkarni, N.M.2    Mahall, B.E.3
  • 27
    • 0000084714 scopus 로고
    • Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation
    • Canfield, R. H. 1941. Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation. Journal of Forestry 39:388-394.
    • (1941) Journal of Forestry , vol.39 , pp. 388-394
    • Canfield, R.H.1
  • 29
    • 0000332277 scopus 로고
    • Acorn dispersal by the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata)
    • Darley-Hill, S., and W. C. Johnson. 1981. Acorn dispersal by the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Oecologia 50:231-232.
    • (1981) Oecologia , vol.50 , pp. 231-232
    • Darley-Hill, S.1    Johnson, W.C.2
  • 30
    • 0031903976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition between tree seedlings and herbaceous vegetation: Support for a theory of resource supply and demand
    • Davis, M. A., K. J. Wrage, and P. B. Reich. 1998. Competition between tree seedlings and herbaceous vegetation: support for a theory of resource supply and demand. Journal of Ecology 86:652-661.
    • (1998) Journal of Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 652-661
    • Davis, M.A.1    Wrage, K.J.2    Reich, P.B.3
  • 31
    • 0028193342 scopus 로고
    • The correlation of summer precipitation in the southwestern USA with isotopic records of solar activity during the Medieval Warm Period
    • Davis, O. K. 1994. The correlation of summer precipitation in the southwestern USA with isotopic records of solar activity during the Medieval Warm Period. Climatic Change 26:271-287.
    • (1994) Climatic Change , vol.26 , pp. 271-287
    • Davis, O.K.1
  • 32
    • 85104323037 scopus 로고
    • Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis
    • C. A. Black, editor. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Day, P. R. 1965. Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. Pages 545-567 in C. A. Black, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part I. Physical and mineralogical properties. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1965) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Properties , pp. 545-567
    • Day, P.R.1
  • 33
    • 0025948719 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: Seedling emergence
    • De Steven. D. 1991a. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology 72:1066-1075.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1066-1075
    • De Steven, D.1
  • 34
    • 0026066144 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: Seedling survival and growth
    • _. 1991b. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling survival and growth. Ecology 72:1076-1088.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1076-1088
  • 35
    • 85179891431 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative gasometric determination of calcite and dolomite by using Chittick apparatus
    • Dreimanis, A. 1962. Quantitative gasometric determination of calcite and dolomite by using Chittick apparatus. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 32:520-529.
    • (1962) Journal of Sedimentary Petrology , vol.32 , pp. 520-529
    • Dreimanis, A.1
  • 36
    • 0028983920 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of seedling recruitment in west-mediterranean Quercus ilex forests influenced by canopy development
    • Espelta, J. M., M. Riba, and J. Retana. 1995. Patterns of seedling recruitment in west-Mediterranean Quercus ilex forests influenced by canopy development. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:465-472.
    • (1995) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.6 , pp. 465-472
    • Espelta, J.M.1    Riba, M.2    Retana, J.3
  • 37
    • 0001003429 scopus 로고
    • The step point method of sampling - A practical tool in range research
    • Evans, R. A., and R. M. Love. 1957. The step point method of sampling - a practical tool in range research. Journal of Range Management 10:208-212.
    • (1957) Journal of Range Management , vol.10 , pp. 208-212
    • Evans, R.A.1    Love, R.M.2
  • 40
    • 0024944822 scopus 로고
    • Effect of nurse plants on the microhabitat and growth of cacti
    • Franco, A. C. and P. S. Nobel 1989. Effect of nurse plants on the microhabitat and growth of cacti. Journal of Ecology 77:870-886.
    • (1989) Journal of Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 870-886
    • Franco, A.C.1    Nobel, P.S.2
  • 41
    • 0002722670 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of shrubs to the nitrogen economy of a desert-wash plant community
    • Garcia-Moya, E., and C. M. McKell. 1970. Contribution of shrubs to the nitrogen economy of a desert-wash plant community. Ecology 51:81-88.
    • (1970) Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 81-88
    • Garcia-Moya, E.1    McKell, C.M.2
  • 42
    • 0031862386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of timing of precipitation and acorn harvest date on emergence of Quercus emorvi
    • Germaine, H. L., and G. R. McPherson. 1998. Effects of timing of precipitation and acorn harvest date on emergence of Quercus emorvi. Journal of Vegetation Science 9:157-160.
    • (1998) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.9 , pp. 157-160
    • Germaine, H.L.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 43
    • 0032721297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of biotic factors on emergence and survival of Quercus emoryi at lower tree line
    • Germaine, H. L., and G. R. McPherson. 1999. Effects of biotic factors on emergence and survival of Quercus emoryi at lower tree line, Ecoscience 6:92-99.
    • (1999) Ecoscience , vol.6 , pp. 92-99
    • Germaine, H.L.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 44
    • 0027382653 scopus 로고
    • Competitive effects of grassland annuals on soil water and blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings
    • Gordon, D. R., and K. J. Rice. 1993. Competitive effects of grassland annuals on soil water and blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings. Ecology 74:68-82.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 68-82
    • Gordon, D.R.1    Rice, K.J.2
  • 45
    • 0024897210 scopus 로고
    • Competition for water between annual plants and blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings
    • Gordon, D. R., J. M. Welker, J. W. Menke, and K. J. Rice. 1989. Competition for water between annual plants and blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings. Oecologia 79:533-541.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.79 , pp. 533-541
    • Gordon, D.R.1    Welker, J.M.2    Menke, J.W.3    Rice, K.J.4
  • 46
    • 0000192762 scopus 로고
    • Oak regeneration in the upper Carmel Valley, California
    • Griffin, J. R. 1971. Oak regeneration in the upper Carmel Valley, California. Ecology 52:862-868.
    • (1971) Ecology , vol.52 , pp. 862-868
    • Griffin, J.R.1
  • 47
    • 0001452310 scopus 로고
    • Xylem sap tension in three woodland oaks of central California
    • _. 1973. Xylem sap tension in three woodland oaks of central California. Ecology 54:152-159.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 152-159
  • 48
    • 0003007097 scopus 로고
    • Oak woodland
    • M. Barbour and J. Major, editors. John Wiley, New York, New York, USA
    • _. 1977. Oak woodland. Pages 383-415 in M. Barbour and J. Major, editors. Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1977) Terrestrial Vegetation of California , pp. 383-415
  • 49
    • 0242581547 scopus 로고
    • Animal damage to valley oak acorns and seedlings, Carmel Valley, California
    • T. R. Plumb, technical coordinator. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks
    • _. 1980. Animal damage to valley oak acorns and seedlings, Carmel Valley, California. Pages 242-245 in T. R. Plumb, technical coordinator. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-44.
    • (1980) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.PSW-44 , pp. 242-245
  • 50
    • 0000000571 scopus 로고
    • Shrubland encroachment in southern New Mexico, USA: An analysis of desertification processes in the American Southwest
    • Grover, H. D., and H. B. Musick. 1990. Shrubland encroachment in southern New Mexico, USA: an analysis of desertification processes in the American Southwest. Climatic Change 17:305-330.
    • (1990) Climatic Change , vol.17 , pp. 305-330
    • Grover, H.D.1    Musick, H.B.2
  • 51
    • 0000052880 scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of species richness in plant communities: The importance of the regeneration niche
    • Grubb, P. J. 1977. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Review 52:107-145.
    • (1977) Biological Review , vol.52 , pp. 107-145
    • Grubb, P.J.1
  • 52
  • 54
    • 0002093446 scopus 로고
    • After description
    • E. I. Newman, editor. The British Ecological Society, Oxford, UK
    • _. 1982. After description. Pages 11-24 in E. I. Newman, editor. The plant community as a working mechanism. The British Ecological Society, Oxford, UK.
    • (1982) The Plant Community as a Working Mechanism , pp. 11-24
  • 55
    • 0000403663 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of closely related species living in the same area
    • Harper, J. L., J. N. Clatworthy, I. H. McNaughton, and G. R. Sagar. 1961. The evolution of closely related species living in the same area. Evolution 15:209-277.
    • (1961) Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 209-277
    • Harper, J.L.1    Clatworthy, J.N.2    McNaughton, I.H.3    Sagar, G.R.4
  • 56
    • 0003674859 scopus 로고
    • University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA
    • Hastings, J. R. and R. M. Turner. 1965. The changing mile. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
    • (1965) The Changing Mile
    • Hastings, J.R.1    Turner, R.M.2
  • 57
    • 0028180959 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Quercus emoryi on herbaceous vegetation in a semiarid savanna
    • Haworth, K., and G. R. McPherson. 1994. Effects of Quercus emoryi on herbaceous vegetation in a semiarid savanna. Vegetatio 112:153-159.
    • (1994) Vegetatio , vol.112 , pp. 153-159
    • Haworth, K.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 58
    • 0028982270 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Quercus emoryi trees on precipitation distribution and microclimate in a semiarid savanna
    • Haworth, K.,and G. R. McPherson. 1995. Effects of Quercus emoryi trees on precipitation distribution and microclimate in a semiarid savanna. Journal of Arid Environments 31: 153-170.
    • (1995) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.31 , pp. 153-170
    • Haworth, K.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 59
    • 0028176505 scopus 로고
    • Recruitment of a mast-fruiting, bird-dispersed tree: Bridging frugivore activity and seedling establishment
    • Herrera, C. M., P. Jordano, L. López-Soria, and J. A. Amat. 1994. Recruitment of a mast-fruiting, bird-dispersed tree: bridging frugivore activity and seedling establishment. Ecological Monographs 64:315-344.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 315-344
    • Herrera, C.M.1    Jordano, P.2    López-Soria, L.3    Amat, J.A.4
  • 60
    • 0029141620 scopus 로고
    • Patterns and causes of resistance to tree invasion in rights-of-way
    • Hill, J. D., C. D. Canham, and D. M. Wood. 1995. Patterns and causes of resistance to tree invasion in rights-of-way. Ecological Applications 5:459-470.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.5 , pp. 459-470
    • Hill, J.D.1    Canham, C.D.2    Wood, D.M.3
  • 61
    • 0028981611 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment: The missing link(s)
    • Houle, G. 1995. Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment: the missing link(s). Ecoscience 2:238-244.
    • (1995) Ecoscience , vol.2 , pp. 238-244
    • Houle, G.1
  • 62
    • 0030618272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acorn selection by Mexican jays: A test of a tri-trophic symbiotic relationship hypothesis
    • Hubbard, J. A., and G. R. McPherson. 1997. Acorn selection by Mexican jays: a test of a tri-trophic symbiotic relationship hypothesis. Oecologia 110:143-146.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.110 , pp. 143-146
    • Hubbard, J.A.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 63
    • 85038144699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do seed predation and dispersal limit downslope movement of the semidesert grassland/oak woodland ecotone in the American Southwest?
    • In press
    • Hubbard, J. A., and G. R. McPherson. In press. Do seed predation and dispersal limit downslope movement of the semidesert grassland/oak woodland ecotone in the American Southwest? Journal of Vegetation Science.
    • Journal of Vegetation Science
    • Hubbard, J.A.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 64
    • 0031415839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedling survival, growth and mortality of Juniperus ashei (Cupressacae) in the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas
    • Jackson, J. T. and O. W. Van Auken. 1997. Seedling survival, growth and mortality of Juniperus ashei (Cupressacae) in the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas. Texas Journal of Science 49:267-278.
    • (1997) Texas Journal of Science , vol.49 , pp. 267-278
    • Jackson, J.T.1    Van Auken, O.W.2
  • 66
    • 0022850575 scopus 로고
    • Rodents as seed dispersers in a heath-oak wood succession
    • Jensen, T. S., and O. F. Neilson. 1986. Rodents as seed dispersers in a heath-oak wood succession. Oecologia 70: 214-221.
    • (1986) Oecologia , vol.70 , pp. 214-221
    • Jensen, T.S.1    Neilson, O.F.2
  • 67
    • 0000730941 scopus 로고
    • Soil water improvement by trees in the rangelands of southern Spain
    • Joffre, R., and S. Rambal. 1988. Soil water improvement by trees in the rangelands of southern Spain. Acta Oecologia 9:405-422.
    • (1988) Acta Oecologia , vol.9 , pp. 405-422
    • Joffre, R.1    Rambal, S.2
  • 68
    • 0026549271 scopus 로고
    • Oak overstorey/reproduction relations in two xeric ecosystems in Michigan
    • Johnson, P. S. 1992. Oak overstorey/reproduction relations in two xeric ecosystems in Michigan. Forest Ecology and Management 48:233-248.
    • (1992) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.48 , pp. 233-248
    • Johnson, P.S.1
  • 69
    • 0001296344 scopus 로고
    • Infrequent establishment of seedlings of Agave deserti (Agavaceae) in the northern Mojave Desert
    • Jordan, P. W., and P. S. Nobel. 1979. Infrequent establishment of seedlings of Agave deserti (Agavaceae) in the northern Mojave Desert. American Journal of Botany 66:1076-1084.
    • (1979) American Journal of Botany , vol.66 , pp. 1076-1084
    • Jordan, P.W.1    Nobel, P.S.2
  • 70
    • 0010315823 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between soil properties, soil moisture, and vegetation along loess-covered hillslopes, northern Negev, Israel
    • Kadmon, R., A. Yair, and A. Danin. 1989. Relationship between soil properties, soil moisture, and vegetation along loess-covered hillslopes, northern Negev, Israel. Catena Supplement 14:43-57.
    • (1989) Catena Supplement , vol.14 , pp. 43-57
    • Kadmon, R.1    Yair, A.2    Danin, A.3
  • 71
    • 0000677835 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen - Inorganic forms
    • A. L. Page, editor. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Keeney, D. R., and D. W. Nelson. 1982. Nitrogen - inorganic forms. Pages 643-698 in A. L. Page, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Second edition. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Second Edition , pp. 643-698
    • Keeney, D.R.1    Nelson, D.W.2
  • 72
    • 0029663722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of dispersal, seed predation and germination during colonization of abandoned grassland by Quercus petraea and Corylus avellana
    • Kollmann, J., and H.-P. Schill. 1996. Spatial patterns of dispersal, seed predation and germination during colonization of abandoned grassland by Quercus petraea and Corylus avellana. Vegetatio 125:193-205.
    • (1996) Vegetatio , vol.125 , pp. 193-205
    • Kollmann, J.1    Schill, H.-P.2
  • 73
    • 0001080481 scopus 로고
    • The effect of rock fragments on wheat biomass production under highly variable moisture conditions in Mediterranean environments
    • Kosmas, C., N. Moustakas, N. G. Danalatos, and N. Yassoglou. 1994. The effect of rock fragments on wheat biomass production under highly variable moisture conditions in Mediterranean environments. Catena 23:191-198.
    • (1994) Catena , vol.23 , pp. 191-198
    • Kosmas, C.1    Moustakas, N.2    Danalatos, N.G.3    Yassoglou, N.4
  • 74
    • 0029520133 scopus 로고
    • Competition for soil water between perennial bunch-grass (Elymus glaucus B.B.) and blue oak seedlings (Quercus douglasii H. and A.)
    • Koukoura, Z., and J. Menke. 1995. Competition for soil water between perennial bunch-grass (Elymus glaucus B.B.) and blue oak seedlings (Quercus douglasii H. and A.). Agroforestry Systems 32:225-235.
    • (1995) Agroforestry Systems , vol.32 , pp. 225-235
    • Koukoura, Z.1    Menke, J.2
  • 76
    • 0024484794 scopus 로고
    • Recent retrogression of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone (Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman) in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden
    • Kullman, L. 1989. Recent retrogression of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone (Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman) in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. Journal of Biogeography 16:83-90.
    • (1989) Journal of Biogeography , vol.16 , pp. 83-90
    • Kullman, L.1
  • 77
    • 0001783010 scopus 로고
    • Grass, brush, timber and fire in southern Arizona
    • Leopold, A. 1924. Grass, brush, timber and fire in southern Arizona. Journal of Forestry 22:1-10.
    • (1924) Journal of Forestry , vol.22 , pp. 1-10
    • Leopold, A.1
  • 78
    • 54249112435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustainability, stability, and resilience
    • Ludwig, D., B. H. Walker, and C. S. Holling. 1997. Sustainability, stability, and resilience. Conservation Ecology (1):7 [online: 〈http://www.consecol.org/voll/issl/art7〉].
    • (1997) Conservation Ecology , Issue.1 , pp. 7
    • Ludwig, D.1    Walker, B.H.2    Holling, C.S.3
  • 79
    • 0031438133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of feedbacks and seed rain on ecotone patterns
    • Malanson, G. P. 1997. Effects of feedbacks and seed rain on ecotone patterns. Landscape Ecology 12:27-38.
    • (1997) Landscape Ecology , vol.12 , pp. 27-38
    • Malanson, G.P.1
  • 80
    • 0002636918 scopus 로고
    • Birds of the pine-oak woodland in southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico
    • Cooper Ornithological Society, Berkeley, California, USA
    • Marshall, J. T. 1957. Birds of the pine-oak woodland in southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Pacific Coast Avifauna Number 32, Cooper Ornithological Society, Berkeley, California, USA.
    • (1957) Pacific Coast Avifauna Number 32 , vol.32
    • Marshall, J.T.1
  • 81
    • 0001061243 scopus 로고
    • Difference in seedling growth morphology as a factor in the distribution of three oaks in central California
    • Matsuda, K., and J. R. McBride. 1986. Difference in seedling growth morphology as a factor in the distribution of three oaks in central California. Madrono 33:207-216.
    • (1986) Madrono , vol.33 , pp. 207-216
    • Matsuda, K.1    McBride, J.R.2
  • 82
    • 0027011342 scopus 로고
    • Livestock production and grazing management in the encinal oak woodlands of Arizona
    • P. F. Ffoliott, G. J. Gottfried, D. A. Bennett, V. M. Hernandez C., A. Ortega-Rubio, and R. H. Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico
    • McClaran, M. P., L. S. Allen, and G. B. Ruyle. 1992. Livestock production and grazing management in the encinal oak woodlands of Arizona. Pages 57-64 in P. F. Ffoliott, G. J. Gottfried, D. A. Bennett, V. M. Hernandez C., A. Ortega-Rubio, and R. H. Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-218.
    • (1992) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.RM-218 , pp. 57-64
    • McClaran, M.P.1    Allen, L.S.2    Ruyle, G.B.3
  • 83
    • 0024922825 scopus 로고
    • Fire related recruitment in stagnant Quercus douglasii populations
    • McClaran, M. P., and J. W. Bartolome. 1989. Fire related recruitment in stagnant Quercus douglasii populations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:580-585.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.19 , pp. 580-585
    • McClaran, M.P.1    Bartolome, J.W.2
  • 84
    • 0025640264 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of actual and predicted blue oak age structures
    • McClaran, M. P., and J. W. Bartolome. 1990. Comparison of actual and predicted blue oak age structures. Journal of Range Management 43:61-63.
    • (1990) Journal of Range Management , vol.43 , pp. 61-63
    • McClaran, M.P.1    Bartolome, J.W.2
  • 85
    • 0028995106 scopus 로고
    • Can soil organic carbon isotopes be used to describe grass-tree dynamics at a savanna-grassland ecotone and within the savanna?
    • McClaran, M. P., and G. R. McPherson. 1995. Can soil organic carbon isotopes be used to describe grass-tree dynamics at a savanna-grassland ecotone and within the savanna? Journal of Vegetation Science 6:857-862.
    • (1995) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.6 , pp. 857-862
    • McClaran, M.P.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 86
    • 0002831492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oak savanna in the American southwest
    • In press. R. C. Anderson, J. S. Fralish, and J. Baskin, editors. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA
    • McClaran, M. P., and G. R. McPherson. In press. Oak savanna in the American southwest. In R. C. Anderson, J. S. Fralish, and J. Baskin, editors. Savanna, barren and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • Savanna, Barren and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America
    • McClaran, M.P.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 87
    • 0001395701 scopus 로고
    • Soil pH and lime requirement
    • A. L. Page, editor. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • McLean, E. O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. Pages 199-224 in A. L. Page, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Second edition. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Second Edition , pp. 199-224
    • McLean, E.O.1
  • 88
    • 0027028021 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of oak woodlands in Arizona
    • P. F. Ffoliott, G. J. Gottfried, D. A. Bennett, V. M. Hernandez C., A. Ortega-Rubio, and R. H. Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico
    • McPherson, G. R. 1992. Ecology of oak woodlands in Arizona. Pages 24-33 in P. F. Ffoliott, G. J. Gottfried, D. A. Bennett, V. M. Hernandez C., A. Ortega-Rubio, and R. H. Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-218.
    • (1992) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.RM-218 , pp. 24-33
    • McPherson, G.R.1
  • 89
    • 0027884382 scopus 로고
    • Effects of herbivory and herbs on oak establishment in a semiarid temperate savanna
    • _. 1993. Effects of herbivory and herbs on oak establishment in a semiarid temperate savanna. Journal of Vegetation Science 4:687-692.
    • (1993) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.4 , pp. 687-692
  • 91
    • 0027837164 scopus 로고
    • Stable carbon isotope analysis of soil organic matter illustrates vegetation change at the grassland/woodland boundary in southeastern Arizona, USA
    • McPherson, G. R., T. W. Boutton, and A. J. Midwood. 1993. Stable carbon isotope analysis of soil organic matter illustrates vegetation change at the grassland/woodland boundary in southeastern Arizona, USA. Oecologia 93:95-101.
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.93 , pp. 95-101
    • McPherson, G.R.1    Boutton, T.W.2    Midwood, A.J.3
  • 92
  • 93
    • 0025603253 scopus 로고
    • Establishment of Juniperus pinchotii in western Texas: Environmental effects
    • McPherson, G. R., and H. A. Wright. 1990. Establishment of Juniperus pinchotii in western Texas: environmental effects. Journal of Arid Environments 19:283-287.
    • (1990) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.19 , pp. 283-287
    • McPherson, G.R.1    Wright, H.A.2
  • 94
    • 0025600648 scopus 로고
    • Tree community dynamics in a humid savanna of the Côte-d'Ivoire: Modelling the effects of fire and competition with grass and neighbors
    • Menaut, J. C., J. Gignoux, C. Prado, and J. Clobert. 1990. Tree community dynamics in a humid savanna of the Côte-d'Ivoire: modelling the effects of fire and competition with grass and neighbors. Journal of Biogeography 17:471-481.
    • (1990) Journal of Biogeography , vol.17 , pp. 471-481
    • Menaut, J.C.1    Gignoux, J.2    Prado, C.3    Clobert, J.4
  • 95
    • 0002699665 scopus 로고
    • Effects of shade on blue oak and coast live oak regeneration in California annual grasslands
    • B. Standiford, editor. Symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management
    • Muick, P. C. 1991. Effects of shade on blue oak and coast live oak regeneration in California annual grasslands. Pages 21-24 in B. Standiford, editor. Symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-126.
    • (1991) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.PSW-126 , pp. 21-24
    • Muick, P.C.1
  • 96
  • 98
    • 0027802982 scopus 로고
    • Transient ecotone response to climatic change: Some conceptual and modeling approaches
    • Neilson, R. P. 1993. Transient ecotone response to climatic change: some conceptual and modeling approaches. Ecological Applications 3:385-395.
    • (1993) Ecological Applications , vol.3 , pp. 385-395
    • Neilson, R.P.1
  • 99
    • 0020903716 scopus 로고
    • Biogeography of two southwest American oaks in relation to atmospheric dynamics
    • Neilson, R. P., and L. H. Wullstein. 1983. Biogeography of two southwest American oaks in relation to atmospheric dynamics. Journal of Biogeography 10:275-297.
    • (1983) Journal of Biogeography , vol.10 , pp. 275-297
    • Neilson, R.P.1    Wullstein, L.H.2
  • 100
    • 0000481203 scopus 로고
    • Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter
    • A. L. Page, editor. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Nelson, D. W., and L. E. Sommers. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. Pages 539-580 in A. L. Page, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Second edition. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Second Edition , pp. 539-580
    • Nelson, D.W.1    Sommers, L.E.2
  • 101
    • 0027849053 scopus 로고
    • A model of the responses of ecotones to climate change
    • Noble, I. R. 1993. A model of the responses of ecotones to climate change. Ecological Applications 3:396-403.
    • (1993) Ecological Applications , vol.3 , pp. 396-403
    • Noble, I.R.1
  • 102
    • 0027067726 scopus 로고
    • Germination of two warm-temperate oaks, Quercus emoryi and Quercus arizonica
    • Nyandiga, C. O., and G. R. McPherson. 1992. Germination of two warm-temperate oaks, Quercus emoryi and Quercus arizonica. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22:1395-1401.
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.22 , pp. 1395-1401
    • Nyandiga, C.O.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 104
    • 0002281798 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorus
    • A. L. Page, editor. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Olsen, S. R., and L. E. Sommers. 1982. Phosphorus. Pages 404-430 in A. L. Page, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Second edition. Agronomy Monographs 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Second Edition , pp. 404-430
    • Olsen, S.R.1    Sommers, L.E.2
  • 105
    • 0002947292 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational and environmental changes beneath isolated live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia) in a California annual grassland
    • Parker, V. T., and C. H. Muller. 1982. Vegetational and environmental changes beneath isolated live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia) in a California annual grassland. American Midland Naturalist 107:69-81.
    • (1982) American Midland Naturalist , vol.107 , pp. 69-81
    • Parker, V.T.1    Muller, C.H.2
  • 106
    • 0007465075 scopus 로고
    • Survival of Quercus turbinella and Quercus emoryi in an Arizona chaparral community
    • Pase, C. P. 1969. Survival of Quercus turbinella and Quercus emoryi in an Arizona chaparral community. Southwestern Naturalist 14:149-156.
    • (1969) Southwestern Naturalist , vol.14 , pp. 149-156
    • Pase, C.P.1
  • 107
    • 0000241883 scopus 로고
    • The role of Rhus copallina in the dynamics of the forest-prairie ecotone in north-central Oklahoma
    • Petranka, J. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1979. The role of Rhus copallina in the dynamics of the forest-prairie ecotone in north-central Oklahoma. Ecology 60:956-965.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 956-965
    • Petranka, J.W.1    McPherson, J.K.2
  • 108
    • 0027846574 scopus 로고
    • Water as a determinant of the distribution of trees at the boundary of the Mediterranean zone
    • Pigott, C. D., and S. Pigott. 1993. Water as a determinant of the distribution of trees at the boundary of the Mediterranean zone. Journal of Ecology 81:557-566.
    • (1993) Journal of Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 557-566
    • Pigott, C.D.1    Pigott, S.2
  • 109
    • 0002099967 scopus 로고
    • Rock fragments in top soils: Significance and processes
    • Poesen, J., and H. Lavee. 1994. Rock fragments in top soils: significance and processes. Catena 23:1-28.
    • (1994) Catena , vol.23 , pp. 1-28
    • Poesen, J.1    Lavee, H.2
  • 112
    • 0022856299 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation responses to past climatic variation
    • Prentice, I. C. 1986. Vegetation responses to past climatic variation. Vegetatio 67:131-141.
    • (1986) Vegetatio , vol.67 , pp. 131-141
    • Prentice, I.C.1
  • 113
    • 0027028090 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal can limit local plant distribution
    • Primack, R. B., and S. L. Miao. 1992. Dispersal can limit local plant distribution. Conservation Biology 6:513-519.
    • (1992) Conservation Biology , vol.6 , pp. 513-519
    • Primack, R.B.1    Miao, S.L.2
  • 118
    • 0002507462 scopus 로고
    • MANOVA: Multiple response variables and multispecies interactions
    • S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • Scheiner, S. M. 1993. MANOVA: Multiple response variables and multispecies interactions. Pages 94-1 12 in S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1993) Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments , pp. 94-112
    • Scheiner, S.M.1
  • 121
    • 0001269997 scopus 로고
    • Seed-seedling conflicts, habitat choice, and patterns of plant recruitment
    • Schupp, E. W. 1995. Seed-seedling conflicts, habitat choice, and patterns of plant recruitment. American Journal of Botany 82:399-409.
    • (1995) American Journal of Botany , vol.82 , pp. 399-409
    • Schupp, E.W.1
  • 122
    • 0028981622 scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and the unification of plant population ecology
    • Schupp, E. W., and M. Fuentes. 1995. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and the unification of plant population ecology. Ecoscience 2:267-275.
    • (1995) Ecoscience , vol.2 , pp. 267-275
    • Schupp, E.W.1    Fuentes, M.2
  • 123
    • 0000898845 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)
    • Shapiro, S. S., and M. B. Wilk. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52:591-611.
    • (1965) Biometrika , vol.52 , pp. 591-611
    • Shapiro, S.S.1    Wilk, M.B.2
  • 124
    • 84986808928 scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns and dynamics of woody vegetation in an arid savanna
    • Skarpe, C. 1991. Spatial patterns and dynamics of woody vegetation in an arid savanna. Journal of Vegetation Science 2:565-572.
    • (1991) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.2 , pp. 565-572
    • Skarpe, C.1
  • 125
    • 0342458511 scopus 로고
    • Prepared for the U.S. Department of the Army. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Soil survey of Fort Huachuca, Cochise County, Arizona. Prepared for the U.S. Department of the Army. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1994) Soil Survey of Fort Huachuca, Cochise County, Arizona
  • 126
    • 0344118634 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Washington, D.C., USA
    • Soil Survey Staff. 1994a. National soil survey handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1994) National Soil Survey Handbook
  • 127
    • 0037995996 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Washington, D.C., USA
    • _. 1994b. Keys to soil taxonomy, Sixth edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1994) Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Sixth Edition
  • 128
    • 0022168629 scopus 로고
    • Germination response in a large-seeded neotropical tree species, Gustavia superba (Lecythidaceae)
    • Sork, V. L. 1985. Germination response in a large-seeded neotropical tree species, Gustavia superba (Lecythidaceae). Biotropica 17:130-136.
    • (1985) Biotropica , vol.17 , pp. 130-136
    • Sork, V.L.1
  • 129
    • 17744405106 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary ecology of mast-fruiting in temperate and tropical oaks (Quercus spp.)
    • _. 1993. Evolutionary ecology of mast-fruiting in temperate and tropical oaks (Quercus spp.). Vegetatio 107/108: 133-147.
    • (1993) Vegetatio , vol.107-108 , pp. 133-147
  • 130
    • 0000003849 scopus 로고
    • Critical factors during the first years of life of the saguaro (Cereus giganteus) at Saguaro National Monument
    • Steenbergh, W. F, and C. H. Lowe. 1969. Critical factors during the first years of life of the saguaro (Cereus giganteus) at Saguaro National Monument. Ecology 50:825-834.
    • (1969) Ecology , vol.50 , pp. 825-834
    • Steenbergh, W.F.1    Lowe, C.H.2
  • 131
    • 0003932698 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the saguaro. II. Reproduction, germination, establishment, growth, and survival of the young plant
    • National Park Service, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Steenbergh, W. F., and C. H. Lowe. 1977. Ecology of the saguaro. II. Reproduction, germination, establishment, growth, and survival of the young plant. National Park Service Science Monograph Series number 8. National Park Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1977) National Park Service Science Monograph Series Number 8 , vol.8
    • Steenbergh, W.F.1    Lowe, C.H.2
  • 132
    • 0002180852 scopus 로고
    • Effects of mesquite on physical and chemical properties of the soil
    • Tiedemann, A. R., and J. O. Klemmedson. 1973. Effects of mesquite on physical and chemical properties of the soil. Journal of Range Management 26:27-29.
    • (1973) Journal of Range Management , vol.26 , pp. 27-29
    • Tiedemann, A.R.1    Klemmedson, J.O.2
  • 133
    • 0000092627 scopus 로고
    • Effect of mesquite trees on vegetation and soils in the desert grassland
    • Tiedemann, A. R., and J. O. Klemmedson. 1977. Effect of mesquite trees on vegetation and soils in the desert grassland. Journal of Range Management 30:361-367.
    • (1977) Journal of Range Management , vol.30 , pp. 361-367
    • Tiedemann, A.R.1    Klemmedson, J.O.2
  • 134
    • 84986841497 scopus 로고
    • Micro-site effects of trees and shrubs in dry savannas
    • Vetaas, O. R. 1992. Micro-site effects of trees and shrubs in dry savannas. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:337-344.
    • (1992) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.3 , pp. 337-344
    • Vetaas, O.R.1
  • 135
    • 0001960430 scopus 로고
    • S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • von Ende, C. N. 1993. Pages 113-137 in S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1993) Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments , pp. 113-137
    • Von Ende, C.N.1
  • 136
    • 0000405323 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of the stability and resilience of savanna ecosystems
    • B. J. Huntley and B. H. Walker, editors. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany
    • Walker, B. H., and I. Noy-Meir. 1982. Aspects of the stability and resilience of savanna ecosystems. Pages 556-590 in B. J. Huntley and B. H. Walker, editors. Ecology of tropical savannas. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
    • (1982) Ecology of Tropical Savannas , pp. 556-590
    • Walker, B.H.1    Noy-Meir, I.2
  • 137
    • 0002229570 scopus 로고
    • Die verbuschung, eine erscheinung der subtropischen savannengebiete, und ihre ökologischen urscachen
    • Walter, H. 1954. Die verbuschung, eine erscheinung der subtropischen savannengebiete, und ihre ökologischen urscachen. Vegetatio 5/6:6-10.
    • (1954) Vegetatio , vol.5-6 , pp. 6-10
    • Walter, H.1
  • 138
    • 0025598630 scopus 로고
    • The influence of simulated browsing on tissue water relations, growth, and survival of Quercus douglasii (Hook and Arn.) seedlings under slow and rapid rates of soil drought
    • Welker, J. M., and J. W. Menke. 1990. The influence of simulated browsing on tissue water relations, growth, and survival of Quercus douglasii (Hook and Arn.) seedlings under slow and rapid rates of soil drought. Functional Ecology 4:807-817.
    • (1990) Functional Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 807-817
    • Welker, J.M.1    Menke, J.W.2
  • 139
    • 0030616838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-mammal regulation of vegetation structure in a temperate savanna
    • Weltzin, J. F., S. Archer, and R. K. Heitschmidt. 1997. Small-mammal regulation of vegetation structure in a temperate savanna. Ecology 78:751-763.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 751-763
    • Weltzin, J.F.1    Archer, S.2    Heitschmidt, R.K.3
  • 140
    • 0003623438 scopus 로고
    • Potential effects of climate change on lower tree lines in the southwestern United States
    • L. F. DeBano, G. J. Gottfried, R. H. Hamre, C. B. Edminster, P. F. Ffolliott, and A. Ortega-Rubio, technical coordinators. Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: the sky islands of southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico
    • Weltzin, J. F., and G. R. McPherson. 1995. Potential effects of climate change on lower tree lines in the southwestern United States. Pages 180-193 in L. F. DeBano, G. J. Gottfried, R. H. Hamre, C. B. Edminster, P. F. Ffolliott, and A. Ortega-Rubio, technical coordinators. Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: the sky islands of southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-264.
    • (1995) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.RM-264 , pp. 180-193
    • Weltzin, J.F.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 141
    • 0030884169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal soil moisture resource partitioning by trees and grasses in a temperate savanna, Arizona, USA
    • Weltzin, J. F., and G. R. McPherson. 1997. Spatial and temporal soil moisture resource partitioning by trees and grasses in a temperate savanna, Arizona, USA. Oecologia 112: 156-164.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.112 , pp. 156-164
    • Weltzin, J.F.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 142
    • 85038147871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of precipitation redistribution for shifts in temperate savanna ecotones
    • In press
    • Weltzin, J. F., and G. R. McPherson. In press. Implications of precipitation redistribution for shifts in temperate savanna ecotones. Ecology.
    • Ecology
    • Weltzin, J.F.1    McPherson, G.R.2
  • 143
    • 0344550270 scopus 로고
    • Factors limiting the establishment of a chaparral oak, Quercus durata Jeps., in grassland
    • Symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management
    • Williams, K., S. D. Davis, B. L. Gartner, and S. Karlsson. 1991. Factors limiting the establishment of a chaparral oak, Quercus durata Jeps., in grassland. Pages 70-73 in Symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-126.
    • (1991) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.PSW-126 , pp. 70-73
    • Williams, K.1    Davis, S.D.2    Gartner, B.L.3    Karlsson, S.4
  • 144
  • 145
    • 0001199636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition between grasses and woody plants
    • G. P. Cheplick, editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Wilson, S. D. 1998. Competition between grasses and woody plants. Pages 231-254 in G. P. Cheplick, editor. Population biology of grasses. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1998) Population Biology of Grasses , pp. 231-254
    • Wilson, S.D.1
  • 147
    • 0004232308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA
    • Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
    • (1996) Biostatistical Analysis
    • Zar, J.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.