메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 78, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 751-763

Small-mammal regulation of vegetation structure in a temperate savanna

Author keywords

Competition; Cynomys ludovicianus; Herbivory; Mesquite; Prairie dogs; Prosopis glandulosa; Seed disappearance; Seedling establishment; Succession; Tree grass dynamics

Indexed keywords

BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG; HERBIVORY; HONEY MESQUITE; SAVANNA; VEGETATION STRUCTURE;

EID: 0030616838     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0751:SMROVS]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (176)

References (105)
  • 1
    • 0001730043 scopus 로고
    • Flora and fauna associated with prairie dog colonies and adjacent ungraded mixed-grass prairie in Western South Dakota
    • Agnew, W., D. W. Uresk, and R. M. Hansen. 1986. Flora and fauna associated with prairie dog colonies and adjacent ungraded mixed-grass prairie in Western South Dakota. Journal of Range Management 39:135-139.
    • (1986) Journal of Range Management , vol.39 , pp. 135-139
    • Agnew, W.1    Uresk, D.W.2    Hansen, R.M.3
  • 2
    • 0024880609 scopus 로고
    • Have South Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history?
    • Archer, S. R. 1989. Have South Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history? American Naturalist 134:545-561.
    • (1989) American Naturalist , vol.134 , pp. 545-561
    • Archer, S.R.1
  • 3
    • 0002263877 scopus 로고
    • Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: Rates, patterns and proximate causes
    • Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA
    • _. 1994. Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates, patterns and proximate causes. Pages 13-68 in M. Vavra, W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Pieper, editors. Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA.
    • (1994) Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West , pp. 13-68
    • Vavra, M.1    Laycock, W.A.2    Pieper, R.D.3
  • 4
    • 0028993623 scopus 로고
    • Tree-grass dynamics in a Prosopis-thornscrub savanna parkland: Reconstructing the past and predicting the future
    • _. 1995. Tree-grass dynamics in a Prosopis-thornscrub savanna parkland: reconstructing the past and predicting the future. Ecoscience 2:83-99.
    • (1995) Ecoscience , vol.2 , pp. 83-99
  • 5
    • 0002966991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivore mediation of grass-woody plant interactions
    • _. 1996 Herbivore mediation of grass-woody plant interactions. Tropical Grasslands 29:218-235.
    • (1996) Tropical Grasslands , vol.29 , pp. 218-235
  • 6
    • 0023467951 scopus 로고
    • Rates of vegetation change associated with prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) grazing in North American mixed-grass prairie
    • Archer, S. R., M. G. Garrett, and J. K. Detling. 1987. Rates of vegetation change associated with prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) grazing in North American mixed-grass prairie. Vegetatio 72:159-166.
    • (1987) Vegetatio , vol.72 , pp. 159-166
    • Archer, S.R.1    Garrett, M.G.2    Detling, J.K.3
  • 7
    • 0024257249 scopus 로고
    • Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: Conversion of grassland to thorn woodland
    • Archer, S., C. J. Scifres, C. R. Bassham, and R. Maggio. 1988. Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecological Monographs 58:111-127.
    • (1988) Ecological Monographs , vol.58 , pp. 111-127
    • Archer, S.1    Scifres, C.J.2    Bassham, C.R.3    Maggio, R.4
  • 8
    • 0027332701 scopus 로고
    • Historic vegetation change, mesquitc increases, and climate in southeastern Arizona
    • Bahre, C. J., and M. L. Shelton. 1993. Historic vegetation change, mesquitc increases, and climate in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Biogeography 20:489-504.
    • (1993) Journal of Biogeography , vol.20 , pp. 489-504
    • Bahre, C.J.1    Shelton, M.L.2
  • 9
    • 0001946477 scopus 로고
    • Biological survey of Texas
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture Biological Survey
    • Bailey, V. 1905. Biological survey of Texas. U.S. Department of Agriculture Biological Survey. North American Fauna 25:9-161.
    • (1905) North American Fauna , vol.25 , pp. 9-161
    • Bailey, V.1
  • 10
    • 0028971955 scopus 로고
    • How much sagebrush is too much? An economic threshold analysis
    • Bastian, C. T., J. J. Jacobs, and M. A Smith. 1995 How much sagebrush is too much? An economic threshold analysis. Journal of Range Management 48:73-80.
    • (1995) Journal of Range Management , vol.48 , pp. 73-80
    • Bastian, C.T.1    Jacobs, J.J.2    Smith, M.A.3
  • 11
    • 0021537354 scopus 로고
    • Role of small browsing mammals in preventing woodland regeneration in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
    • Belsky, A. J. 1984. Role of small browsing mammals in preventing woodland regeneration in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 22:271-279.
    • (1984) African Journal of Ecology , vol.22 , pp. 271-279
    • Belsky, A.J.1
  • 12
    • 0025694342 scopus 로고
    • The origin and extent of nutrient-enriched patches within a nutrient-poor savannah in South Africa
    • Blackmore, A. C., M. T. Mentis, and R. J. Scholes. 1990. The origin and extent of nutrient-enriched patches within a nutrient-poor savannah in South Africa. Journal of Biogeography 17:463-470.
    • (1990) Journal of Biogeography , vol.17 , pp. 463-470
    • Blackmore, A.C.1    Mentis, M.T.2    Scholes, R.J.3
  • 13
    • 0024909569 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of factors affecting seedling recruitment of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) in California
    • Borchert, M L., F. W. Davis, J. Michaelsen, and L. D. Oyler. 1989. Interaction of factors affecting seedling recruitment of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) in California. Ecology 70: 389-404.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 389-404
    • Borchert, M.L.1    Davis, F.W.2    Michaelsen, J.3    Oyler, L.D.4
  • 14
    • 0024220287 scopus 로고
    • Microdistribution of the beach plant Cakile maritima (Brassicaceae) as influenced by a rodent herbivore
    • Boyd, R. S. 1988. Microdistribution of the beach plant Cakile maritima (Brassicaceae) as influenced by a rodent herbivore. American Journal of Botany 75:1540-1548.
    • (1988) American Journal of Botany , vol.75 , pp. 1540-1548
    • Boyd, R.S.1
  • 15
    • 0025672436 scopus 로고
    • Control of a desertgrassland transition by a keystone rodent guild
    • Brown, J. H., and E. J. Heske. 1990. Control of a desertgrassland transition by a keystone rodent guild. Science 250:1705-1707.
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 1705-1707
    • Brown, J.H.1    Heske, E.J.2
  • 16
    • 0024223883 scopus 로고
    • Woody plant seed dispersal and gap formation in a North American subtropical savanna woodland: The role of domestic herbivores
    • Brown, J. R., and S. R. Archer. 1987. Woody plant seed dispersal and gap formation in a North American subtropical savanna woodland: the role of domestic herbivores. Vegetatio 73:73-80.
    • (1987) Vegetatio , vol.73 , pp. 73-80
    • Brown, J.R.1    Archer, S.R.2
  • 17
    • 0024927473 scopus 로고
    • Woody plant invasion of grasslands: Establishment of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing history
    • Brown, J. R., and S. R. Archer. 1989. Woody plant invasion of grasslands: establishment of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing history. Occologia 80:19-26.
    • (1989) Occologia , vol.80 , pp. 19-26
    • Brown, J.R.1    Archer, S.R.2
  • 18
    • 0000816639 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational changes on a semidesert grassland range
    • Buffington, L. C., and C. H. Herbel. 1965. Vegetational changes on a semidesert grassland range Ecological Monographs 35:139-164.
    • (1965) Ecological Monographs , vol.35 , pp. 139-164
    • Buffington, L.C.1    Herbel, C.H.2
  • 20
    • 0024903208 scopus 로고
    • Importance of belowground herbivory: Pocket gophers may limit aspen to rock outcrop refugia
    • Cantor, L. E., and T. G. Whitham. 1989. Importance of belowground herbivory: pocket gophers may limit aspen to rock outcrop refugia. Ecology 70:962-970.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 962-970
    • Cantor, L.E.1    Whitham, T.G.2
  • 21
    • 0000679008 scopus 로고
    • The impact of small mammals on ecosystem structure and function
    • D. P. Snyder, editor. Populations of small mammals under matural conditions. Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
    • Chew, R. M. 1976. The impact of small mammals on ecosystem structure and function. Pages 167-180 in D. P. Snyder, editor Populations of small mammals under natural conditions. Special Publications Series, Number 5. Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
    • (1976) Special Publications Series , vol.5 , pp. 167-180
    • Chew, R.M.1
  • 22
    • 0025954128 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation responses of a mixed-grass prairie site following exclusion of prairie dogs and bison
    • Cid, M. S., J. K. Detling, A. D. Whicker, and M. A. Brizuela. 1991. Vegetation responses of a mixed-grass prairie site following exclusion of prairie dogs and bison. Journal of Range Management 44:100-105.
    • (1991) Journal of Range Management , vol.44 , pp. 100-105
    • Cid, M.S.1    Detling, J.K.2    Whicker, A.D.3    Brizuela, M.A.4
  • 23
    • 84944661914 scopus 로고
    • Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and non-parametric statistics
    • Conover, W. J., and R. L. Iman. 1981. Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and non-parametric statistics. The American Statistician 35:124-133.
    • (1981) The American Statistician , vol.35 , pp. 124-133
    • Conover, W.J.1    Iman, R.L.2
  • 24
    • 0021030029 scopus 로고
    • Plant-herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. I. Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on intraseasonal above-ground plant biomass and nutrient dynamics and plant species diversity
    • Coppock, D. L., J. K. Detling, J. E. Ellis, and M. I. Dyer 1983a. Plant-herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. I. Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on intraseasonal above-ground plant biomass and nutrient dynamics and plant species diversity. Oecologia 56:1-9.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.56 , pp. 1-9
    • Coppock, D.L.1    Detling, J.K.2    Ellis, J.E.3    Dyer, M.I.4
  • 25
    • 0021069404 scopus 로고
    • Plant-herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. II. Responses of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs
    • Coppock, D. L., J. E. Ellis, J. K. Detling, and M. I. Dyer. 1983b. Plant-herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. II. Responses of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs. Oecologia 56:10-15.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.56 , pp. 10-15
    • Coppock, D.L.1    Ellis, J.E.2    Detling, J.K.3    Dyer, M.I.4
  • 26
    • 0021539837 scopus 로고
    • The distribution and origin of mima mound grasslands in San Diego County, California
    • Cox, G. W. 1984. The distribution and origin of mima mound grasslands in San Diego County, California. Ecology 65: 1397-1405.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1397-1405
    • Cox, G.W.1
  • 29
    • 0025682789 scopus 로고
    • Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Screngeti-Mara woodlands
    • Dublin, H. T., A. R. E. Sinclair, and J. McGlade. 1990. Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Screngeti-Mara woodlands. Journal of Animal Ecology 49: 1147-1164.
    • (1990) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 1147-1164
    • Dublin, H.T.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    McGlade, J.3
  • 31
    • 0002466675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rodents and lagomorphs
    • P. R. Krausman, editor. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA
    • Fagerstone, K. A., and C. A. Ramey. 1996. Rodents and lagomorphs. Pages 83-132 in P. R. Krausman, editor. Rangeland wildlife. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA.
    • (1996) Rangeland Wildlife , pp. 83-132
    • Fagerstone, K.A.1    Ramey, C.A.2
  • 32
  • 33
    • 0028083991 scopus 로고
    • Identification of annual rings in an arid land woody plant, Prosopis glandulosa
    • Flinn, R. C., S. Archer, T. W. Boutton, and T. Harlan. 1994. Identification of annual rings in an arid land woody plant, Prosopis glandulosa. Ecology 75:850-853.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 850-853
    • Flinn, R.C.1    Archer, S.2    Boutton, T.W.3    Harlan, T.4
  • 34
    • 0020428328 scopus 로고
    • Demographic differences between an old and a new colony of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludoviciunus)
    • Garrett, M. G., J. L. Hoogland, and W. L. Franklin. 1982. Demographic differences between an old and a new colony of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludoviciunus). American Midland Naturalist 108:52-59.
    • (1982) American Midland Naturalist , vol.108 , pp. 52-59
    • Garrett, M.G.1    Hoogland, J.L.2    Franklin, W.L.3
  • 36
    • 0000000571 scopus 로고
    • Shrubland encroachment in southern New Mexico. USA: An analysis of desertification processes in the American southwest
    • Grover, H. D., and H. B. Musick. 1990. Shrubland encroachment in southern New Mexico. USA: an analysis of desertification processes in the American southwest. Climatic Change 17:305-330.
    • (1990) Climatic Change , vol.17 , pp. 305-330
    • Grover, H.D.1    Musick, H.B.2
  • 37
    • 0004759088 scopus 로고
    • Growth and development of mesquite
    • C. J. Scifres, R. W. Bovey, C. E. Fisher, G. O. Hoffman, and R. D. Lewis, editors. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. College Station. Texas, USA
    • Haas, R. H., R. E. Meyer, C. J. Scifres, and J. H. Brock. 1973. Growth and development of mesquite. Pages 10-19 in C. J. Scifres, R. W. Bovey, C. E. Fisher, G. O. Hoffman, and R. D. Lewis, editors. Mesquite: growth and development, management, economics, control, uses. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. College Station. Texas, USA.
    • (1973) Mesquite: Growth and Development, Management, Economics, Control, Uses , pp. 10-19
    • Haas, R.H.1    Meyer, R.E.2    Scifres, C.J.3    Brock, J.H.4
  • 40
    • 0003935953 scopus 로고
    • McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA
    • Heady, H. A. 1975. Rangeland management. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1975) Rangeland Management
    • Heady, H.A.1
  • 41
    • 0007104441 scopus 로고
    • Response of vegetation to livestock grazing at the Texas Experimental Ranch
    • Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, USA
    • Heitschmidt, R. K., S. L. Dowhower, R. A. Gordon, and D. L. Price. 1985. Response of vegetation to livestock grazing at the Texas Experimental Ranch. Bulletin B-1515. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, USA.
    • (1985) Bulletin , vol.B-1515
    • Heitschmidt, R.K.1    Dowhower, S.L.2    Gordon, R.A.3    Price, D.L.4
  • 42
    • 0001321392 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation changes from 1935 to 1980 in mesquite dunelands and former grasslands of southern New Mexico
    • Hennessy, J. T., R. P. Gibbens, J. M. Tromble, and M. Cardenas. 1983. Vegetation changes from 1935 to 1980 in mesquite dunelands and former grasslands of southern New Mexico. Journal of Rangeland Management 36:370-374.
    • (1983) Journal of Rangeland Management , vol.36 , pp. 370-374
    • Hennessy, J.T.1    Gibbens, R.P.2    Tromble, J.M.3    Cardenas, M.4
  • 43
    • 0000736599 scopus 로고
    • Drought effects on a semidesert grassland range
    • Herbel, C. H., F. N. Ares, and R. A. Wright 1972. Drought effects on a semidesert grassland range. Ecology 53:1084-1093.
    • (1972) Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 1084-1093
    • Herbel, C.H.1    Ares, F.N.2    Wright, R.A.3
  • 47
    • 0026395612 scopus 로고
    • Herbivores and the dynamics of communities and ecosystems
    • Huntly, N. 1991. Herbivores and the dynamics of communities and ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22:477-503.
    • (1991) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.22 , pp. 477-503
    • Huntly, N.1
  • 48
    • 0003067533 scopus 로고
    • Shrubland expansion in the American southwest
    • Idso, S. B. 1992. Shrubland expansion in the American southwest. Climate Change 22:85-86.
    • (1992) Climate Change , vol.22 , pp. 85-86
    • Idso, S.B.1
  • 50
    • 0022844257 scopus 로고
    • Chihuahuan Desert nopaleras: Defaunated big mammal vegetation
    • Janzen, D. H. 1986. Chihuahuan Desert nopaleras: defaunated big mammal vegetation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17:595-636.
    • (1986) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.17 , pp. 595-636
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 51
    • 0027488240 scopus 로고
    • 2 and plant-plant interactions: Effects on natural vegetation
    • 2 and plant-plant interactions: effects on natural vegetation. Vegetatio 104-105:157-170.
    • (1993) Vegetatio , vol.104-105 , pp. 157-170
    • Johnson, H.B.1    Policy, H.W.2    Maycux, H.S.3
  • 52
    • 0001600202 scopus 로고
    • Past and present grassland of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico
    • Johnston, M. C. 1963 Past and present grassland of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Ecology 44:456-466.
    • (1963) Ecology , vol.44 , pp. 456-466
    • Johnston, M.C.1
  • 53
    • 0028179028 scopus 로고
    • Organisms as ecosystem engineers
    • Jones, C. G., J. H. Lawton, and M. Shachak. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69:373-386.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.69 , pp. 373-386
    • Jones, C.G.1    Lawton, J.H.2    Shachak, M.3
  • 54
    • 0025231030 scopus 로고
    • Destruction of wetland habitats by lesser snow geese: A keystone species on the west coast of Hudson Bay
    • Kerbes, R. H., P. M. Kotanen, and R. L. Jefferies. 1990. Destruction of wetland habitats by lesser snow geese: a keystone species on the west coast of Hudson Bay. Journal of Applied Ecology 27:242-258.
    • (1990) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.27 , pp. 242-258
    • Kerbes, R.H.1    Kotanen, P.M.2    Jefferies, R.L.3
  • 56
    • 0001865175 scopus 로고
    • Prairie dogs, whitefaces, and blue grama
    • Koford, C. B. 1958. Prairie dogs, whitefaces, and blue grama. Wildlife Monographs 3:6-78.
    • (1958) Wildlife Monographs , vol.3 , pp. 6-78
    • Koford, C.B.1
  • 57
    • 0028165722 scopus 로고
    • Expansion of gallery forest on Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas, USA
    • Knight, C. L., J. M. Briggs, and M. D. Nelis. 1994. Expansion of gallery forest on Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas, USA. Landscape Ecology 9:117-125
    • (1994) Landscape Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 117-125
    • Knight, C.L.1    Briggs, J.M.2    Nelis, M.D.3
  • 58
    • 0000350885 scopus 로고
    • Differential predation pressure: A general mechanism for structuring plant communities along complex environmental gradients?
    • Louda, S. M. 1989. Differential predation pressure: a general mechanism for structuring plant communities along complex environmental gradients? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4:158-159.
    • (1989) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.4 , pp. 158-159
    • Louda, S.M.1
  • 59
    • 0012183010 scopus 로고
    • Economic cost of shrub encroachment in Western New South Wales
    • E. L. Delfosse, editor. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia
    • MacLeod, N. D. 1993. Economic cost of shrub encroachment in Western New South Wales. Pages 58-63 in E. L. Delfosse, editor. Pests of pastures. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
    • (1993) Pests of Pastures , pp. 58-63
    • MacLeod, N.D.1
  • 60
    • 0020923619 scopus 로고
    • Livestock grazingtire regime interactions within montane forests of Zion National Park, Utah
    • Madany, M. H., and N. E. West. 1983. Livestock grazingtire regime interactions within montane forests of Zion National Park, Utah. Ecology 64:661-667.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 661-667
    • Madany, M.H.1    West, N.E.2
  • 61
    • 0001565730 scopus 로고
    • Long-term ecological research and the invisible present
    • Magnuson, J. J. 1990. Long-term ecological research and the invisible present. Bio-Science 40:495-501.
    • (1990) Bio-Science , vol.40 , pp. 495-501
    • Magnuson, J.J.1
  • 62
    • 0006259674 scopus 로고
    • Soil, animal and plant relations of the grasslands historically recorded
    • Malin, J. C. 1953. Soil, animal and plant relations of the grasslands historically recorded. Scientific Monthly 76: 207-220.
    • (1953) Scientific Monthly , vol.76 , pp. 207-220
    • Malin, J.C.1
  • 63
    • 34247481655 scopus 로고
    • Natural diversity of western range shrubs
    • J. L. Cooley and J. H. Cooley, editors. Institute of Ecology. Athens. Georgia. USA
    • McArthur, E. D. 1984. Natural diversity of western range shrubs. Pages 193-209 in J. L. Cooley and J. H. Cooley, editors. Natural diversity in forest ecosystems. Institute of Ecology. Athens. Georgia. USA.
    • (1984) Natural Diversity in Forest Ecosystems , pp. 193-209
    • McArthur, E.D.1
  • 64
    • 0022850545 scopus 로고
    • Herbivore-limited establishment of a Sonoran Desert tree. Cercidium microphyllum
    • McAuliffe, J. R. 1986. Herbivore-limited establishment of a Sonoran Desert tree. Cercidium microphyllum. Ecology 67:276-280.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 276-280
    • McAuliffe, J.R.1
  • 65
    • 0028180177 scopus 로고
    • Landscape evolution, soil formation, and ecological patterns and processes in Sonoran Desert hajadas
    • _. 1994. Landscape evolution, soil formation, and ecological patterns and processes in Sonoran Desert hajadas. Ecological Monographs 64:111-148.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 111-148
  • 67
    • 0000754269 scopus 로고
    • Serengeti grassland ecology: The role of composite environmental factors and contingency in community organization
    • McNaughton, S. J. 1983. Serengeti grassland ecology: the role of composite environmental factors and contingency in community organization. Ecological Monographs 53: 291-320.
    • (1983) Ecological Monographs , vol.53 , pp. 291-320
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 68
    • 0001544867 scopus 로고
    • The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation
    • Mills. L. S., M. E. Soulé, and D. F. Doak. 1993. The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. BioSeience 43:219-224.
    • (1993) BioSeience , vol.43 , pp. 219-224
    • Mills, L.S.1    Soulé, M.E.2    Doak, D.F.3
  • 69
    • 0001361175 scopus 로고
    • Animal influences on ecosystem dynamics
    • Naiman, R. J. 1988. Animal influences on ecosystem dynamics. BioSeience 38:750-752.
    • (1988) BioSeience , vol.38 , pp. 750-752
    • Naiman, R.J.1
  • 70
    • 0022925285 scopus 로고
    • High resolution climatic analysis and southwest biogeography
    • Neilson, R. P. 1986. High resolution climatic analysis and southwest biogeography. Science 232:27-34.
    • (1986) Science , vol.232 , pp. 27-34
    • Neilson, R.P.1
  • 71
  • 72
    • 0002129747 scopus 로고
    • Relict surface-soil features in semi-arid Mulga (Acacia aneura) woodlands
    • Noble, J. C. 1993. Relict surface-soil features in semi-arid Mulga (Acacia aneura) woodlands. Rangeland Journal 15: 48-70.
    • (1993) Rangeland Journal , vol.15 , pp. 48-70
    • Noble, J.C.1
  • 73
    • 0028982938 scopus 로고
    • Acacia karoo invasion of grassland: Environmental and biotic effects influencing seedling emergence and establishment
    • O'Connor, T. G. 1995. Acacia karoo invasion of grassland: environmental and biotic effects influencing seedling emergence and establishment. Oecologia 103:214-223.
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.103 , pp. 214-223
    • O'Connor, T.G.1
  • 74
    • 0000340702 scopus 로고
    • Prairie dogs in shinnery (oak scrub) savannah
    • Osborn, B. 1942. Prairie dogs in shinnery (oak scrub) savannah. Ecology 23:110-115.
    • (1942) Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 110-115
    • Osborn, B.1
  • 75
    • 0023470877 scopus 로고
    • Pleistocene extinctions: The pivotal role ill megaherbivores
    • Owen-Smith, N. 1987. Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal role ill megaherbivores. Paleobiology 13:351-362.
    • (1987) Paleobiology , vol.13 , pp. 351-362
    • Owen-Smith, N.1
  • 76
    • 0002596015 scopus 로고
    • Food web complexity and species diversity
    • Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
    • (1966) American Naturalist , vol.100 , pp. 65-75
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 79
    • 0025632244 scopus 로고
    • The impact of large herbivores on the Serona Woodlands. Serengeti National Park. Tanzania
    • Ruess, R. W., and F. L. Halter 1990. The impact of large herbivores on the Serona Woodlands. Serengeti National Park. Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 28:259-275.
    • (1990) African Journal of Ecology , vol.28 , pp. 259-275
    • Ruess, R.W.1    Halter, F.L.2
  • 81
    • 0001607480 scopus 로고
    • Early 19th-century tire decline following sheep pasturing in a Navajo ponderosa pine forest
    • Savage, M., and T. W. Swetnam. 1990. Early 19th-century tire decline following sheep pasturing in a Navajo ponderosa pine forest. Ecology 71:2374-2378.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 2374-2378
    • Savage, M.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 83
    • 0022841002 scopus 로고
    • Industrial contributions to desertification in South America
    • Schofield, C. J., and E. H. Bücher. 1986. Industrial contributions to desertification in South America. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1:78-80.
    • (1986) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.1 , pp. 78-80
    • Schofield, C.J.1    Bücher, E.H.2
  • 84
    • 0004292232 scopus 로고
    • Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas, USA
    • Scifres, C. J. 1980. Brush management. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas, USA.
    • (1980) Brush Management
    • Scifres, C.J.1
  • 85
    • 0343536663 scopus 로고
    • Response of honey mesquite seedlings to top removal
    • Seifres, C. J., and R. R. Hahn. 1971. Response of honey mesquite seedlings to top removal. Journal of Range Management 24:396-398.
    • (1971) Journal of Range Management , vol.24 , pp. 396-398
    • Seifres, C.J.1    Hahn, R.R.2
  • 87
    • 0003633608 scopus 로고
    • Mesquite: Its biology in two desert scrub ecosystems
    • Halstead, New York, New York. USA
    • Simpson, B. B., editor. 1977. Mesquite: its biology in two desert scrub ecosystems. US/IBP Synthesis Series 4. Halstead, New York, New York. USA.
    • (1977) US/IBP Synthesis Series , vol.4
    • Simpson, B.B.1
  • 88
    • 0002200579 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of the Serengeti ecosystem
    • A. R. R. Sinclair and M. Norton-Griffiths, editors. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Sinclair, A. R. E. 1979. Dynamics of the Serengeti ecosystem. Pages 1-30 in A. R. R. Sinclair and M. Norton-Griffiths, editors. Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1979) Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem , pp. 1-30
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1
  • 89
    • 0026313975 scopus 로고
    • Impact of grazing in savanna ecosystems
    • Skarpe, C. 1991. Impact of grazing in savanna ecosystems. Amhio 20:351-356.
    • (1991) Amhio , vol.20 , pp. 351-356
    • Skarpe, C.1
  • 90
    • 0001552843 scopus 로고
    • The use and analysis of staggered nested factorial designs
    • Smith, J. R., and J. M. Beverly. 1981 The use and analysis of staggered nested factorial designs. Journal of Quality Technology 13:166-173.
    • (1981) Journal of Quality Technology , vol.13 , pp. 166-173
    • Smith, J.R.1    Beverly, J.M.2
  • 91
    • 0342666412 scopus 로고
    • Soil survey of Wilbarger County. Texas. USA
    • Soil Conservation Service. 1959. Soil survey of Wilbarger County. Texas. USA. USDA Series 1959. Number 18.
    • (1959) USDA Series 1959 , vol.18
  • 93
    • 0027061555 scopus 로고
    • Effects of elephants and goals on the Kaffrarian succulent thicket of the eastern Cape. South Africa
    • Stuart-Hill, G. C. 1992. Effects of elephants and goals on the Kaffrarian succulent thicket of the eastern Cape. South Africa. Journal of Applied Ecology 29:699-710.
    • (1992) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.29 , pp. 699-710
    • Stuart-Hill, G.C.1
  • 94
    • 0025235105 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation and soil patterning in semi-arid mulga lands of liastern Australia
    • Tongway, D. J., and J. A. Ludwig. 1990. Vegetation and soil patterning in semi-arid mulga lands of liastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 15:23-34.
    • (1990) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 23-34
    • Tongway, D.J.1    Ludwig, J.A.2
  • 95
    • 0003034254 scopus 로고
    • Germination and longevity of velvet mesquite seed in soil
    • Tschirley, F. H., and S. C. Martin. 1960. Germination and longevity of velvet mesquite seed in soil. Journal of Range Management 13:94-97.
    • (1960) Journal of Range Management , vol.13 , pp. 94-97
    • Tschirley, F.H.1    Martin, S.C.2
  • 96
    • 0025205922 scopus 로고
    • Long-term vegetation change at a full protected Sonoran Desert site
    • Turner, R. M. 1990. Long-term vegetation change at a full protected Sonoran Desert site. Ecology 71:464-477.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 464-477
    • Turner, R.M.1
  • 97
    • 0001750582 scopus 로고
    • Effects of controlling black-tailed prairiedogs on plant production
    • Uresk, D. W. 1985. Effects of controlling black-tailed prairiedogs on plant production. Journal of Range Management 38:466-468.
    • (1985) Journal of Range Management , vol.38 , pp. 466-468
    • Uresk, D.W.1
  • 98
    • 15644374383 scopus 로고
    • Inventory of areas occupied by prairie dogs in 1961
    • Branch of Predator and Rodent Control. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington. D.C., USA
    • U.S. Department of Interior. 1963. Inventory of areas occupied by prairie dogs in 1961. Circular Letter. Branch of Predator and Rodent Control. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington. D.C., USA.
    • (1963) Circular Letter
  • 99
    • 0043062595 scopus 로고
    • Stability in rangelands: Ecology and economics
    • M. J. Baker, J. Crush. and L. R. Humphreys, editors. Keeling and Monday. New Zealand/Australia
    • Walker, B. H. 1993. Stability in rangelands: ecology and economics. Pages 1885-1890 in M. J. Baker, J. Crush. and L. R. Humphreys, editors. XVII International Grassland Congress. Keeling and Monday. New Zealand/Australia.
    • (1993) XVII International Grassland Congress , pp. 1885-1890
    • Walker, B.H.1
  • 100
    • 0001381507 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of grazed and ungrazed grassland A in East Anglian Breckland
    • Watt, A. S. 1981. A comparison of grazed and ungrazed grassland A in East Anglian Breckland. Journal of Ecology 69:499-508.
    • (1981) Journal of Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 499-508
    • Watt, A.S.1
  • 102
    • 0024944976 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium
    • Westoby, M., B. Walker, and I. Noy-Meir. 1989. Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management 42:266-274.
    • (1989) Journal of Range Management , vol.42 , pp. 266-274
    • Westoby, M.1    Walker, B.2    Noy-Meir, I.3
  • 103
    • 0001361301 scopus 로고
    • Ecological consequences of prairie dog disturbances
    • Whicker, A. D., and J. K. Detling. 1988. Ecological consequences of prairie dog disturbances. BioScience 38:778-785.
    • (1988) BioScience , vol.38 , pp. 778-785
    • Whicker, A.D.1    Detling, J.K.2
  • 104
    • 0024183036 scopus 로고
    • Porcupines, fires and the dynamics of the tree layer of the Burkea africana savanna
    • Yeaton, R. I. 1988. Porcupines, fires and the dynamics of the tree layer of the Burkea africana savanna. Journal of Ecology 76:1017-1029.
    • (1988) Journal of Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1017-1029
    • Yeaton, R.I.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.