Democratization and European standards of national minority protection: Polish issues

Democratization

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 45-68

  Sanford, George ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0242275464     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349708403525     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Jerzy Wiatr categorises post-communist Eastern Europe solely in terms of the ascending intensity of the ethnic minority problem hence,(1) East-Central Europe including Slovenia but not Slovakia, (2) Romania, Bulgaria and Slovakia, (3) Ex-Yugoslavia and, (4) Ex-USSR. 'Powrót do historii: nacjonalizmy w erze postkomunistycznej', Sprawy Narodościowe, (New Series, Poznań, 1994), No.4, pp.16-18.
2. For the seminal discussion see Walker Connor, 'Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?', World Politics, Vol.24, No.3 (1972), pp.319-55.
3. Krzysztof Kwasńiewski, 'Socjologia mniejszości a definicji mniejszości narodowej', Sprawy Narodowościowej (1992), No.1, pp.9-61.
4. One should note the subtle balance struck by Michael Banton, Racial and Ethnic Competition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983): 'Dlaczego powinniśmy odrozniac rasizm od dyskryminacji rasowej', Sprawy Narodowościowe, (1996), No.1, pp.31-40.
5. One should note the subtle balance struck by Michael Banton, Racial and Ethnic Competition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983): 'Dlaczego powinniśmy odrozniac rasizm od dyskryminacji rasowej', Sprawy Narodowościowe, (1996), No.1, pp.31-40.
6. Ted Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict (Washington, DC: Institute of Peace Press, 1993).
7. See Jaroslav Krejci and Viteslav Velimsky, Ethnic and Political Nations in Europe (London: Croom Helm, 1981).
8. Most notably by Antony Smith. See his National Identity and Nationalism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991). It would be otiose to list all the basic works by inter alia Kedourie, Kohn, Gellner, Anderson, Breuilly, Hobsbawm and Seton-Watson, listed in Smith's bibliography, which provide the essential preliminary reading to all discussions of nationalism.
9. Geoffrey Dench, Minorities in the Open Society: Prisoners of Ambivalence (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986). The original case study was The Maltese in London (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).
10. Geoffrey Dench, Minorities in the Open Society: Prisoners of Ambivalence (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986). The original case study was The Maltese in London (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).
11. Tom Nairn, The Break-up of Britain (London: New Left Books, 1977). The classic examination of internal colonialism is Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).
12. Tom Nairn, The Break-up of Britain (London: New Left Books, 1977). The classic examination of internal colonialism is Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).
13. Joseph Rothschild, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p.255.
14. Miroslav Hroch, Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: a Comparative Analysis of the Social Composition of Patriotic Groupings amongst the Smaller European Nations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
15. I naturally exclude the Trieste question from this generalisation which I regard as an old fashioned frontier dispute rather than a controversy over national minorities. See Jill Benderly and Evan Kraft (eds.), Independent Slovenia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994) and Carole Rogel, 'Slovenia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol.40, No.4 (1991), pp.31-10. On the dangers of national conformity see S. Gaber, 'The Limits of Democracy: The Case of Slovenia', Journal of Area Studies, No.3 (1993), pp.57-64.
16. I naturally exclude the Trieste question from this generalisation which I regard as an old fashioned frontier dispute rather than a controversy over national minorities. See Jill Benderly and Evan Kraft (eds.), Independent Slovenia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994) and Carole Rogel, 'Slovenia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol.40, No.4 (1991), pp.31-10. On the dangers of national conformity see S. Gaber, 'The Limits of Democracy: The Case of Slovenia', Journal of Area Studies, No.3 (1993), pp.57-64.
17. I naturally exclude the Trieste question from this generalisation which I regard as an old fashioned frontier dispute rather than a controversy over national minorities. See Jill Benderly and Evan Kraft (eds.), Independent Slovenia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994) and Carole Rogel, 'Slovenia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol.40, No.4 (1991), pp.31-10. On the dangers of national conformity see S. Gaber, 'The Limits of Democracy: The Case of Slovenia', Journal of Area Studies, No.3 (1993), pp.57-64.
18. See Keith Sword (ed.), The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939-1941 (London: Macmillan, 1991). For a powerful and up-to-date comparative discussion of contemporary issues regarding population transfers and disputed frontiers see Chaim Kaufmann, 'Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars', International Security, Vol.20, No.4 (1996), pp.136-75.
19. See Keith Sword (ed.), The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939-1941 (London: Macmillan, 1991). For a powerful and up-to-date comparative discussion of contemporary issues regarding population transfers and disputed frontiers see Chaim Kaufmann, 'Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars', International Security, Vol.20, No.4 (1996), pp.136-75.
20. Victor Gray follows Barry Buzan in arguing that the key factor in ensuring the co-existence of dual identities is the extent to which they are not 'mutually exclusive' or antagonistic as in the case of the United Kingdom, Canada and the Ukraine but not that of the Greeks and Turks. 'Identity and Democracy in the Baltics', Democratization, Vol.3, No.2 (1996), pp.69-91.
21. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
22. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
23. John Coakley.'The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict', Regional Politics and Policy, Vol.3, No.1 (1991), pp.7-12.
24. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship. A Liberal theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
25. Coakley, 'The Territorial', op. cit., pp.3-7.
26. Bogdan Szajkowski', 'Will Russia break up into Bantustans?', World Today, Vol.49, Nos.8-9 (1993), pp.172-6.
27. Boleslaw Tejkowski leads the strongest wing of the Polish National Party which specialises in violent street demonstrations. It supports 'Real Poles' against all forms of internationalism whether it be American, German or Jewish capitalism, Russian communism or British liberalism; see Bogdan Szajkowski (ed.), New Political Parties of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Harlow: Longman, 1991), p.207. Istvan Csurka led the anti-communist nationalist wing of Antall's Hungarian Forum. He left the party in order to express more obvious exclusivist Hungarian rhetoric in 1993. ibid., pp.14-18 and 151.
28. Boleslaw Tejkowski leads the strongest wing of the Polish National Party which specialises in violent street demonstrations. It supports 'Real Poles' against all forms of internationalism whether it be American, German or Jewish capitalism, Russian communism or British liberalism; see Bogdan Szajkowski (ed.), New Political Parties of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Harlow: Longman, 1991), p.207. Istvan Csurka led the anti-communist nationalist wing of Antall's Hungarian Forum. He left the party in order to express more obvious exclusivist Hungarian rhetoric in 1993. ibid., pp.14-18 and 151.
29. Hobsbawm, op.cit.
30. The liberal-individualist critique has been expressed by Jack Hayward, as part of the 1980s onslaught on both left wing ideas and revolutionary practice, in his After the French Revolution (London: Harvester, 1991). This is of course a more moderate version of J.L. Talmon's intellectually brilliant, but politically tendentious, equation of both with totalitarianism in his Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1952).
31. The liberal-individualist critique has been expressed by Jack Hayward, as part of the 1980s onslaught on both left wing ideas and revolutionary practice, in his After the French Revolution (London: Harvester, 1991). This is of course a more moderate version of J.L. Talmon's intellectually brilliant, but politically tendentious, equation of both with totalitarianism in his Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1952).
32. See John Nagle, 'Ethnos, Demos and Democratization: A Comparison of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland', Democratization, Vol.4. No.2 (1997), pp.28-56.
33. Frances Millard, The Anatomy of the New Poland (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), pp.93-104. Liberals face a piquant ends and means dilemma on this issue. Both Walȩsa and Antall attempted to draw off popular discontent with the socioeconomic costs of the systemic transformation away from communism, so desired by Western opinion, by using these questionable methods.
34. See Jacek Kosiarski, 'Mniejszość niemiecka w Polsce', Sprawy Miȩdzynarodowe, Vol.45, Nos.7-12 (1992), pp.47-68. The dangers of moral absolutism and the lack of historical perspective are nowhere more evident than on the explosive issue of the expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War. They were universally held at that time to have justifiably suffered group responsibility for Nazi war-crimes and defeat. Is it now decent to accuse Poles and Czechs of ethno-nationalism for their reserves towards individual claims for restitution, concern about the security of their frontiers and genuine fear and incomprehension when faced by external demands for the historical rehabilitation of German expellee groups?
35. See John Chapman and Alan Wertheimer (eds.), Majorities and Minorities (New York: New York University Press, NOMOS Vol.32, 1990).
36. Encyklopedia prawa miedzynarodowego i stosunków miȩdzynarodowych (Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1976), p. 190.
37. Stephen Kux, 'Miȩdzynarodowe podejścia do problemu mniejszości narodowych', Sprawy Miȩdzynarodowe, Vol.45, Nos.7-12 (1992), pp.16-17.
38. See Francisco Capotorti, Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (New York: United Nations, 1979).
39. See George Sanford, 'Polish-Soviet Relations', in Alex Pravda (ed.), The End of the Outer Empire (London: Sage-Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1992), p.104.
40. Marek Nowicki, 'Trybunal Europy', Wprost, 24 Nov. 1996, p.8.
41. The relevant national minority sections are reproduced in Sprawy Miȩdzynarodowe, Vol.45, Nos.7-12 (1992), pp.189-97.
42. 'Prawne aspekty pozycji mniejszości narodowych w Polsce', Warsaw: Sejm Chancellery: Biuro Studiów i Ekspertyz (Bureau of Studies & Reports, hereafter BSE), Report No.52, Jan. 1993, pp. 11-31.
43. The excellent symposium by Chris Brown (ed.), Political Restructuring in Europe. Ethical Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1994) provides the best discussion and definition of these terms.
44. For a wide variety of standpoints see Stanislaw Gomulka and Antony Polonsky (eds.), Polish Paradoxes (London: Routledge, 1990). The seminal examination by Adam Bromke, Poland's Politics: Idealism versus Realism (Cambridge M/A: Harvard University Press, 1967) is still the essential starting-off point for discussion of the subject; but it needs to be contrasted with more recent work such as Andrzej Walicki's, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: the case of Poland (London: Clarendon Press, 1982) and The Enlightenment and the Birth of Modem Nationhood (Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame, Press.1989). See Frances Millard, 'Nationalism in Poland', in Paul Latawski (ed.), Contemporary Nationalism in East Central Europe: Unfinished Business (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995).
45. For a wide variety of standpoints see Stanislaw Gomulka and Antony Polonsky (eds.), Polish Paradoxes (London: Routledge, 1990). The seminal examination by Adam Bromke, Poland's Politics: Idealism versus Realism (Cambridge M/A: Harvard University Press, 1967) is still the essential starting-off point for discussion of the subject; but it needs to be contrasted with more recent work such as Andrzej Walicki's, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: the case of Poland (London: Clarendon Press, 1982) and The Enlightenment and the Birth of Modem Nationhood (Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame, Press.1989). See Frances Millard, 'Nationalism in Poland', in Paul Latawski (ed.), Contemporary Nationalism in East Central Europe: Unfinished Business (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995).
46. For a wide variety of standpoints see Stanislaw Gomulka and Antony Polonsky (eds.), Polish Paradoxes (London: Routledge, 1990). The seminal examination by Adam Bromke, Poland's Politics: Idealism versus Realism (Cambridge M/A: Harvard University Press, 1967) is still the essential starting-off point for discussion of the subject; but it needs to be contrasted with more recent work such as Andrzej Walicki's, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: the case of Poland (London: Clarendon Press, 1982) and The Enlightenment and the Birth of Modem Nationhood (Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame, Press.1989). See Frances Millard, 'Nationalism in Poland', in Paul Latawski (ed.), Contemporary Nationalism in East Central Europe: Unfinished Business (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995).
47. For a wide variety of standpoints see Stanislaw Gomulka and Antony Polonsky (eds.), Polish Paradoxes (London: Routledge, 1990). The seminal examination by Adam Bromke, Poland's Politics: Idealism versus Realism (Cambridge M/A: Harvard University Press, 1967) is still the essential starting-off point for discussion of the subject; but it needs to be contrasted with more recent work such as Andrzej Walicki's, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: the case of Poland (London: Clarendon Press, 1982) and The Enlightenment and the Birth of Modem Nationhood (Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame, Press.1989). See Frances Millard, 'Nationalism in Poland', in Paul Latawski (ed.), Contemporary Nationalism in East Central Europe: Unfinished Business (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995).
48. For a wide variety of standpoints see Stanislaw Gomulka and Antony Polonsky (eds.), Polish Paradoxes (London: Routledge, 1990). The seminal examination by Adam Bromke, Poland's Politics: Idealism versus Realism (Cambridge M/A: Harvard University Press, 1967) is still the essential starting-off point for discussion of the subject; but it needs to be contrasted with more recent work such as Andrzej Walicki's, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: the case of Poland (London: Clarendon Press, 1982) and The Enlightenment and the Birth of Modem Nationhood (Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame, Press.1989). See Frances Millard, 'Nationalism in Poland', in Paul Latawski (ed.), Contemporary Nationalism in East Central Europe: Unfinished Business (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995).
49. Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944 (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1986). Yismael Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski, Unequal Victims. Poles and Jews during the Second World War (New York: Holocaust Library, 1986). Stefan Korbonski, The Jews and Poles in World War II (New York: Hippocrene Press, 1989). For the enormous literature on Polish-Jewish relations see the bibliography by George Lerski & Halina Lerska, Jewish-Polish Co-existence (New York: Greenwood, 1986). See Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk and Antony Polonsky (eds.), The Jews in Poland (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
50. Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944 (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1986). Yismael Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski, Unequal Victims. Poles and Jews during the Second World War (New York: Holocaust Library, 1986). Stefan Korbonski, The Jews and Poles in World War II (New York: Hippocrene Press, 1989). For the enormous literature on Polish-Jewish relations see the bibliography by George Lerski & Halina Lerska, Jewish-Polish Co-existence (New York: Greenwood, 1986). See Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk and Antony Polonsky (eds.), The Jews in Poland (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
51. Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944 (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1986). Yismael Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski, Unequal Victims. Poles and Jews during the Second World War (New York: Holocaust Library, 1986). Stefan Korbonski, The Jews and Poles in World War II (New York: Hippocrene Press, 1989). For the enormous literature on Polish-Jewish relations see the bibliography by George Lerski & Halina Lerska, Jewish-Polish Co-existence (New York: Greenwood, 1986). See Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk and Antony Polonsky (eds.), The Jews in Poland (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
52. Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944 (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1986). Yismael Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski, Unequal Victims. Poles and Jews during the Second World War (New York: Holocaust Library, 1986). Stefan Korbonski, The Jews and Poles in World War II (New York: Hippocrene Press, 1989). For the enormous literature on Polish-Jewish relations see the bibliography by George Lerski & Halina Lerska, Jewish-Polish Co-existence (New York: Greenwood, 1986). See Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk and Antony Polonsky (eds.), The Jews in Poland (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
53. Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944 (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1986). Yismael Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski, Unequal Victims. Poles and Jews during the Second World War (New York: Holocaust Library, 1986). Stefan Korbonski, The Jews and Poles in World War II (New York: Hippocrene Press, 1989). For the enormous literature on Polish-Jewish relations see the bibliography by George Lerski & Halina Lerska, Jewish-Polish Co-existence (New York: Greenwood, 1986). See Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk and Antony Polonsky (eds.), The Jews in Poland (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
54. See Wladyslaw T. Bartoszewski, The Convent at Auschwitz (London: Bowerdean Press, 1990). Carol A. Rittner and John K. Roth, Memory Offended. The Auschwitz Convent Controversy (New York: Praeger, 1991).
55. See Wladyslaw T. Bartoszewski, The Convent at Auschwitz (London: Bowerdean Press, 1990). Carol A. Rittner and John K. Roth, Memory Offended. The Auschwitz Convent Controversy (New York: Praeger, 1991).
56. On the latter demand for the full resumption of diplomatic relations see George Sakwa, 'The Polish Ultimatum to Lithuania in March 1938', Slavonic & East European Review, Vol.55, No.2 (1977), pp.204-26.
57. Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland (Oxford: Columbia University Press, Vol.1, 1981). Marceli Kosman, Historia Bialorusi (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979).
58. Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland (Oxford: Columbia University Press, Vol.1, 1981). Marceli Kosman, Historia Bialorusi (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979).
59. See Raymond L. Buell, Poland. Key to Europe (London: Jonathan Cape, 1939). Marian K. Dziewanowski, Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918-1922 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1969. Antony Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 1921-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). Andrzej Chojnowski, Koncepcje narodowościowiowej rzaqdów polskich w latach 1921-1939 (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979). Krystyna Gomolka, Miçdzy Polska a Rosja. Bialoruś w koncepcjach polskich ugrupowan politycznych, 1918-1922 (Warsaw: Gryf, 1994). Jozef Lewandowski, Imperializm Ślabości. Ksztaltowanie sic koncepcji polityki wschodniej pilsudczyków, 1921-1926 (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1967).
60. See Raymond L. Buell, Poland. Key to Europe (London: Jonathan Cape, 1939). Marian K. Dziewanowski, Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918-1922 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1969. Antony Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 1921-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). Andrzej Chojnowski, Koncepcje narodowościowiowej rzaqdów polskich w latach 1921-1939 (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979). Krystyna Gomolka, Miçdzy Polska a Rosja. Bialoruś w koncepcjach polskich ugrupowan politycznych, 1918-1922 (Warsaw: Gryf, 1994). Jozef Lewandowski, Imperializm Ślabości. Ksztaltowanie sic koncepcji polityki wschodniej pilsudczyków, 1921-1926 (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1967).
61. See Raymond L. Buell, Poland. Key to Europe (London: Jonathan Cape, 1939). Marian K. Dziewanowski, Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918-1922 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1969. Antony Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 1921-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). Andrzej Chojnowski, Koncepcje narodowościowiowej rzaqdów polskich w latach 1921-1939 (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979). Krystyna Gomolka, Miçdzy Polska a Rosja. Bialoruś w koncepcjach polskich ugrupowan politycznych, 1918-1922 (Warsaw: Gryf, 1994). Jozef Lewandowski, Imperializm Ślabości. Ksztaltowanie sic koncepcji polityki wschodniej pilsudczyków, 1921-1926 (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1967).
62. See Raymond L. Buell, Poland. Key to Europe (London: Jonathan Cape, 1939). Marian K. Dziewanowski, Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918-1922 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1969. Antony Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 1921-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). Andrzej Chojnowski, Koncepcje narodowościowiowej rzaqdów polskich w latach 1921-1939 (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979). Krystyna Gomolka, Miçdzy Polska a Rosja. Bialoruś w koncepcjach polskich ugrupowan politycznych, 1918-1922 (Warsaw: Gryf, 1994). Jozef Lewandowski, Imperializm Ślabości. Ksztaltowanie sic koncepcji polityki wschodniej pilsudczyków, 1921-1926 (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1967).
63. See Raymond L. Buell, Poland. Key to Europe (London: Jonathan Cape, 1939). Marian K. Dziewanowski, Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918-1922 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1969. Antony Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 1921-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). Andrzej Chojnowski, Koncepcje narodowościowiowej rzaqdów polskich w latach 1921-1939 (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979). Krystyna Gomolka, Miçdzy Polska a Rosja. Bialoruś w koncepcjach polskich ugrupowan politycznych, 1918-1922 (Warsaw: Gryf, 1994). Jozef Lewandowski, Imperializm Ślabości. Ksztaltowanie sic koncepcji polityki wschodniej pilsudczyków, 1921-1926 (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1967).
64. See Raymond L. Buell, Poland. Key to Europe (London: Jonathan Cape, 1939). Marian K. Dziewanowski, Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918-1922 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1969. Antony Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 1921-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). Andrzej Chojnowski, Koncepcje narodowościowiowej rzaqdów polskich w latach 1921-1939 (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979). Krystyna Gomolka, Miçdzy Polska a Rosja. Bialoruś w koncepcjach polskich ugrupowan politycznych, 1918-1922 (Warsaw: Gryf, 1994). Jozef Lewandowski, Imperializm Ślabości. Ksztaltowanie sic koncepcji polityki wschodniej pilsudczyków, 1921-1926 (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1967).
65. Slawomir Lodzinski, 'Struktura narpdowościowa Polski i polityka wobec mniejszości w latach 1989-1992'. Sejm Chancellery, BSE Report No.22, Warsaw, July 1992, p.2.
66. Zbigniew Landau and Jerzy Tomaszewski, Druga Rzeczpospolita. GospodarkaSpoleczeńshvo-Miejsce w Swiecie (Warsaw: Ksiažka I Wiedza, 1978), pp.113-15.
67. See Jerzy Tomaszewski, Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce w XX wieku (Warsaw: Spotkania, 1991), Ch.3. Marek Jablonowski, 'Mniejszości narodowe w II Rzeczypospolitej a problem nadchodzacej wojny, Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Nauk Politycznych (hereafter ZNINP), No. 17, Warsaw University, 1992, pp.90-95. It is significant that the first post-1990 joint Polish-Belarusan historical conference devoted almost no attention to inter-war Belarusan discontent, a prevalent theme of the communist period, Wieslaw Balcerak (ed.), Polska-Bialorus, 1918-1945 (Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN et al., 1994). The best study of the contemporary Belarusan minority in Poland is Andrzej Sadowski, Narody wielkie i male. Bialorusini w Polsce (Krakow: Instytut Religioznawstwa, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 1991).
68. See Jerzy Tomaszewski, Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce w XX wieku (Warsaw: Spotkania, 1991), Ch.3. Marek Jablonowski, 'Mniejszości narodowe w II Rzeczypospolitej a problem nadchodzacej wojny, Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Nauk Politycznych (hereafter ZNINP), No. 17, Warsaw University, 1992, pp.90-95. It is significant that the first post-1990 joint Polish-Belarusan historical conference devoted almost no attention to inter-war Belarusan discontent, a prevalent theme of the communist period, Wieslaw Balcerak (ed.), Polska-Bialorus, 1918-1945 (Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN et al., 1994). The best study of the contemporary Belarusan minority in Poland is Andrzej Sadowski, Narody wielkie i male. Bialorusini w Polsce (Krakow: Instytut Religioznawstwa, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 1991).
69. See Jerzy Tomaszewski, Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce w XX wieku (Warsaw: Spotkania, 1991), Ch.3. Marek Jablonowski, 'Mniejszości narodowe w II Rzeczypospolitej a problem nadchodzacej wojny, Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Nauk Politycznych (hereafter ZNINP), No. 17, Warsaw University, 1992, pp.90-95. It is significant that the first post-1990 joint Polish-Belarusan historical conference devoted almost no attention to inter-war Belarusan discontent, a prevalent theme of the communist period, Wieslaw Balcerak (ed.), Polska-Bialorus, 1918-1945 (Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN et al., 1994). The best study of the contemporary Belarusan minority in Poland is Andrzej Sadowski, Narody wielkie i male. Bialorusini w Polsce (Krakow: Instytut Religioznawstwa, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 1991).
70. See Jerzy Tomaszewski, Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce w XX wieku (Warsaw: Spotkania, 1991), Ch.3. Marek Jablonowski, 'Mniejszości narodowe w II Rzeczypospolitej a problem nadchodzacej wojny, Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Nauk Politycznych (hereafter ZNINP), No. 17, Warsaw University, 1992, pp.90-95. It is significant that the first post-1990 joint Polish-Belarusan historical conference devoted almost no attention to inter-war Belarusan discontent, a prevalent theme of the communist period, Wieslaw Balcerak (ed.), Polska-Bialorus, 1918-1945 (Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN et al., 1994). The best study of the contemporary Belarusan minority in Poland is Andrzej Sadowski, Narody wielkie i male. Bialorusini w Polsce (Krakow: Instytut Religioznawstwa, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 1991).
71. For the background see George Sanford and Adrianna Gozdecka-Sanford, Historical Dictionary of Poland (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1994).
72. A. Kwilecki, 'Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce', Kultura i Spoleczeństwo, (1963), No.4, pp.87-8.
73. Biuletyn Sejmowej Komisji Mniejszości Narodowych i Etnicznych, No.3, 9 Sept. 1989.
74. Ryszard Torzecki, Polacy i Ukraincy. Sprawa ukrainska w czasie II wojny światowej na terenie II Rzeczpospolitej (Warsaw: Państwowej Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1993). Peter Potichnyj (ed.), Poland and the Ukraine: past and present (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980).
75. Ryszard Torzecki, Polacy i Ukraincy. Sprawa ukrainska w czasie II wojny światowej na terenie II Rzeczpospolitej (Warsaw: Państwowej Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1993). Peter Potichnyj (ed.), Poland and the Ukraine: past and present (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980).
76. See Paul R. Magocsi, 'Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?', Polish Review, Vol.35, No.3 1990), pp. 197-209.
77. George Sanford (ed.), The Solidarity Congress, 1981: The Great Debate (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), p.247.
78. 'Wykaz organizacji mniejszości narodowych w Polsce', Sejm Chancellery, BSE Report No.49, Dec. 1992.
79. M. Ziolkowski, 'Bezdroźa bialoruskiej niezalezności', Wieź, (1991), No.2.
80. See interview with Bogumila Berdychowska, director of the Bureau for Minority Affairs in the Ministry of Culture and the Arts, in Źycie Warszawy, 28 Nov. 1992.
81. 'Zestawienie środków finansowych przekazanych przez MKiS w latach 1990-1992 na dzialania w sferze kultury mniejszosciom narodowym w Polsce (z rozbiciem na poszczegolne mniejszości)', Sejm Chancellery, BSE Report No.53, Jan. 1993.
82. On the weakness of historical memory in the Republic of Belarus and its current political implications see George Sanford.'Belarus on the Road to Independence', Survival, Vol.38, No.1 (1996), pp.132-6.
83. For the text see Wladyslaw and Norbert Gill, Stosunki Polski z Ukrainia w latach 1989-1993 (Toruń-Poznań: Adam Marszalek, 1995), p.98. The Sejm welcomed Ukrainian independence but did not go as far as supporting the Senate resolution. The preliminary venue for dealing with their thorny bilateral issues was the usual joint historical conference which met at Podkowa Leśna in June 1994; ibid., pp.114-17.
84. The Welsh Question was studied largely from the political'angle in the 1970s as in Vemon Bogdanor, Devolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979). For a good discussion of the multi-ethnic character of the UK see John Osmond, The Divided Kingdom (London: Constable, 1988). See also John Osmond (ed.), The National Question Again - Welsh Political Identity in the 1980s (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1985).
85. The Welsh Question was studied largely from the political'angle in the 1970s as in Vemon Bogdanor, Devolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979). For a good discussion of the multi-ethnic character of the UK see John Osmond, The Divided Kingdom (London: Constable, 1988). See also John Osmond (ed.), The National Question Again - Welsh Political Identity in the 1980s (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1985).
86. The Welsh Question was studied largely from the political'angle in the 1970s as in Vemon Bogdanor, Devolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979). For a good discussion of the multi-ethnic character of the UK see John Osmond, The Divided Kingdom (London: Constable, 1988). See also John Osmond (ed.), The National Question Again - Welsh Political Identity in the 1980s (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1985).