Mechanisms of therapeutic activity for gallium

Pharmacological Reviews

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 665-682

  Bernstein, Lawrence R ^a  

^a GeoMed Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FERRIC ION; GALLIUM;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS; DOSE TIME EFFECT RELATION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNOMODULATION; INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT; METAL BINDING; OSTEOLYSIS; PARATHYROID FUNCTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; BONE AND BONES; CELL DIVISION; FORECASTING; GALLIUM; HUMANS; MITOSIS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0032445152     PISSN: 00316997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Adamson RH, Canellos GP and Sieber SM (1975) Studies on the antitumor activity of gallium nitrate (NSC-15200) and other group IIIa metal salts. Cancer Chemother Rept 59:599-610.
2. Adelman RJ, Jones KW, Donnelly R, Wright TM and Bockman RS (1990) Gallium localization and effect on mechanical bone strength (abstract). Trans Ann. Meet Orthop Res Soc 15:415.
3. Apseloff G, Leroy B, Weisbrode SE, Collins J, Gerber N and Mull D (1996) Gallium nitrate ameliorates asthma in B6D2F1/J mice (abstract). FASEB J 10:A441.
4. Baes CF Jr and Mesmer RE (1976) The Hydrolysis of Cations, Wiley, New York.
5. Bellido T, Girasole G, Jilka RL, Crabb D and Manolagas SC (1993) Demonstration of androgen receptors in bone marrow stromal cells and their role in the regulation of transcription from the human interIeukin-6 (IL-6) gene promoter (abstract). J Bone Miner Res 8:S131.
6. Bennett R and Kokocinski T (1978) Lactoferrin content of peripheral blood cells. Br J Haematol 39:509-521.
7. Berggren MM, Burns LA, Abraham RT and Powis G (1993) Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases by the antitumor agent gallium nitrate. Cancer Res 53: 1862-1866.
8. Bernstein LR and Bockman RS (1988) EXAFS and XANES spectroscopy of gallium and calcium in bone and related materials. Programs Abs Materials Res Soc Fall Meeting, Boston, Nov. 1988, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh.
9. Berry J-P (1996) The role of lysosomes in the selective concentration of mineral elements, a microanalytical study. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand) 42:395-411.
10. Birgens HS (1991) The interaction of lactoferrin with human macrophages. Dan Med Bull 38:244-252.
11. Blair HC, Teitelbaum SL, Tan H-L and Schlesinger PH (1992) Reversible inhibition of osteoclastic activity by bone-bound gallium (III). J Cell Biochem 48:401-410.
12. Blumenthal NC and Cosma V (1989) The effect of aluminum and gallium ions on the mineralization process. Bull Hasp Jt Dis Orthop Inst 49:192-204.
13. Bockman RS (1991) Studies on the mechanism of action of gallium nitrate. Semin Oncol 18(Suppl 5):21-25.
14. Bockman RS and Bosco B (1994) Treatment of patients with advanced Paget's disease of bone with two cycles of gallium nitrate. Semin Arthritis Rheum 23:268-269.
15. Bockman RS, Boskey AL, Blumenthal NC, Alcock NW and Warrell RP Jr (1986) Gallium increases bone calcium and crystalline perfection of hydroxyapatite. Calcif Tissue Int 39:376-381.
16. Bockman RS, Guidon PT Jr, Pan LC, Salvatori R and Kawaguchi A (1993) Gallium nitrate increases Type I collagen and fibronectin mRNA and collagen protein levels in bone and fibroblast cells. J Cell Biochem 62:396-403.
17. Bockman RS, Repo MA, Warrell RP Jr, Pounds JG, Schidlovsky G, Gordon BM and Jones KW (1990) Distribution of trace levels of therapeutic gallium in bone as mapped by synchrotron x-ray microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:4149-4153.
18. Bockman RS, Warrell RP Jr, Bosco B, Weinerman S and Lane J (1989) Treatment of Paget's disease of bone with low dose subcutaneous gallium nitrate (abstract). J Bone Miner Res 4:S167.
19. Bockman RS, Wilhelm F, Sins E, Singer F, Chausmer A, Bitton R, Kotler J, Bosco BJ, Eyre DR and Levenson D: A multicenter trial of low dose gallium nitrate in patients with advanced Paget's disease of bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:595-602.
20. Bouissou H, Maurel E, Oustrin M, Dabernat H and Sorbara R (1973) Action du sulfate de gallium sur L'immunité cellulaire. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci Ser D Sci Nat 276:2915-2918.
21. Brittenham GM (1991) Disorders of iron metabolism: iron deficiency and overload, in Hematology, Basic Principles and Practice (Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Shattil SJ, Furie B and Cohen HJ eds) pp 327-349, Churchill Livingstone, New York.
22. Brock JH (1981) The effect of iron and transferrin on the response of serum-free cultures of mouse lymphocytes to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide. Immunology 43:387-392.
23. Brock JH and Mainou-Fowler T (1983) The role of iron and transferrin in lymphocyte transformation. Immunol Today 4:347-351.
24. 2+ and other ions as extracellular (first) messengers. Physiol Rev 71:371-411.
25. 2+-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature (Lond.) 366:575-580.
26. 67. Radiology 61:602-611.
27. 72 in rats. Radiology 61:555-570.
28. Byrd TF and Horwitz MA (1993) Regulation of transferrin receptor expression and ferritin content in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Clin Med 91:969-976.
29. Camargo EE, Wagner HN Jr and Tsan MF (1979) Studies of gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions: IV-Kinetics of accumulation and role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the distribution of gallium in experimental inflammatory exudate. Nucl Med 19:147-150.
30. Chitambar CR, Matthaeus WG, Antholine WE, Graff K and O'Brien WJ (1988) Inhibition of leukemic HL60 cell growth by transferrin-gallium: Effects on ribonucleotide reductase and demonstration of drug synergy with hydroxyurea. Blood 72:1930-1936.
31. Chitambar CR, Narasimhan J, Guy J, Sem DS and O'Brien WJ (1991) Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by gallium in murine leukemic L1210 cells. Cancer Res 51:6199-6201.
32. Chitambar CR and Sax D (1992) Regulatory effects of gallium on transferrinindependent iron uptake by human leukemic HL60 cells. Blood 80:505-511.
33. Chitambar CR, Seigneuret MC, Matthaeus WG and Lum LG (1989) Modulation of lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin production by transferrin-gallium. Cancer Res 49:1125-1129.
34. Chitambar CR and Seligman PA (1986) Effects of different transferrin forms on transferrin receptor expression, iron uptake and cellular proliferation on human leukemic HL60 cells. J Clin Invest 78:1538-1546.
35. Chitambar CR, Zahir SA, Ritch PS and Andersen T (1997) Evaluation of continuousinfusion gallium nitrate and hydroxyurea in combination for the treatment of refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Clin Oncol 20:173-178.
36. Chitambar CR and Zivkovic Z (1987) Uptake of gallium-67 by human leukemic cells: Demonstration of transferrin receptor-dependent and transferrin-independent mechanisms. Cancer Res 4:3929-3934.
37. Crichton RR and Charloteaux-Wauters M (1987) Iron transport and storage. Eur J Biochem 164:485-506.
38. Christoffersen MR, Thyregod HC and Christoffersen J (1987) Effects of aluminum(III), chromium(III) and iron(III) on the rate of dissolution of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in the absence and presence of the chelating agent desferrioxamine. Calcif Tissue Int 41:27-30.
39. 67Ga binding to human serum proteins and tumor components. Cancer Res 34:1931-1937.
40. Collery P, Millart H, Ferrand O, Jouet JB, Dubois JP, Barthes G, Pourny C, Pechery C, Choisy H, Cattan A, Dubois de Montreynaud JM and Etienne JC (1989) Clinical pharmacology of gallium chloride after oral administration in lung cancer patients. Anticancer Res 9:353-356.
41. Collery P, Millart H, Simoneau JP, Pluot M, Halpern S, Vistelle R, Lamiable D, Choisy H, Coudoux P and Etienne JC (1984) Selective uptake of gallium administered orally, as chloride, by tumor cells, in Proceedings of the 13 International Congress of Chemotherapy, Vienna, Sept. 1983, part 284, pp 35-43, H. Egermann, Vienna.
42. Crawford ED, Saiers JH, Baker LH, Costanzi JH and Bokowski RM (1991) Gallium nitrate in advanced bladder carcinoma: Southwest Oncology Group study. Urology 38:355-357.
43. Deckner K, Schomerus P, Becker G, Hornung G and Schmidt CG (1971) The distribution of 67Gallium in ascites tumor cells. Life Sci 10:1141-1145.
44. Delbarre F and Rabaud M (1976) Prévention, chez le rat, de la polyarthrite expérimentale à adjuvant, par en sel de gallium. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci Ser D Sci Nat 283:1469-1472.
45. Djeha A and Brock JH (1992) Uptake and intracellular handling of iron from transferrin and iron chelates by mitogen stimulated mouse lymphocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1133:147-152.
46. Donnelly R, Bockman RS, Doty SB and Boskey AL (1991) Bone particles from gallium-treated rats are resistant to resorption in vivo. Bone Miner 12:167-179.
47. Donnelly R and Boskey A (1989) The effect of gallium on seeded hydroxyapatite growth. Calcif Tissue Int 44:138-142.
48. Drobyski WR, Ul-Haq R, Majewski D and Chitambar CR (1996) Modulation of in vitro and in vivo T-cell responses by transferrin-gallium and gallium nitrate. Blood 88:3056-3064.
49. Ducy P, Desbois C, Boyce B, Pinero G, Story B, Dunstan C, Smith E, Bonadio J, Goldstein S, Gundberg C, Bradley A and Karsenty G (1996) Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice. Nature (Lond.) 382:448-452.
50. 72) in proliferating tissues. Radiology 55:571-578.
51. Dudley HC and Levine MD (1949) Studies of the toxic action of gallium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 95:487-493.
52. 72) in skeletal tissues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 96:224-227.
53. Dudley HC and Marrer HH (1952) Studies of the metabolism of gallium III Deposition in and clearance from bone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 106:129-134.
54. Dymov AM and Savostin AP (1970) Analytical Chemistry of Gallium. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor.
55. Einhorn LH, Roth BJ, Ansari R, Dreicer R, Gonin R and Loehrer PJ (1994) Phase II trial of vinblastine, ifosfamide and gallium combination chemotherapy in metastatic urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 12:2271-2276.
56. Emery T and Hoffer P (1980) Siderophore-mediated mechanism of gallium-uptake demonstrated in the microorganism Ustilago sphaerogena. J Nucl Med 21:935-939.
57. 67Ga citrate distribution in patients following multiple red blood cell transfusions. Am J Radial 139:755-759.
58. Engström Y, Eriksson S, Jildevik I, Skog S, Thelander L and Tribukait B (1985) Cell cycle-dependent expression of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase. J Biol Chem 260:9114-9116.
59. Feremans W, Bujan W, Neve P, Delville J-P and Schandene L (1991) CD71 phenotype and the value of gallium imaging in lymphomas. Am J Hematol 36:215-216.
60. Flynn JO, Serreze DV, Gerber N and Leiter EH (1992) Chronic treatment of prediabetic non obese diabetic mice with gallium nitrate protected against the development of diabetes (abstract). Diabetes 41:38A.
61. Foster BJ, Clagett-Carr K, Hoth D and Leyland-Jones B (1986) Gallium nitrate: The second metal with clinical activity. Cancer Treat Rep 70:1311-1319.
62. Gatter KG, Brown G, Trowbridge IS, Woolston R and Mason DY (1983) Transferrin receptors in human tissues: Their distribution and possible clinical relevance. J Clin Pathol 36:539-545.
63. Ghio AJ, Piantadosi CA and Crumbliss AL (1997) Hypothesis: Iron chelation plays a vital role in neutrophilic inflammation. Biometals 10:135-142.
64. Girasole G, Jilka RL, Passen G, Boswell S, Boder G, Williams DC and Manolagas SC (1992) 17β-estradiol inhibits interleukin-6 production by bone marrow-derived stromal cells and osteobalsts in vitro: A potential mechanism for the antiosteoporotic effect of estrogens. J Clin Invest 89:883-891.
65. Green MA and Welch MJ (1989) Gallium radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Nucl Med Biol 16:435-448.
66. Grey A, Mitnick M, Manolagas SC, Jilka RL and Insogna K (1997) Interleukin-6 mediates PTH-induced bone resorption in vivo (abstract). J Bone Miner Res 12: S112.
67. Guidon PT Jr and Bockman RS (1990) Iron, zinc and gallium regulate transcription of the osteocalcin gene in an osteoblastic cell line (abstract). Clin Res 38:328A.
68. Guidon PT, Salvatori R and Bockman RS (1991) Cellular activity of gallium nitrate appears independent of the transferrin-transport system (abstract). J Bone Miner Res 6:S83.
69. Guidon PT Jr, Salvatori R and Bockman RS (1993) Gallium nitrate regulates rat osteoblast expression of osteocalcin protein and mRNA levels. J Bone Miner Res 8:103-112.
70. Hall TJ and Chambers TJ (1990) Gallium inhibits bone resorption by a direct effect on osteoclasts. Bone Miner 8:211-216.
71. Hancock RD and Marsicano F (1980) Parametric correlation of formation constants in aqueous solution: 2-Ligands with large donor atoms. Inorg Chem 19:2709-2714.
72. Harris WR (1986) Thermodynamics of gallium complexation by human lactoferrin. Biochemistry 25:803-808.
73. Harris WR and Pecoraro VL (1983) Thermodynamic binding constants for gallium transferrin. Biochemistry 22:292-299.
74. Hart MM, Smith CF, Yancey ST and Adamson RH (1971) Toxicity and antitumor activity of gallium nitrate and periodically related metal salts. J Natl Cancer Inst 47:1121-1127.
75. Hedley DW, Tripp EH, Slowiaczek P and Mann GJ (1988) Effect of gallium on DNA synthesis by human T-cell lymphoblasts. Cancer Res 48:3014-3018.
76. Ho DH, Lin JR, Brown NS and Newman RA (1990) Bioavailability of gallium nitrate. Eur J Pharmacol 183:1200.
77. Hoffer P (1980) Gallium and infection. J Nucl Med 21:484-488.
78. Hoyland JA, Freemont AJ and Sharpe PT (1994) Interleukin-6, IL-6 receptor and IL-6 nuclear factor gene expression in Paget's disease. J Bone Miner Res 9:75-80.
79. Huang EH, Gabler DM, Krecic ME, Gerber N, Ferguson RM and Orosz CG (1994) Differential effects of gallium nitrate on T lymphocyte and endothelial cell activation. Transplantation 58:1216-1222.
80. Huebers HA and Finch CA (1987) The physiology of transferrin and transferrin receptors. Physiol Rev 67:520-582.
81. Huheey JE, Keiter EA and Keiter RL (1993) Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, ed 4, HarperCollins, New York.
82. Jackson GE and Byrne MJ (1996) Metal ion speciation in blood plasma: Gallium67-citrate and MRI contrast agents. J Nucl Med 37:379-386.
83. Jenis LG, Waud CE, Stein GS, Lian JB and Baran DT (1993) Effect of gallium nitrate in vitro and in normal rats. J Cell Biochem 52:330-336.
84. Kasai K, Hori MT and Goodman WG (1990) Characterization of the transferrin receptor in UMR-106-01 osteoblast-like cells. Endocrinology 126:1742-1749.
85. Kerr JA (1996) Strengths of chemical bonds, in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Lide DR ed) ed 77, pp 9-51-9-73, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
86. Klein B, Wijdenes J, Zhang X-G, Jourdan M, Boiron J-M, Brochier J, Liautard J, Merlin M, Clement C, Morel-Fournier B, Lu Z-Y, Mannoni P, Sany J and Bataille R (1991) Murine anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody therapy for a patient with plasma cell leukemia. Blood 78:1198-1204.
87. Kovar J, Seligman P and Gelfand EW (1990) Differential growth-inhibitory effects of gallium on B-lymphocyte lines in high versus low iron concentrations. Cancer Res 50:5727-5730.
88. Krakoff IH, Newman RA and Goldberg RS (1979) Clinical toxicologic and pharmacologic studies of gallium nitrate. Cancer 44:1722-1727.
89. Krecic ME, Shepard DR, Apseloff G, Weisbrode SE and Gerber N (1995) Gallium nitrate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in BALB/C mice (abstract). FASEB J 9:A944.
90. 3+ binding. Biochemistry 32:3387-3395.
91. Lakatos P, Tatrai A and Stem PH (1992) Effects of gallium nitrate on calcium transients in UMR-106 rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells. Bone 13:379-386.
92. Larson SM and Hoffer PB (1978) Normal patterns of localization, in Gallium-67 Imaging (Hoffer PB, Bekennan C and Henkin RE eds) pp 3-38, Wiley, New York.
93. Larson SM, Rasey JS, Alien DR, Nelson NJ, Grunbaum Z, Harp GD and Williams DL (1980) Common pathway for tumor cell uptake of gallium-67 and iron-59 via a transferrin receptor. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:41-53.
94. Larson SM and Schall GL (1971) Gallium 67 concentration in human breast milk. JAMA (J Am Med Assoc) 218:257.
95. Lentle BC, Penney H and Ensslen RA (1984) Generalized increase in uptake of gallium-67 in bone. Semin Nucl Med 14:143-145.
96. Levaditi C, Bardet J, Tchakirian A and Vaisman A (1931) Le gallium, propriétés thérapeutiques dans la syphilis et les trypanosomiases expérimentales. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci Ser D Sci Nat 192:1142-1143.
97. Levay PF and Viljoen M (1995) Lactofemn: A general review. Haematotogica 80: 252-267.
98. 2- microglobulinuria. Cancer Treat Rep 67:941-942.
99. Lobanoff MC, Kozhich AT, Mullet DI, Gerber N, Gery I, Chan C-C and Whitcup SM (1997) Effect of gallium nitrate on experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res 65:797-801.
100. 59Fe in humans. Int J Nucl Med Biol 8:271-276.
101. Makkonen N, Hirvonen M-R, Savolainen K, Lapinjoki S and Mönkkönen J (1995) The effect of free gallium and gallium in liposomes on cytokine and nitric acid secretion from macrophage-like cells in vitro. Inflamm Res 44:523-528.
102. Malone JD, Teitelbaum SL, Griffin GL, Senio RM and Kahn AJ (1982) Recruitment of osteoclast precursors by purified bone matrix constituents. J Cell Biol 92:227-230.
103. Manolagas S, Bellido T and Jilka RL (1995) New insights into the cellular, biochemical and molecular basis of postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis: Roles of IL-6 and gp 130. Int J Immunopharmacol 17:109-116.
104. Martell AE and Hancock RD (1996) Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solution, Plenum Press, New York.
105. Masson PL, Heremans JF and Dive C (1966) An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clin Chim Acta 14:735-739.
106. Masson PL, Heremans JF and Schonne E (1969) Lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein in neutrophilic leukocytes. J Exp Med 130:643-658.
107. Matkovic V, Balboa A, Clinchot D, Whitacre C, Zwilling B, Brown D, Weisbrode SE, Apseloff G and Gerber N (1991) Gallium prevents adjuvant arthritis in rats and interferes with macrophage/T-cell function in the immune response. Curr Ther Res 50:255-267.
108. Maurel E (1973) Recherches sur les propriétés toxicologiques et biologiques du sulfate de gallium; action sur L'immunité cellulaire [doctoral thesis]. Toulouse, France, L'université Paul Sabatier.
109. McCall IW, Sheppard H, Haddaway M, Park WM and Ward DJ (1983) Gallium 67 scanning in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Radial 56:241-243.
110. McSheehy PMJ and Chambers TJ (1986) Osteoblastic cells mediate osteoclastic responsiveness to parathyroid hormone. Endocrinology 118:824-828.
111. Menon S, Wagner HN Jr and Tsan MF (1978) Studies on gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions: II-Uptake by Staphylococcus aureus: Concise communication. J Nucl Med 19:44-47.
112. Mills EG, Masuoka LS, Graham CC Jr, Singer FR and Waxman AD (1988) Gallium-67 citrate localization in osteoclast nuclei of Paget's disease of bone. J Nucl Med 29:1083-1087.
113. Mullet D, Bian X, Cox GW, Zaveri N, Gerber N and Fertel RH (1995) Gallium nitrate inhibits nitric acid production by activated ANA-1 macrophages (abstract). FASEB J 9:A944.
114. Mundy GR and Poser JW (1983) Chemotactic activity of γ-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein in bone. Calcif Tissue Int 3:164-168.
115. Narasimhan J, Antholine WE and Chitambar CR (1992) Effect of gallium on the tyrosyl radical of the iron-dependent M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. Biochem Pharmacol 44:2403-2408.
116. Nelson B, Hayes RL, Edwards CL, Kniseley RM and Andrews GA (1972) Distribution of gallium in human tissues after intravenous administration. J Nucl Med 13:92-100.
117. Newman RA, Brody AR and Krakoff IH (1979) Gallium nitrate (NSC-15200) induced toxicity in the rat: A pharmacologic, histopathologic and microanalytical investigation. Cancer 44:1728-1740.
118. Olakanmi O, Britigan BE and Schlesinger LS (1997) Gallium inhibits growth of pathogenic mycobacteria in human macrophages by disruption of bacterial iron metabolism: A new therapy for tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex (abstract)? J Invest Med 45:234A.
119. Olakanmi O, Stokes JB and Britigan BE (1994) Acquisition of iron bound to low molecular weight chelates by human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Immunol 153:2691-2703.
120. Orosz CG, Wakely E, Bergese SD, Vanbuskirk AM, Ferguson RM, Mullet D, Apseloff G and Gerber N (1996) Prevention of murine cardiac allograft rejection with gallium nitrate. Transplantation 61:783-791.
121. Orosz CG, Wakely E, Sedmak DD, Bergese SD and VanBuskirk AM (1997) Prolonged murine cardiac allograft acceptance: Characteristics of persistent active alloimmunity after treatment with gallium nitrate versus anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. Transplantation 63:1109-1117.
122. Pearson RG (1967) Hard and soft acids and bases. Chem Brit 3:103-107.
123. Pearson RG (1988) Absolute electronegativity and hardness: Application to inorganic chemistry. Inorg Chem 27:734-740.
124. Radunovié A, Ueda F, Raja KB, Simpson RJ, Templar J, King SJ, Lilley JS, Day JP and Bradbury MWB (1997) Uptake of 26-Al and 67-Ga into brain and other tissues of normal and hypotransferrinaemic mice. Biometals 10:185-191.
125. Rasey JS, Nelson NJ and Larson SM (1982) Tumor cell toricity of stable gallium nitrate: Enhancement by transferrin and protection by iron. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 18:661-668.
126. Repo MA, Bockman RS, Betts F, Boskey AL, Alcock NW and Warrell RP Jr (1988) Effect of gallium on mineral properties. Calcif Tissue Int 43:300-306.
127. Ridefelt P, Gylfe E, Akerstrom G and Rastad J (1995) Effects of the antihypercalcemic drugs gallium nitrate and pamidronate on hormone release of pathologic human parathyroid cells. Surgery 117:56-61.
128. 2+ receptor of the parathyroid cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 186:556-561.
129. Roodman GD (1996) Paget's disease and osteoclast biology. Bone 19:209-212.
130. Roodman GD, Kurihara N, Ohsaki Y, Kukita A, Hosking D, Demulder A, Smith JF and Singer FR: Interleukin 6, a potential autocrine/paracrine factor in Paget's disease of bone. J Clin Invest 89:46-52.
131. + ATPase by bone-bound gallium (abstract). J Bone Miner Res 6:S127.
132. 3+-citrate complexes. Eur J Nucl Med 11:345-349.
133. Segre GV and Brown EM (1996) Secretion, circulating heterogeneity and metabolism of parathyroid hormone, in Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism (Favus MJ ed) pp 63-67, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia.
134. Seidman AD, Scher HI, Heinemann MH, Bajorin DF, Sternberg CN, Dershaw DD, Silverberg M and Bosl GJ (1991) Continuous infusion gallium nitrate for patients with advanced refractory urothelial tract tumors. Cancer 68:2561-2565.
135. Seligman PA, Kovar J and Gelfand EW (1992) Lymphocyte proliferation is controlled by both iron availability and regulation of iron uptake pathways. Pathobiology 60:19-26.
136. Shannon RD (1976) Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Ada Crystallographies A32:751-767.
137. Smith RM and Martell AE (1976) Critical Stability Constants, vol 4, Plenum Press, New York.
138. Sohn M-H, Jones BJ, Whiting JH Jr, Datz FL, Lynch RE and Morton KA (1993) Distribution of gallium-67 in normal and hypotransferrinemic tumor-bearing mice. JNud Med 34:2135-2143.
139. Stern LS, Matkovic V, Weisbrode SE, Apseloff G, Shepard DR, Mays DC and Gerber N (1994) The effects of gallium nitrate on osteopenia induced by ovariectomy and a low-calcium diet in rats. Bone Miner 25:59-69.
140. Swartzendruber DC, Nelson B and Hayes RL (1971) Gallium-67 localization in lysosomal-Iike granules of leukemic and non-leukemic murine tissues. J Natl Cancer Inst 46:941-952.
141. Taylor MJ and Brothers PJ (1993) Inorganic derivatives of the elements, in Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium (Downs AJ ed) pp 111-247, Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
142. Tsan MF (1985) Mechanism of gallium-67 accumulation in inflammatory lesions. J Nucl Med 26:88-92.
143. Tsuchiya Y, Nakao A, Komatsu T, Yamamoto M and Shimokata K (1992) Relationship between gallium 67 citrate scanning and transferrin receptor expression in lung diseases. Chest 102:530-534.
144. Tuck DG (1993) The coordination and solution chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium, in Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium (Downs AJ ed) pp 430-473, Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
145. Ul-Haq R, Wereley JP and Chitambar CR (1995) Induction of apoptosis by iron deprivation in human leukemic CCRF-CEM cells. Exp Hematol 23:428-432.
146. Vallabhajosula SR, Harwig JF, Siemsen JK and Wolf W (1980) Radiogallium localization in tumors: Blood binding and transport and the role of transferrin. J Nucl Med 21:650-656.
147. Vistelle R, Collery P and Millart H (1989) In vivo distribution of gallium in healthy rats after oral administration and its interaction with Fe, Mg and Ca. Trace Elem Med 6:27-32.
148. Warrell RP Jr (1995) Gallium for treatment of bone disease, in Handbook of MetalLigand Interactions in Biological Fluids, Bioinorganic Medicine (Berthon G ed) vol 2, pp 1253-1265, Marcel Dekker, New York.
149. Warrell RP Jr, Alcock NW and Bockman RS (1987a) Gallium nitrate inhibits bone turnover in patients with bone metastases. J Clin Oncol 5:292-298.
150. Warrell RP Jr and Bockman RS (1989) Gallium in the treatment of hypercalcemia and bone metastasis, in Important Advances in Oncology 1989 (DeVita VT, Hellman S and Rosenberg SA eds) pp 205-220, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.
151. Warrell RP Jr, Bockman RS, Coonley CJ, Isaacs M and Staszewski H (1984) Gallium nitrate inhibits calcium resorption from bone and is effective treatment for cancerrelated hypercalcemia. J Clin Invest 73:1487-1490.
152. Warrell RP Jr, Bockman RS and Israel R (1987b) Gallium nitrate for malignant osteolysis: In vitro and clinical effects on parathyroid hormone (abstract). Clin Res 35:529A.
153. Warrell RP Jr, Coonley CJ, Straus DJ and Young CW (1983) Treatment of patients with advanced malignant lymphoma using gallium nitrate administered as a seven-day continuous infusion. Cancer 51:1982-1987.
154. Warrell RP Jr, Isaacs M, Alcock NW and Bockman RS (1987c) Gallium nitrate for treatment of refractory hypercalcemia from parathyroid carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 107:683-686.
155. Warrell RP Jr, Isaacs M, Coonley CJ, Alcock NW and Bockman RS (1985) Metabolic effects of gallium nitrate administered by prolonged infusion. Cancer Treat Rep 69:653-655.
156. Warrell RP Jr, Lovett D, Dilmanian FA, Schneider R and Heelan RT (1993) Low-dose gallium nitrate for prevention of osteolysis in myeloma: Results of a pilot randomized study. J Clin Oncol 11:2443-2450.
157. Warrell RP Jr, Skelos A, Alcock NW and Bockman RS (1986) Gallium nitrate for acute treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia: Clinicopharmacological and dose-response analysis. Cancer Res 48:4208-4212.
158. Weik JK, Stephens RL, Baker LH and Jones SE (1983) Gallium nitrate in malignant lymphoma: A Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer Treat Rep 67:823-825.
159. Weiner RE (1989) Role of phosphate-containing compounds in the transfer of indium111 and gallium-67 from transferrin to ferritin. J Nucl Med 30:70-79.
160. Weiner RE (1996) The mechanism of 67Ga localization in malignant disease. Nucl Med Biol 23:745-751.
161. 3 inhibition of growth of human-derived small cell lung cancer cells. J Cell Biochem Suppl 24:276-287.
162. Weiner RE, Schreiber GJ and Hoffer PB (1983) In vitro transfer of Ga-67 from transferrin to ferritin. J Nucl Med 20:608-614.
163. Weiner RE, Schreiber GJ, Hoffer PB and Bushberg JT (1985) Compounds which mediate Ga-67 transfer from lactoferrin to ferritin. J Nucl Med 26:908-916.
164. Whitacre C, Apseloff G, Cox K, Matkovic V, Jewell S and Gerber N (1992) Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by gallium nitrate. J Neuroimmunol 39:175-182.
165. Yan G, Wang G and Li Y (1991) Effects of α-dimethylamino-cyclohexoxyl-dimethyl gallium on ultrastructure of erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei and P. yoelii. Acta Pharmacol Sin 12:530-533.