Treating Depressed Older Adults in Primary Care: Narrowing the Gap between Efficacy and Effectiveness

Milbank Quarterly

Volumn 77, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 225-256

  Unützer, Jürgen ^a   Katon, Wayne ^b   Sullivan, Mark ^b   Miranda, Jeanne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; DEPRESSION; ELDERLY CARE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; MALE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

AGED; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED; HUMANS; MALE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032618596     PISSN: 0887378X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.00132     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Acosta, F.X., and J.G. Sheehan. 1976. Preferences toward Mexican-American and Anglo-American Psychotherapists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 44:272-9.
2. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Depression Guidelines Panel. 1993. Depression in Primary Care: Clinical Practice Guideline No. 5. AHCPR pub. no. 93-0550. Rockville, Md.
3. Alexopoulos, G.S., and J.G. Chester. 1992. Outcomes of Geriatric Depression. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 8:363-73.
4. Alexopoulos, G.S., B.S. Meyers, R.C. Young, S. Campbell, D. Silbersweig, and M. Charlson. 1997. "Vascular Depression" Hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry 54:915-22.
5. Allen-Burge, R., M. Storandt, D.A. Kinscherf, and E.H. Rubin. 1994. Sex Differences in the Sensitivity of Two Self-Reported Depression Scales in Older Depression Inpatients. Psychology and Aging 9:443-5.
6. Arean, P.A., M.G. Perri, A.M. Nezu, and R.L. Schein. 1993. Comparative Effectiveness of Social Problem Solving Therapy and Reminiscence Therapy as Treatments for Depression in Older Adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61:1003-10.
7. Arean, P.A., G. Robinson, and S. Hicks. 1997a. Age Differences in Perceived Need, Help Seeking, and Mental Health Service Use in Medical Patients. Presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Mental Health Problems in the General Health Care Sector, National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, D.C., September 6.
8. _. 1997b. Mental Illness in Minority Elderly: Prevalence and Use of Services. Presented at the 50th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Geriatric Society of America, November.
9. Blanchard, M.R., A. Waterreus, and A.H. Mann. 1994. The Nature of Depression among Older People in Inner London, and the Contact with Primary Care. British Journal of Psychiatry 164:396-402.
10. _. 1995. The Effect of Primary Care Nurse Intervention upon Older People Screened as Depressed. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 10:289-98.
11. Blazer, D.G. 1978. The Oars Durham Surveys: Description and Application. In Multidimensional Functional Assessment: The Oars Methodology: A Manual, 2nd ed. Durham, N.C.: Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.
12. _. 1993. Depression in Late Life, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.
13. Brown, C., H.C. Schulberg, and M.J. Madonia. 1996. Clinical Presentations of Major Depression by African Americans and Whites in Primary Medical Care Practice. Journal of Affective Disorders 41: 181-91.
14. Brown, S.L., M.E. Salive, J.M. Guralnik, M. Pahor, D.P. Chapman, and D. Blazer. 1995. Antidepressant Use in the Elderly: Association with Demographic Characteristics, Health Related Factors, and Health Care Utilization. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 48:445-52.
15. Bruce, M., P. Leaf, G. Rozal, L. Florio, and R.A. Hoff. 1994. Psychiatry Status and 9-Year Mortality Data in the New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. American Journal of Psychiatry 51(5):716-21.
16. Burke, W.J., W.H. Roccaforte, S.P. Wengel, D.M. Conley, and J.F. Potter. 1995. The Reliability and Validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale Administered by Telephone. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 43:674-9.
17. Caine, E., J.M. Lyness, and Y. Conwell. 1996. Diagnosis of Late-Life Depression: Preliminary Studies in Primary Care Settings. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4(4):45-51.
18. Callahan, C.M., H.C. Hendrie, R.S. Dittus, D.C. Brater, S.L. Hui, and W.M. Tierney. 1994. Improving Treatment in Late-Life Depression in Primary Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 42:839-45.
19. Center for Studying Health System Change. 1997. Newsletter. Washington, D.C. (Fall.)
20. Chalifoux, Z., J.B. Neese, K.C. Buckwalter, E. Litwak, and I.L. Abraham. 1996. Mental Health Services for Rural Elderly: Innovative Services Strategies. Community Mental Health Journal 32:463-79.
21. Chochinov, H.M., K.G. Wilson, M. Enns, and S. Lander. 1997. "Are You Depressed?": Screening for Depression in the Terminally Ill. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:674-6.
22. Cole, M.G., and F. Bellavance. 1997. The Prognosis of Depression in Old Age. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 5:4-14.
23. Cole, S.A., J.F. Christensen, M. Raju, and M. Feldman. 1997. Depression. In Behavioral Medicine in Primary Care: A Practical Guide. Stamford, Conn.: Appleton and Lange.
24. Conwell, Y., P.R. Duberstein, C. Cox, J.H. Hermann, N.T. Forbes, and E.D. Caine. 1996. Relationships of Age and Axis I Diagnoses of Victims of Completed Suicide: A Psychological Autopsy Study. American Journal of Psychiatry 153:1001-8.
25. Cooper-Patrick, L., N.R. Powe, M.W. Jenckes, J.J. Gonzales, D.M. Levine, and D.E. Ford. 1997. Identification of Patient Attitudes and Preferences Regarding Treatment of Depression. Journal of General Internal Medicine 12: 431-8.
26. Coyne, J., S. Fechner-Bates, and T. Schwenk. 1994. Prevalence, Nature, and Comorbidity of Depressive Disorders in Primary Care. General Hospital Psychiatry 16:267-76.
27. Coyne, J.C., M.S. Klinkman, S.M. Gallo, and T.L. Schwenk. 1998. Short Term Outcomes of Detected and Undetected Depressed Primary Care Patients and Depressed Psychiatry Outpatients. General Hospital Psychiatry 19:333-43.
28. D'Ath, P., P. Katona, E. Mullan, S. Evans, and C. Katona. 1994. Screening, Detection, and Management of Depression in Elderly Primary Care Attenders. I: The Acceptability and Performance of the 15-Item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and the Development of Shorter Versions. Family Practice 11:260-6.
29. Davis-Berman, J. 1990. Physical Self-Efficacy, Perceived Health Status, and Depressive Symptomatology in Older Adults. Journal of Psychology 124:207-15.
30. Dorfman, R.A., J.E. Lubben, A. Mayer-Oakes, et al. 1995. Screening for Depression among a Well Elderly Population. Social Work 40:295-304.
31. Dorwick, C., and I. Buchan. 1995. Twelve Month Outcome of Depression in General Practice: Does Detection or Disclosure Make a Difference? British Medical Journal 311:1274-6.
32. Frasure-Smith, N., F. Lesperance, and M. Talajic. 1993. Depression Following Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American Medical Association 270:1819-25.
33. Gallo, J.J., J.C. Anthony, and B.O. Muthen. 1994. Age Differences in the Symptoms of Depression: A Latent Trait Analysis. Journal of Gerontology 49:251-64.
34. Gallo, J.J., S. Marino, D. Ford, and J.C. Anthony. 1995. Filters on the Pathways to Mental Health Care II. Sociodemographic Filters. Psychological Medicine 25:1149-60.
35. Ganguli, M., J. Gilby, E. Seaberg, and S. Belle. 1995. Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors in a Rural Elderly Population. The MovIES Project. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 3:144-60.
36. Gask, L., B. Sibbald, and F. Creed. 1997. Evaluating Models of Working at the Interface Between Mental Health Services and Primary Care. British Journal of Psychiatry 170:6-11.
37. Gill, D., and S. Hatcher. 1997. Do Antidepressants Work in Physical Illness? Presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, Coronado, California, November 22.
38. Glasser, M., and J.A. Gravdal. 1997. Assessment and Treatment of Geriatric Depression in Primary Care Settings. Archives of Family Medicine 6:433-8.
39. Goldman, L.S. 1997. Psychiatry in Primary Care: Possible Roles for Organized Medicine. Psychiatric Annals 27:1-5.
40. Goldstrom, I.D., B.J. Burns, L.G. Kessler, and M. Feuerberg. 1987. Mental Health Services Use by Elderly Adults in a Primary Care Setting. Journal of Gerontology 42:147-153.
41. Greenfield, S.F., J. Meszler-Reizes, K.M. Magruder, L.R. Muenz, B. Kopans, and D.G. Jacobs. 1997. Effectiveness of Community-Based Screening for Depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:10.
42. Gurland, B., P. Cross, and S. Katz. 1996. Epidemiological Perspectives on Opportunities for Treatment of Depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4(4):7-14.
43. Hawley, C.J., S.J. Quick, M.J. Harding, H. Pattinson, and T. Sivakumaran. 1997. A Preliminary Study to Examine the Adequacy of Long-Term Treatment of Depression and the Extent of Recovery in General Practice. British Journal of General Practice 47:233-4.
44. Hellerstein, D.J., P. Yanowitch, J. Rosenthal, and L.W. Samstag. 1993. A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Fluoxetine vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Dysthymia. American Journal of Psychiatry 150: 1169-75.
45. Hoeper, E.W., L.G. Yessler, G.R. Nyez, J.D. Jr. Burke, and W.E. Pierce. 1984. The Usefulness of Screening for Mental Illness. Lancet 1:33-5.
46. Hough, R.L.J., M. Karno, A. Burnam, D. Timbers, J. Escobar, and D. Regier. 1987. Utilization of Health and Mental Health Services by Los Angeles Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites. Archives of General Psychiatry 44:702-9.
47. Hunkeler, E.M., J. Meresman, M. Getzell, et al. 1997. New Approaches to Treating Depression in Primary Care in a Managed Care Setting. Eleventh International Conference on Mental Health Problems in the General Health Care Sector, National Institute of Mental Health. Washington, D.C., September 5-6.
48. Jacobs, S. 1993. Pathologic Grief. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
49. Johnstone, A., and D. Goldberg. 1976. Psychiatric Screening in General Practice. Lancet 1:605-8.
50. Jorm, A.F. 1998. Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Old Age. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 11:405-9.
51. Kamath, M., S.I. Finkel, and M. Moran. 1996. A Retrospective Chart Review of Antidepressant Use, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects in Adults Age 70 and Older. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4:167-72.
52. Karno, M., and R.B. Edgerton. 1969. Perception of Mental Health Illness in a Mexican American Community. Archives of General Psychiatry 20:233-8.
53. Katon, W.J. 1995. Will Improving Detection of Depression in Primary Care Lead to Improved Depressive Outcomes? General Hospital Psychiatry 17:1-2.
54. _. 1996. The Impact of Major Depression on Chronic Medical Illness. General Hospital Psychiatry 18:215-9. (Editorial.)
55. Katon, W.J., and J. Gonzales. 1994. A Review of Randomized Trials of Psychiatric Consultation-Liaison Studies in Primary Care. Psychosomatics 35:268-78.
56. Katon, W., P. Robinson, M. Von Korff, et al. 1996. A Multifaceted Intervention to Improve Treatment of Depression in Primary Care. Archives of General Psychiatry 53:913-9.
57. Katon, W.J., M. Von Korff, E. Lin, et al. 1997. Population-Based Care of Depression: Effective Disease Management Strategies to Decrease Prevalence. General Hospital Psychiatry 19:169-78.
58. Katz, I.R. 1996. On the Inseparability of Mental and Physical Health in Aged Persons. Lessons from Depression and Medical Comorbidity. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4:1-6.
59. Keefe, S.E., A.M. Padilla, and M.L. Carlos (Eds.). 1978. Family and Mental Health in the Mexican American Community. Monograph No. 7. Los Angeles: University of California, Spanish-Speaking Mental Health Research Center.
60. Klinkman, M., and I. Okkes. 1998. Mental Health Problems in Primary Care: A Research Agenda. Journal of Family Practice 47: 379-84.
61. Koenig, H.G., and D.G. Blazer. 1996. Minor Depression in Late Life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4:(suppl.):514-521.
62. Kouzis, A., W.W. Eaton, and P.J. Leaf. 1995. Psychopathology and Mortality in the General Population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 30:165-70.
63. Krishnan, K.R.R., and K.M. Gadde. 1996. The Pathophysiologic Basis for Late-life Depression: Imaging Studies of the Aging Brain. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4:(suppl.).
64. Lebowitz, B.D. 1996. Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life: An Overview of the NIH Consensus Statement. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4:(suppl.).
65. Lebowitz, B.D., and M.V. Rudorfer. 1998. Treatment Research at the Millennium: From Efficacy to Effectiveness. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 18:1.
66. Linn, L.S., and J. Yager. 1984. Recognition of Depression and Anxiety by Primary Care Physicians. Psychosomatics 25:593-600.
67. Linzer, M., R. Spitzer, K. Kroenke, et al. 1996. Gender, Quality of Life, and Mental Disorders in Primary Care: Results from the PRIME-MD 1000 Study. American Journal of Medicine 101(5):526-33.
68. Luber, M.P. 1996. Recognition, Treatment, Comorbidity and Resource Utilization of Depressed Patients in a General Medical Practice. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine, Washington, D.C., May 24.
69. Lyness, J.M., E.D. Caine, D.A. King, C. Cox, and Z. Yoediono. 1997. Psychopathology Among Older Primary Care Patients: The Importance of Depressive Syndromes and Symptoms. Eleventh International Conference on Mental Health Problems in the General Health Care Sector. National Institute of Mental Health. Washington, D.C., September 5-6.
70. Lyness, J.M., T.K. Noel, C. Cox, D.A. King, Y. Conwell, and E.D. Caine. 1997. Screening for Depression in Elderly Primary Care Patients. A Comparison of the CES-D and the GDS. Archives of Internal Medicine 157:449-54.
71. Magruder-Habib, K., W.W.K. Zung, J.R. Feussner, W.C. Alling, W.B. Saunders, and H.A. Stevens. 1989. Management of General Medical Patients with Symptoms of Depression. General Hospital Psychiatry 11:201-10.
72. Magruder-Habib, K., W.W.K. Zung, and J. Feussner. 1990. Improving Physicians' Recognition and Treatment of Depression in General Medical Care. Medical Care 28:239-50.
73. Mahoney, J., T.J.K. Drinka, R. Able, et al. 1994. Screening for Depression: Single Question versus GDS. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 42:1006-8.
74. Marcus, S.C., J.C. Fortney, M. Olfson, and N.E. Ryan. 1997. Travel Distance to Outpatient Treatment for Depression. Psychiatric Services 48:1005.
75. Meinhart, K., and W. Vega. 1987. A Method for Estimating Underutilization of Mental Health Services by Ethnic Groups. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 38:1186-90.
76. Moore, J.T., D.R. Silimper, and J.A. Bobula. 1978. Recognition of Depression by Family Medicine Residents: The Impact of Screening. Journal of Family Practice 7:509-13.
77. Mossey, J.M., K.A. Knott, M. Higgins, and K. Talerico. 1996. Effectiveness of a Psychosocial Intervention, Interpersonal Counseling for Subdysthymic Depression in Medically Ill Elderly. Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 51:M172-M178.
78. Muldovsky, H., and P. Scarisbrick. 1976. Induction of Neurasthenic Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome by Selective Sleep Stage Deprivation. Psychosomatic Medicine 38:35-44.
79. Mulrow, C.D., J.W. Williams, M.B. Gerety, G. Ramirez, O.M. Montiel, and C. Kerber. 1995. Case-Finding Instruments for Depression in Primary Care Settings. Annals of Internal Medicine 122:913-21.
80. Murphy, E., R. Smith, J. Lindesay, and J. Slattery. 1988. Increased Mortality Rates in Late Life Depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 152:347-53.
81. Myers, B. 1996. Psychiatric Interventions to Improve Primary Care Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4(suppl 1):S91-5.
82. National Institutes of Health. 1992. NIH Consensus Conference. Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life. Journal of the American Medical Association 268:1018-24.
83. Niederehe, G. 1996. Psychosocial Treatments with Depressed Older Adults: A Research Update. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4(suppl 1):S66-S78.
84. Norquist, G.W.K. 1991. Mental Health Needs of the Uninsured. Archives of General Psychiatry 48:475-8.
85. Ormel, J., G.I.J.M. Kempen, D.W.J.H. Penninx, E.I. Brilman, H.T.F. Beekman, and E. van Soderen. 1997. Chronic Medical Conditions and Mental Health in Older People: Disability and Psychosocial Resources Mediate Specific Mental Health Effects. Psychological Medicine 27:1065-77.
86. Ormel, J., M. Koeter, W. van den Brink, and van del G. Willige. 1991. Recognition, Management, and Course of Anxiety and Depression in General Practice. Archives of General Psychiatry 48:700-6.
87. Oxman, T.E., J.E. Barrett, J. Barrett, and P. Gerber. 1990. Symptomatology of Late-Life Minor Depression among Primary Care Patients. Psychosomatics 31:174-80.
88. Paveza, G.J., and D. Cohen. 1996. Treatment of Mental Health Problems in the Elderly. In Mental Health Services: A Public Health Perspective, eds. L.B. Levin and J. Petrila. New York: Oxford University Press.
89. Paykel, E.S., J.A. Hollyman, P. Freeling, and P. Sedgwick. 1988. Predictors of Therapeutic Benefit from Amitriptyline in Mild Depression: A General Practice, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 14:83-95.
90. Potts, M., M. Burnam, and K.B. Wells. 1991. Gender Differences in Depression Detection: A Comparison of Clinician Diagnosis and Standardized Assessment. Psychological Assessment 3:609-15.
91. Rabins, P. 1996. Barriers to Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Elderly Patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4(4):79-84.
92. Radloff, L.S. 1977. The CES-D Scale: A Self Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1:385-401.
93. Ranga, R.K., L.K. George, C.F. Peiper, et al. 1998. Depression and Social Support in Elderly Patients with Cardiac Disease. American Heart Journal 136:491-5.
94. Regier, D.A., K. Myers, M. Kramer, et al. 1984. The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (ECA): Historical Context, Major Objectives, and Study Population Characteristics. Archives of General Psychiatry 41:934-41.
95. Reynolds, C.F., E. Frank, J.M. Perel, S. Mazumdar, and D.J. Kupfer. 1995. Maintenance Therapies for Late-Life Recurrent Major Depression: Research and Review circa 1995. International Psychogeriatrics 7(suppl.):27-39.
96. Reynolds, C.F., E. Frank, J.M. Perel, et al. 1999. Nortriptyline and Interpersonal Psychotherapy as Maintenance Therapies for Recurrent Major Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients Older than 59 Years. Journal of the American Medical Association 281: 39-45.
97. Riefler, D.R., H.S. Kessler, E.F. Bernhard, A.C. Leon, and G.J. Martin. 1996. Impact of Screening for Mental Health Concerns on Health Service Utilization and Functional Status in Primary Care Patients. Archives of Internal Medicine 156:2593-9.
98. Roberts, R.E., G.A. Kaplan, S.J. Shema, and W.J. Strawbridge. 1997. Does Growing Old Increase the Risk for Depression? American Journal of Psychiatry 154:1384-90.
99. Rosenbach, M.L., and C.J. Ammering. 1997. Trends in Medicare Part B: Mental Health Utilization and Expenditures. Health Care Financing Administration 18(3):19-42.
100. Rovner, B.W., P.S. Perman, L.J. Brant, et al. 1991. Depression and Mortality in Nursing Homes. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:993-6.
101. Rubenstein, L.R., J. Unützer, J. Miranda, et al. 1996. Partners in Care: Guidelines and Resources for the Depression Nurse Specialist. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND.
102. Russo, J., P.P. Vitaliano, D.D. Brewer, W. Katon, and J. Becker. 1995. Psychiatric Disorders in Spouse-Caregivers of Care Recipients of Alzheimers Disease and Matched Controls: A Diathesis-Stress Model of Psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104:197-204.
103. Rutz, W., L. von-Knorring, and J. Walinder. 1992. Long-Term Effects of an Educational Program for General Practitioners Given by the Swedish Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 85:83-8.
104. Schneider, L.S. 1996. Pharmacologic Considerations in the Treatment of Late-Life Depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4(suppl. 1):S51-S65.
105. Schulberg, H.C., M. Block, M.J. Madonia, et al. 1996. Treating Major Depression in Primary Care Practice: 8-month Clinical Outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry 53:924-32.
106. Schulberg, H.C., B. Mulsant, R. Schulz, B. Rollman, P.R. Houck, and C.F. Reynolds. 1997. Major Depression in Older Primary Care Patients. Presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Mental Health Problems in the General Health Care Sector, National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, D.C., September 5.
107. Schwarz, K.A., and C.E. Bixen. 1997. Does Home Health Care Affect Strain and Depressive Symptoms for Caregivers of Impaired Older Adults? Journal of Community Health Nursing 14:39-48.
108. Scogin, F., and L. McElreath. 1994. Efficacy of Psychosocial Treatments for Geriatric Depression: A Quantitative Review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62:69-74.
109. Seeman, T.E., G.A. Kaplan, L. Knudsen, R. Cohen, and A. Guralnik. 1987. Social Network Ties and Mortality among the Elderly in the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 126: 714-23.
110. Shah, S., and M. Harris. 1997. A Survey of General Practitioners' Confidence in their Management of Elderly Patients. Australian Family Physician 26(suppl. 1):S12-S17.
111. Shapiro, S., P.S. German, and E.A. Skinner. 1987. An Experiment to Change Detection and Management of Mental Morbidity in Primary Care. Medical Care 25:327-39.
112. Shapiro, S., E.A. Skinner, L.G. Kessler, et al. 1984. Utilization of Health and Mental Health Services: Three ECA Sites. Archives of General Psychiatry 41:971-8.
113. Sherrill, J.T., E. Frank, M. Geary, J.A. Stack, and C.F. Reynolds. 1997. Psychoeducational Workshops for Elderly Patients with Recurrent Major Depression and Their Families. Psychiatric Services 48:76-81.
114. Simon, G.E., and M. Von Korff. 1992. Re-Evaluation of Secular Trends in Depression Rates. American Journal of Epidemiology 135:1411-22.
115. Simon, G.E., M. Von Korff, E.H. Wagner, and W. Barlow. 1993. Patterns of Antidepressant Use in Community Practice. General Hospital Psychiatry 15:399-408.
116. Simon, G.E., E. Wagner, and M. Von Korff. 1995. Cost-Effectiveness Comparisons Using "Real World" Randomized Trials: The Case of New Antidepressant Drugs. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 48: 363-73.
117. Snowden, L.R., and F.K. Cheung. 1990. Use of Inpatient Mental Health Services by Members of Ethnic Minority Groups. American Psychologist 45:347-55.
118. Stewart, J.W, P.J. McGrath, and F.M. Quitkin. 1992. Can Mildly Depressed Outpatients with Atypical Depression Benefit from Anti-depressants? American Journal of Psychiatry 149:615-19.
119. Stolee, P., L. Kessler, and J.K. Le-Clair. 1996. A Community Development and Outreach Program in Geriatric Mental Health: Four Years' Experience. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 44:314-20.
120. Sue, S., D.C. Fujino, L.T. Hu, D.T. Takeuchi, and N.W.S. Zane. 1991. Community Mental Health Services for Ethnic Minority Groups: A Test of the Cultural Responsiveness Hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59:533-40.
121. Sullivan, M., A. LaCroix, C. Baum, L.C. Grothaus, and W. Katon. 1998. Functional Status in Coronary Artery Disease: A One-Year Prospective Study of the Role of Anxiety and Depression. American Journal of Medicine 103:348-56.
122. Takeuchi, D.T., P.J. Leaf, and H.S. Kuo. 1988. Ethnic Differences in the Perception of Barriers to Help-Seeking. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 23:273-80.
123. Thompson, L.W., D.E. Gallagher, G. Nies, and D. Epstein. 1983. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Professionals and Nonprofessionals as Instructors of "Coping with Depression" Classes for Elders. Gerontologist 23:390-6.
124. Thompson, T.L., W.D. Mitchell, and R.M. House. 1989. Geriatric Psychiatry Patients' Care by Primary Care Physicians. Psychosomatics 30:65-72.
125. Thompson, M.A., J. Unützer, W. Katon, J. Geyman, and E.A. Walker. 1999. The Treatment of Depression in a Rural Island Clinic. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice (in press).
126. Unützer, J., W. Katon, J. Russo, et al. 1999. Patterns of Care for Depressed Older Adults in a Large Staff Model HMO. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. (In press.)
127. Unützer, J., D.L. Patrick, G. Simon, et al. 1997. Depressive Symptoms and the Cost of Health Services in HMO Patients Aged 65 Years and Older. Journal of the American Medical Association 277:1618-23.
128. van Marwijk, H.W., P. Wallace, G.H. de-Bock, J. Hermans, A.A. Kaptein, and J.D. Mulder. 1995. Evaluation of the Feasibility, Reliability, and Diagnostic Value of Shortened Versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale. British Journal of General Practice 45: 195-9.
129. Von Korff, M., J. Gruman, J. Schaefer, S.J. Curry, and E.H. Wagner. 1998. Collaborative Management of Chronic Illness. Annals of Internal Medicine 127:1097-102.
130. Von Korff, M., W.J. Katon, T. Bush, et al. 1998. Treatment Costs, Cost Offset and Cost-Effectiveness of Collaborative Management of Depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 60:143-9.
131. Waxman, H.M., and E.A. Carner. 1984. Physicians' Recognition, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mental Disorders in Elderly Medical Patients. Gerontologist 24:593-7.
132. Wells, K.B. 1999a. The Design of Partners in Care: Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Improving Care for Depression in Primary Care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.
133. _. 1999b. Treatment Research at the Crossroads: The Scientific Interface of Clinical Trials and Effectiveness Research. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:5-10.
134. Wells, K.B., R.L. Hough, J.M. Golding, M.A. Burnam, and M. Karno. 1987. Which Mexican-Americans Underutilized Health Services? American Journal of Psychiatry 144:918-22.
135. Wiener, P., G.S. Alexopoulos, T. Kakuma, B.S. Meyers, E. Rosenthal, and J. Chester. 1997. The Limits of History Taking in Geriatric Depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 5:116-25.
136. Yesavage, J.A., T.L. Brink, O. Lum, et al. 1983. Development and Validation of a Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A Preliminary Report. Journal of Psychiatric Research 39:37-49.
137. Zisook, S., and S. Schuchter. 1996. Grief and Bereavement. In Comprehensive Review of Geriatric Psychiatry II, 2nd ed., eds. J. Sadavoy, S. Lazarus, L. Jarvik, G. Grossberg, 530. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
138. Zung, W.W., M. Magill, J.T. Moore, and D.T. George. 1983. Recognition and Treatment of Depression in a Family Practice. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44:3-6.