Conflicts between East European states and minorities in an age of democracy

Democratization

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 200-223

  Gallagher, Tom ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; ETHNIC CONFLICT; MINORITY GROUP; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

(EAST); EUROPE;

EID: 0032439007     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349808403578     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Rogers Brubaker, 'National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and external Homelands in the New Europe', Daedalus, Vol.124, No.2 (1995), p.107.
2. Ghia Nodia, 'Nationalism and the Crisis of Liberalism', in Richard Caplan and John Feffer (eds.), Europe's New Nationalism: States and Minorities in Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p.109.
3. Georg Brunner, Nationality Problems and Minority Conflicts in Eastern Europe (Gutersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers, 1996), p.62. A 1997 publication claims on the basis of 'the most recent census returns' that 11 per cent of the population of Central and Eastern Europe do not regard themselves as members of majority nations. 'Since for fear of social stigma many members of minorities (especially Roma) prefer not to register their true identity it is probable that this percentage should be increased to at least 15 per cent.' See M. Rady and B. Szajkowski, 'Central and Eastern Europe', in Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group International, 1997), p.197.
4. Georg Brunner, Nationality Problems and Minority Conflicts in Eastern Europe (Gutersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers, 1996), p.62. A 1997 publication claims on the basis of 'the most recent census returns' that 11 per cent of the population of Central and Eastern Europe do not regard themselves as members of majority nations. 'Since for fear of social stigma many members of minorities (especially Roma) prefer not to register their true identity it is probable that this percentage should be increased to at least 15 per cent.' See M. Rady and B. Szajkowski, 'Central and Eastern Europe', in Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group International, 1997), p.197.
5. Georg Brunner, Nationality Problems and Minority Conflicts in Eastern Europe (Gutersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers, 1996), p.62. A 1997 publication claims on the basis of 'the most recent census returns' that 11 per cent of the population of Central and Eastern Europe do not regard themselves as members of majority nations. 'Since for fear of social stigma many members of minorities (especially Roma) prefer not to register their true identity it is probable that this percentage should be increased to at least 15 per cent.' See M. Rady and B. Szajkowski, 'Central and Eastern Europe', in Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group International, 1997), p.197.
6. George Schopflin, 'Nationalism and National Minorities in East and Central Europe', Journal Of International Affairs, Vol.45, No.1 (1991), p.58.
7. When the British Conservatives opposed home rule for Scotland after 1979, it was clear by their arguments that they shared the common East European mindset that a small measure of autonomy would inevitably give rise to demands leading ultimately to complete separation.
8. Mujeeb R. Khan, 'Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Crisis of the Post-War International System', East European Politics and Societies, Vol.9, No.3 (1995), pp.466-8.
9. Frederick Kellogg, The Road to Romanian Independence (Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1995), pp.39-67.
10. Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Methuen, 1983), p.139.
11. Xose M. Nunes, 'National Minorities in East-Central Europe and the Internationalisation of their Rights (1919-1939)', in J. Beramindi (ed.), Nationalism in Europe, Past and Present (Santiago de Compostela: University of Santiago de Compostela, 1994), pp.519-20.
12. Pearson, op. cit., p.143.
13. Schopflin, op. cit., p.51.
14. Anatoly M. Khazanov, 'Ethnic Nationalism in the Russian Federation', Daedalus, Vol.126, No.3 (1997), p.123.
15. Ibid., p.125.
16. David A. Dyker, 'Nomenklatura Nationalism: the Key to the New East European Politics?', Australian Journal of History and Politics, Vol.41, No.1 (1995), p.55.
17. V.P. Gagnon, Jr., 'Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict', International Security, Vol.19, No.3 (1994-95), p.132.
18. T. Terzani, Goodbye Mr Lenin: A Journey Through The End of the Soviet Empire (London: Picador, 1993), p.183.
19. For accounts of these events which agree on the essential details, see Martin Rady, Romania In Turmoil (London: I.B. Tauris, (1992), pp.145-59; Human Rights in Romania Since The Revolution (New York: Helsinki Watch Report, (1991), and Tom Gallagher, Romania After Ceausescu: The Politics of Intolerance (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995), pp.87-8.
20. For accounts of these events which agree on the essential details, see Martin Rady, Romania In Turmoil (London: I.B. Tauris, (1992), pp.145-59; Human Rights in Romania Since The Revolution (New York: Helsinki Watch Report, (1991), and Tom Gallagher, Romania After Ceausescu: The Politics of Intolerance (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995), pp.87-8.
21. For accounts of these events which agree on the essential details, see Martin Rady, Romania In Turmoil (London: I.B. Tauris, (1992), pp.145-59; Human Rights in Romania Since The Revolution (New York: Helsinki Watch Report, (1991), and Tom Gallagher, Romania After Ceausescu: The Politics of Intolerance (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995), pp.87-8.
22. Tim Judah, The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), p.242.
23. Alex Grigorievs, 'The Baltic Predicament', in Richard Caplan and John Feffer, Europe's New Nationalism: States and Minorities In Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p.121. See also Vello Pettai, 'Estonia's Controversial Language policies', Transition, Vol.3, No.24 (29 Nov. 1996), pp.20-22.
24. Alex Grigorievs, 'The Baltic Predicament', in Richard Caplan and John Feffer, Europe's New Nationalism: States and Minorities In Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p.121. See also Vello Pettai, 'Estonia's Controversial Language policies', Transition, Vol.3, No.24 (29 Nov. 1996), pp.20-22.
25. Gligorievs, The Baltic', p.128.
26. Ibid., p.134.
27. Quoted in Milica Zarcovic Bookman, Economic Decline and Nationalism in the Balkans (New York: St Martin's Press, 1994), p.68.
28. See the Croatian Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, Report on Human Rights in the Republic of Croatia for 1996 (Zagreb 1997), p.20.
29. One expert on minority issues however has backed the Croatian position. George Brunner has written that 'the Serb rebellion in the Croat Krajina in August 1990, the war of conquest against Croatia in the second half of 1991 and the war of extermination started in April 1992 violently proved the unwillingnss of the Serbs to accept their minority status even under the conditions of an adequate protection of minorities'. See Brunner, Nationality, p.79.
30. See Tair Tairov, 'Antiwar Actions Against the Odds', Warreport, No.34 (June 1995), p.49.
31. For evidence and detailed analysis see the articles in Warreport, No.34 (June 1995), pp.20-50 on ethnic conflict in the former Soviet Union. For the Chechnya conflict, see Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Wall, Chechnya: A Small Victorious War (London: Pan Books, 1997).
32. For evidence and detailed analysis see the articles in Warreport, No.34 (June 1995), pp.20-50 on ethnic conflict in the former Soviet Union. For the Chechnya conflict, see Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Wall, Chechnya: A Small Victorious War (London: Pan Books, 1997).
33. See Victor Gomez, 'Specter of Racism', Transition, Vol.1, No.10 (23 June 1995), p.18; and the numerous Reuter reports carried on the web-site Central Europe Online, http//www.centraleurope.com/ from July to September 1997.
34. See Victor Gomez, 'Specter of Racism', Transition, Vol.1, No.10 (23 June 1995), p.18; and the numerous Reuter reports carried on the web-site Central Europe Online, http//www.centraleurope.com/ from July to September 1997.
35. John Nagle, 'Ethnos, Demos and Democratization: A Comparison of the Czech Republic and Hungary', Democratization, Vol.4, No.2 (1997), pp.38-9.
36. Ibid., p.40.
37. See Jiri Pehe, 'The Czech Republic', RFE-RL Research Report (Special Issue on 'The Politics of Intolerance'), Vol.3, No.16 (22 April 1994), p.52.
38. Nagle, op. cit., p.37.
39. Paul Hockenos, Free To Hate: the Rise of the Right In Post-Communist Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 1993), pp.224-8; also Pehe, op. cit., pp.51-3.
40. Paul Hockenos, Free To Hate: the Rise of the Right In Post-Communist Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 1993), pp.224-8; also Pehe, op. cit., pp.51-3.
41. Brunner, Nationality, p.112.
42. This was the claim of Gyorgy Frunda, the ethnic Hungarian candidate in the 1996 Romanian presidential elections in interviews with the journalist Elena Stefoi, Drept Minoritar, Spaime Nationale (Bucharest: Editura Kriterion, 1997), p.29.
43. See Adrian Hyde-Price, 'Democratization in Eastern Europe: the External Dimension', in G. Pridham and T. Vanhanen (eds.), Democratization in Eastern Europe, (London: Routledge, 1994), p.237 and Jennifer Jackson Preece, 'National Minority Rights vs. State Sovereignty in Europe: Changing Norms in International Relations?', Nations and Nationalism, Vol.3, Part 3 (1997), p.353.
44. See Adrian Hyde-Price, 'Democratization in Eastern Europe: the External Dimension', in G. Pridham and T. Vanhanen (eds.), Democratization in Eastern Europe, (London: Routledge, 1994), p.237 and Jennifer Jackson Preece, 'National Minority Rights vs. State Sovereignty in Europe: Changing Norms in International Relations?', Nations and Nationalism, Vol.3, Part 3 (1997), p.353.
45. Valentin Stan, 'Democratization in the Balkans: The Role of External Forces in the Transition', paper presented at a conference on 'Democratization in the Balkans', University of Bristol, 10 May 1997, p.10.
46. Kyril Drezov, 'Seven Years of "Democratic Communism" in Bulgaria', paper presented at a conference on 'Democratization in the Balkans', University of Bristol, 10 May 1997, p.8.
47. Tom Gallagher, 'Democratization in the Balkans: Problems and Prospects', Democratization, Vol.2, No.3 (1995), pp.351-2.
48. Hugh Poulton, 'Simmering Melting-Pot', Warreport, No.48, p.34.
49. See Miranda Vickers and James Pettifer, Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity (London: Hurst, 1997).
50. Ghia Nodia, 'Loyal or Dangerous?', Warreport, No.48, p.25.
51. Stefoi, Drept, p.26.
52. For Poland's increasingly liberal minority policy, see George Sanford, 'Democratization and European Standards of National Minority Protection: Polish Issues', Democratization, Vol.4, No.3 (1997), p.61-4. For Hungary see George Schopflin, 'The Quiet National Question', Warreport, No.29 (Oct.-Nov. 1994), p.16.
53. For Poland's increasingly liberal minority policy, see George Sanford, 'Democratization and European Standards of National Minority Protection: Polish Issues', Democratization, Vol.4, No.3 (1997), p.61-4. For Hungary see George Schopflin, 'The Quiet National Question', Warreport, No.29 (Oct.-Nov. 1994), p.16.
54. Stefoi, Drept, p.26.
55. 'Tongue-tied', The Economist (12 Sept. 1997).
56. Ingvar Carlsson, International Herald Tribune (25 Jan. 1995).
57. Stefoi, Drept, p.149.
58. Grigorievs, 'The Baltic', p.122.
59. Daria Sito Sutik, 'The Disunited Colors of Mostar', Transition, Vol.2, No.14 (12 July 1996), p.47.
60. Michael Mihalka, 'International Failure in Mostar', Transition, Vol.2, No. 14 (12 July 1996), p.45.
61. See Tom Gallagher, 'Danube Detente: Romania's Reconciliation with Hungary After 1996', Balkanologie, Vol.1, No.2 (1997), pp.100-107.
62. Jennifer Jackson Preece, 'National Minority Rights vs. State Sovereignty in Europe: Changing Norms in International Relations?' Nations and Nationalism, Vol.3, Part 3 (Nov. 1997), p.353.