-
1
-
-
2642613104
-
-
note
-
2: = 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid; GSH = glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine); HEPES = N-[2-hydroxyethyl]-piperazine-N′-[2-ethanesulfonic acid]; Red = reductant; SOD = Superoxide dismutase; Trolox = 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid.
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
0343933987
-
-
For the recent review of the problem, see: (a) Cieślak-Golonka, M. Polyhedron 1996, 15, 3667-3689. (b) Kortenkamp, A.; Casadevall, M.; Da Cruz Fresco, P.; Shayer, R. O. J. NATO ASI Series, Ser. 2 1997, 26, 15-34. (c) Stearns, D. M.; Wetterhahn, K. E. NATO ASI Series, Ser. 2 1997, 26, 55-72, and references therein.
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, vol.15
, pp. 3667-3689
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Cieślak-Golonka, M.1
-
4
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0343933987
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For the recent review of the problem, see: (a) Cieślak-Golonka, M. Polyhedron 1996, 15, 3667-3689. (b) Kortenkamp, A.; Casadevall, M.; Da Cruz Fresco, P.; Shayer, R. O. J. NATO ASI Series, Ser. 2 1997, 26, 15-34. (c) Stearns, D. M.; Wetterhahn, K. E. NATO ASI Series, Ser. 2 1997, 26, 55-72, and references therein.
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NATO ASI Series, Ser. 2
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-
Kortenkamp, A.1
Casadevall, M.2
Da Cruz Fresco, P.3
Shayer, R.O.J.4
-
5
-
-
0343933987
-
-
and references therein
-
For the recent review of the problem, see: (a) Cieślak-Golonka, M. Polyhedron 1996, 15, 3667-3689. (b) Kortenkamp, A.; Casadevall, M.; Da Cruz Fresco, P.; Shayer, R. O. J. NATO ASI Series, Ser. 2 1997, 26, 15-34. (c) Stearns, D. M.; Wetterhahn, K. E. NATO ASI Series, Ser. 2 1997, 26, 55-72, and references therein.
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NATO ASI Series, Ser. 2
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Stearns, D.M.1
Wetterhahn, K.E.2
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7
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0024315866
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(a) Farrell, R. P.; Judd, R. J.; Lay, P. A.; Dixon, N. E.; Baker, R. S. U.; Bonin, A. M. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1989, 2, 227-229.
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Farrell, R.P.1
Judd, R.J.2
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Baker, R.S.U.5
Bonin, A.M.6
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8
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0343306336
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(b) Barr-David, G.; Hambley, T. W.; Irwin, J. A.; Judd, R. J.; Lay, P. A.; Martin, B. D.; Bramley, R.; Dixon, N. E.; Hendry, P.; Ji, J.-Y.; Baker, R. S. U.; Bonin, A. M. Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 4906-4908.
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Irwin, J.A.3
Judd, R.J.4
Lay, P.A.5
Martin, B.D.6
Bramley, R.7
Dixon, N.E.8
Hendry, P.9
Ji, J.-Y.10
Baker, R.S.U.11
Bonin, A.M.12
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9
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0031907785
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(c) Dillon, C. T.; Lay, P. A.; Bonin, A. M.; Cholewa, M.; Legge, G. J. F.; Collins, T. J.; Kostka, K. L. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1998, 11, 119-129.
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Legge, G.J.F.5
Collins, T.J.6
Kostka, K.L.7
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0001286638
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(a) Liu, K. J.; Shi, X.; Jiang, J.; Goda, F.; Dalal, N.; Swartz, H. M. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1996, 26, 176-184.
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0004729686
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(b) Liu, K. J.; Mader, K.; Shi, X. L.; Swartz, H. M. Magn. Res. Med. 1997, 38, 524-526.
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0029988654
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(b) Kortenkamp, A.; Casadevall, M.; Faux, S. P.; Jenner, A.; Shayer, R. O. J.; Woodbridge, N.; O'Brien, P. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1996, 329, 199-207.
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Shayer, R.O.J.5
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0024996899
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Kortenkamp, A.1
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16
-
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0031560937
-
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2 + DMPO systems, for example: (a) Liu, K. J.; Shi, X.; Dalal, N. S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997, 235, 54-58. However, analogous EPR signals can be observed due to the direct reactions of DMPO with Cr in high oxidation states: (b) Judd, R. J. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, 1992. (c) Sugden, K. D.; Wetterhahn, K. E. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 651-657.
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Liu, K.J.1
Shi, X.2
Dalal, N.S.3
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17
-
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2642614809
-
-
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney
-
2 + DMPO systems, for example: (a) Liu, K. J.; Shi, X.; Dalal, N. S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997, 235, 54-58. However, analogous EPR signals can be observed due to the direct reactions of DMPO with Cr in high oxidation states: (b) Judd, R. J. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, 1992. (c) Sugden, K. D.; Wetterhahn, K. E. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 651-657.
-
(1992)
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Judd, R.J.1
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18
-
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0001768212
-
-
2 + DMPO systems, for example: (a) Liu, K. J.; Shi, X.; Dalal, N. S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997, 235, 54-58. However, analogous EPR signals can be observed due to the direct reactions of DMPO with Cr in high oxidation states: (b) Judd, R. J. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, 1992. (c) Sugden, K. D.; Wetterhahn, K. E. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 651-657.
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Sugden, K.D.1
Wetterhahn, K.E.2
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19
-
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0000427811
-
-
and references therein
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2 reactions: (a) Dickman, M. H.; Pope, M. T. Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 569-584, and references therein. (b) Zhang, L.; Lay, P. A. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 1729-1733.
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Dickman, M.H.1
Pope, M.T.2
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20
-
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0001286650
-
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2 reactions: (a) Dickman, M. H.; Pope, M. T. Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 569-584, and references therein. (b) Zhang, L.; Lay, P. A. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 1729-1733.
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Zhang, L.1
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24
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Chen, F.; Ye, J.; Zhang, X.; Rojanasakul, Y.; Shi, X. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1997, 338, 165-172.
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Shi, X.5
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36
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0001522206
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Khomutov, N. E.; Konnik, E. I. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1974, 48, 620-625; English trans.: Rus. J. Phys. Chem. 1974, 48, 359-362.
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Zh. Fiz. Khim.
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Khomutov, N.E.1
Konnik, E.I.2
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37
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0001522206
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English trans.
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Khomutov, N. E.; Konnik, E. I. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1974, 48, 620-625; English trans.: Rus. J. Phys. Chem. 1974, 48, 359-362.
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Rus. J. Phys. Chem.
, vol.48
, pp. 359-362
-
-
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38
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2642646529
-
-
note
-
5a,b
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
0001500712
-
-
Generation, stability and UV-visible spectra of Cr(IV)-ehba complexes are described in the following: (a) Ghosh, M. C.; Gould, E. S. Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 491-494. (b) Codd, R.; Lay, P. A.; Levina, A. Inorg. Chem. 1997, 36, 5440-5448.
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(1991)
Inorg. Chem.
, vol.30
, pp. 491-494
-
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Ghosh, M.C.1
Gould, E.S.2
-
41
-
-
0001017299
-
-
Generation, stability and UV-visible spectra of Cr(IV)-ehba complexes are described in the following: (a) Ghosh, M. C.; Gould, E. S. Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 491-494. (b) Codd, R.; Lay, P. A.; Levina, A. Inorg. Chem. 1997, 36, 5440-5448.
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Inorg. Chem.
, vol.36
, pp. 5440-5448
-
-
Codd, R.1
Lay, P.A.2
Levina, A.3
-
42
-
-
2642619680
-
-
note
-
2 consumption experiments.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
2642608917
-
-
note
-
2) did not change in the presence of 1.0 mM of Cr(VI), Cr(V), or Cr(IV) (pH = 7.0-7.5).
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
0003530402
-
-
Longmans, Green and Co.; London, U.K.
-
Vogel, A. I. Text-Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. Theory and Practice, 2nd ed.; Longmans, Green and Co.; London, U.K., 1953; pp 348-349.
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(1953)
Text-Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. Theory and Practice, 2nd Ed.
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-
-
Vogel, A.I.1
-
48
-
-
0013061384
-
-
Applied Photophysics Ltd.: Leatherhead, U.K.
-
Pro-Kineticist, Version 4.10; Applied Photophysics Ltd.: Leatherhead, U.K., 1996.
-
(1996)
Pro-Kineticist, Version 4.10
-
-
-
52
-
-
0141845879
-
-
Bruker-Franzen Analytic GmbH.: Bremen, Germany
-
WIN-EPR, Version 921201; Bruker-Franzen Analytic GmbH.: Bremen, Germany, 1996.
-
(1996)
WIN-EPR, Version 921201
-
-
-
53
-
-
2642606465
-
-
note
-
2 consumptions were observed for the Cr(VI/V/IV) + buffer systems.
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
2642705294
-
-
note
-
Preliminary kinetic experiments have shown that the rates of Cr(V) reactions with catalase, SOD, or DMPO under the studied conditions were insignificant in comparison with those for the Cr(V) + Cys reaction.
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
2642675544
-
-
note
-
4.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
2642701999
-
-
note
-
0 = 25 mM.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
0013062340
-
-
0 ratios, these reactions possessed autocatalytic behavior: (a) Ghosh, S. K.; Bose, R. N.; Gould, E. S. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 3722-3727. (b) Ghosh, S. K.; Bose, R. N.; Gould, E. S. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 2684-2687. However, autocatalysis was not observed under the conditions used in this work.
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Ghosh, S.K.1
Bose, R.N.2
Gould, E.S.3
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59
-
-
0002714684
-
-
However, autocatalysis was not observed under the conditions used in this work
-
0 ratios, these reactions possessed autocatalytic behavior: (a) Ghosh, S. K.; Bose, R. N.; Gould, E. S. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 3722-3727. (b) Ghosh, S. K.; Bose, R. N.; Gould, E. S. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 2684-2687. However, autocatalysis was not observed under the conditions used in this work.
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Inorg. Chem.
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, pp. 2684-2687
-
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Ghosh, S.K.1
Bose, R.N.2
Gould, E.S.3
-
60
-
-
2642702892
-
-
note
-
26,31 The simplest kinetic schemes, applied here (Table 2), do not reflect true mechanisms of these reactions. The kinetic data (17-20 in Table 2) are given only for comparison with the reactions in the presence of Red (1-16 in Table 2).
-
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61
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36749109374
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Dalal, N. S.; Millar, J. M.; Jagadeesh, M. S.; Seehra, M. S. J. Chem. Phys. 1981, 74, 1916-1923.
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Seehra, M.S.4
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62
-
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0000751059
-
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The use of the relatively stable Cr(V) and Cr(IV) complexes mimics intracellular conditions, where Cr(V/IV) species are likely to be stabilized by complexation with a variety of ligands, including carbohydrates and 2-hydroxycarboxylates (Barr-David, G.; Bramley, R.; Brumby, S.; Charara, M.; Codd, R.; Farrell, R. P.; Hanson G. R.; Irwin, J. A.; Ji, J.-Y.; Lay, P. A. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1995, 91, 1207-1216).
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Barr-David, G.1
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Farrell, R.P.6
Hanson, G.R.7
Irwin, J.A.8
Ji, J.-Y.9
Lay, P.A.10
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63
-
-
2642646528
-
-
note
-
26b however, application of the stopped-flow technique in the current work allowed to obtain definitive evidence for their existence. The equilibrium (eq 2) is probably achieved within a deadtime of the stopped-flow experiment.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
2642641606
-
-
note
-
26b
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
0001756341
-
-
12 and complexes with Trolox oxidation product, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,5,6-trimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2,5-cyclohexadienyl)butanoic acid (Dalla-Pozza, A.-M. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, University of Sydney, 1996).
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Kitagawa, S.1
Seki, H.2
Kametani, F.3
Sakurai, H.4
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66
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0001756341
-
-
12 and
-
12 and complexes with Trolox oxidation product, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,5,6-trimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2,5-cyclohexadienyl)butanoic acid (Dalla-Pozza, A.-M. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, University of Sydney, 1996).
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
0001756341
-
-
B.Sc. Honours Thesis, University of Sydney
-
12 and (c) complexes with Trolox oxidation product, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,5,6-trimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2,5-cyclohexadienyl)butanoic acid (Dalla-Pozza, A.-M. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, University of Sydney, 1996).
-
(1996)
-
-
Dalla-Pozza, A.-M.1
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69
-
-
2642614807
-
-
Since all the reductants used possess a number of potential donor groups (see Scheme 2), such mixtures of Cr(V/IV) species may be very complex
-
Since all the reductants used possess a number of potential donor groups (see Scheme 2), such mixtures of Cr(V/IV) species may be very complex.
-
-
-
-
70
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0002426946
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Seib, P. A., Tobbert, B. M., Eds.; Advances in Chemistry Series, American Chemical Society: New York
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Bielski, B. H. J. In Ascorbic Acid: Chemistry, Metabolism and Uses; Seib, P. A., Tobbert, B. M., Eds.; Advances in Chemistry Series, American Chemical Society: New York, 1982; Vol. 200, pp 81-99.
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72
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2642618065
-
-
note
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52,53 This is because the applied kinetic schemes (Table 2) did not take into account the second-order disproportionation reactions of the anionradicals (eq 17 in Scheme 2).
-
-
-
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74
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0003540367
-
-
The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, U.K.
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Further slow oxidation of DHAA leads to degradation products, such as 2,3-diketogulonic acid: Davies, M. B.; Austin, J.; Partridge, D. A. Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, U.K., 1991; pp 66-73, 115-146.
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Lay, P.A.6
Sangster, D.F.7
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76
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0028354494
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This reaction (eq 18) may be related to the formation of carbon-based radicals during the Cr(VI) + AsA reactions, observed in EPR experiments with the spin trap DMPO (Stearns, D. M.; Wetterhahn, K. E. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1994, 7, 219-230). Preliminary EPR experiments in the presence of DMPO led to similar EPR signals in the reactions of Cr(VI) or Cr(V) with AsA (pH 7.5); however, no EPR signals were observed for the Cr(IV) + AsA + DMPO reactions (Levina, A., unpublished results).
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Wilkinson, G., Gillard, R. D., McCleverty, J. A., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, U.K.
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Two weak absorbance maxima in visible range (400-450 nm and 550-600 nm) are characteristic for octahedral Cr(III) complexes in aqueous solutions (Larkworthy, L. F.; Nolan, K. B.; O'Brien, P. In Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry; Wilkinson, G., Gillard, R. D., McCleverty, J. A., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, U.K., 1987; Vol. 3, pp 699-969).
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Dillon, C. T.; Lay, P. A.; Cholewa, M.; Legge, G. J. F.; Bonin, A. M.; Collins, T. J.; Kostka, K. L.; Shea-McCarthy, G. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1997, 10, 533-535.
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(1997)
Chem. Res. Toxicol.
, vol.10
, pp. 533-535
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Dillon, C.T.1
Lay, P.A.2
Cholewa, M.3
Legge, G.J.F.4
Bonin, A.M.5
Collins, T.J.6
Kostka, K.L.7
Shea-McCarthy, G.8
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91
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2642613946
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note
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4, 37 °C).
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92
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2642673880
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note
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73.
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