Smoking as a risk factor for injury death: A meta-analysis of cohort studies

Preventive Medicine

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 871-878

  Leistikow, Bruce N ^a   Martin, Daniel C ^a   Jacobs, Jeffrey ^a   Rocke, David M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adverse effects; Epidemiology; Injuries; Meta analysis; Smoking; Wounds

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INJURY; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING;

EID: 0032435470     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1998.0374     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Conquering suffering, enriching humanity. 1997;World Health Organization, Geneva.
2. Berger L R, Mohan D. Injury control: a global view. 1996;Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
3. Max W, Rice D P, MacKenzie E J. The lifetime cost of injury. Inquiry. 27:1990;332-343.
4. Leigh J P, Markowitz S B, Fahs M, Shin C, Landrigan P J. Occupational injury and illness in the United States: estimates of costs, morbidity, and mortality. Arch Intern Med. 157:1997;1557-1568.
5. Investing in health research and development. 1996;World Health Organization, Geneva.
6. The global tobacco epidemic. 1996;World Health Organization, Geneva.
7. Murray C J, Lopez A D. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: global burden of disease study. Lancet. 349:1997;1436-1442.
8. Sacks J J, Nelson D E. Smoking and injuries: an overview. Prev Med. 23:1994;515-520.
9. Stephens H W. The Texas City disaster, 1947. 1997;Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.
10. Amoroso P J, Reynolds K L, Barnes J A, White D J. Tobacco and injury: an annotated bibliography. 1996;U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 96-1, Natick.
11. Law M R, Hackshaw A K. A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ. 315:1997;841-845.
12. Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health. 1998;The Stationery OfficeDepartment of Health, London.
13. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 46:1997;125-128.
14. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 42:1993;237-240.
15. Hayes W Jr, Laws E Jr. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. 1991;Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego. p. 1318-1339.
16. Woolf A, Burkhart K, Caraccio T, Litovitz T. Self-poisoning among adults using multiple transdermal nicotine patches. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 34:1996;691-698.
17. The health benefits of smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. 1990;Public Health Service, CDC, DCDPHP, Office on Smoking and HealthDepartment of Health and Human Services, Washington.
18. Perkins K A, Epstein L H, Marks B L, Stiller R L, Jacob R G. The effect of nicotine on energy expenditure during light physical activity. N Engl J Med. 320:1989;898-903.
19. Hirsch G L, Sue D Y, Wasserman K, Robinson T E, Hansen J E. Immediate effects of cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol. 58:1985;1975-1981.
20. Morton A R, Holmik E V. The effects of cigarette smoking on maximal oxygen consumption and selected physiological responses of elite team sportsmen. Eur J Appl Physiol. 53:1985;348-352.
21. Sandvik L, Erikssen G, Thaulow E. Long term effects of smoking on physical fitness and lung function: a longitudinal study of 1393 middle aged Norwegian men for seven years. BMJ. 311:1995;715-718.
22. Kwiatkowski T C, Hanley E N Jr, Ramp W K. Cigarette smoking and its orthopedic consequences. Am J Orthop. 25:1996;590-597.
23. Kurz A, Sessler D I, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization: Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 334:1996;1209-1215.
24. Fowler R L. Smoking and performance on simulated firefighting tasks. Percept Mot Skills. 1989;1302.
25. Sommese T, Patterson J C. Acute effects of cigarette smoking withdrawal: a review of the literature. Aviat Space Environ Med. 66:1995;164-167.
26. Wakeham H. Presentation and report to the Philip Morris Board of Directors. Trial Exhibit 10299 - "Smoker psychology research" 1969.
27. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 309:1994;901-911.
28. Hill A B. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;295-300.
29. Wald N J, Watt H C. Prospective study of effect of switching from cigarettes to pipes or cigars on mortality from three smoking related diseases. BMJ. 314:1997;1860-1863.
30. EpiInfo 6.01 ed. 1996;Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta.
31. Hser Y I, McCarthy W J, Anglin M D. Tobacco use as a distal predictor of mortality among long-term narcotics addicts. Prev Med. 23:1994;61-69.
32. Stata 3.1 ed. 1993;Stata Corporation, College Station.
33. Selvin S. Practical biostatistical methods. 1995;Duxbury Press, Belmont.
34. RevMan 3.1 ed. 1998;Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford.
35. Tverdal A, Thelle D, Stensvold I, Leren P, Bjartveit K. Mortality in relation to smoking history: 13 years' follow-up of 68,000 Norwegian men and women 35-49 years. J Clin Epidemiol. 46:1993;475-487.
36. Kawachi I, Colditz G A, Stampfer M J, Willett W C, Manson J E, Rosner B, Hunter D J, Hennekens C H, Speizer F E. Smoking cessation in relation to total mortality rates in women: A prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 119:1993;992-1000.
37. Friberg L, Cederlof R, Lorich U, Lundman T, De Faire U. Mortality in twins in relation to smoking habits and alcohol problems. Arch Environ Health. 27:1973;294-304.
38. Klatsky A L, Armstrong M A. Alcohol use, other traits, and risk of unnatural death: a prospective study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 17:1993;1156-1162.
39. Menotti A, Matiotti S, Seccareccia S, Giampaoli S. The 25 year estimated probability of death from some specific causes as a function of twelve risk factors in middle aged men. Eur J Epidemiol. 4:1988;60-67.
40. Kivela S L, Nissinen A, Ketola A, Punsar S, Puska P, Karvonen M. Alcohol consumption and mortality in aging or aged Finnish men [published erratum appears in J Clin Epidemiol 1989; 42(7):701]. J Clin Epidemiol. 42:1989;61-68.
41. Hammond E C. Smoking in relation to the death rates of one million men and women. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 19:1966;127-204.
42. Carstensen J M, Pershagen G, Eklund G. Mortality in relation to cigarette and pipe smoking: 16 years' observation of 25,000 Swedish men. J Epidemiol Community Health. 41:1987;166-172.
43. Lannerstad O, Isacsson S O, Lindell S E. Risk factors for premature death in men 56-60 years old: a prospective study of men born 1914, living in Malmo, Sweden. Scand J Soc Med. 7:1979;41-47.
44. Strobel M, Gsell O. Mortality in relation to tobacco smoking: 9 years of observations of physicians in Switzerland. Helv Med Acta. 32:1965;547-592.
45. Vartiainen, E, Puska, P, Pekkanen, J, Tuomilehto, J, Lonnqvist, J, Ehnholm, C, Serum cholesterol concentration and mortality from accidents, suicide, and other violent causes [see comments], 1994, 445, 7.
46. Becker N, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R. Risk of cancer for arc welders in the Federal Republic of Germany: results of a second follow up (1983-8). Br J Ind Med. 48:1991;675-683.
47. Rogot E, Murray J L. Smoking and causes of death among U.S. veterans: 16 years of observation. Public Health Rep. 95:1980;213-222.
48. Paffenbarger R S, King S H, Wing A L. Chronic disease in former college students. IX. Characteristics in youth that predispose to suicide and accidental death in later life. Am J Pub Health. 59:1969;900-908.
49. Ross R K, Bernstein L, Trent L, Henderson B E, Paganini-Hill A. A prospective study of risk factors for traumatic deaths in a retirement community. Prev Med. 19:1990;323-334.
50. Iribarren C, Reed D M, Wergowske G, Burchfiel C M, Dwyer J H. Serum cholesterol level and mortality due to suicide and trauma in the Honolulu Heart Program. Arch Intern Med. 155:1995;695-700.
51. Prokhorskas R P, Grabauskas V I, Baubinene A V, Glazunov I S, Domarkene S B. Chief risk factors of ischemic heart disease and mortality of the middle-aged male population of Kaunas. Kardiologiia. 27:1987;14-19.
52. Changes in cigarette-related disease risks and their implication for prevention and control. 1997;National Cancer Institute, NIH, PHS, DHHS, Bethesda.
53. Yuan J, Ross R K. Morbidity and mortality in relation to cigarette smoking in Shanghai, China. JAMA. 275:1996;1646.
54. Chen Z M, Xu Z, Collins R, Li W X, Peto R. Early health effects of the emerging tobacco epidemic in China: a 16-year prospective study [see comments]. JAMA. 278:1997;1500-1504.
55. Petridou E, Polychronopoulou A, Dounis E, Tsampira P, Revinthi K, Trichopoulos D. Risk factors for injuries among the elderly in Greece. Accid Anal Prev. 28:1996;333-338.
56. Ryan J, Zwerling C, Orav E J. Occupational risks associated with cigarette smoking: a prospective study. Am J Pub Health. 82:1992;29-32.
57. Phillips B A, Danner F J. Cigarette smoking and sleep disturbance [see comments]. Arch Intern Med. 155:1995;734-737.
58. Tverdal A. A mortality follow-up of persons invited to a cardiovascular disease study in five areas in Norway. 1989;National health screening service, Oslo.
59. Kendler K S, Neale M C, MacLean C J, Heath A C, Eaves L J, Kessler R C. Smoking and major depression: a causal analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;36-43.
60. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C, Smith G D. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 315:1997;629-634.
61. Dunn, W, L, Behavioral research annual report, Richmond, VA, Philip Morris, Inc. Research Center, www.philipmorris.com/ , 1974.
62. Patton D, Barnes G E, Murray R P. A personality typology of smokers. Addict Behav. 22:1997;269-273.
63. Smith G D, Phillips A N, Neaton Y D. Smoking as "independent" risk factor for suicide: illustration of an artifact from observational epidemiology. Lancet. 340:1992;709-712.
64. The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction. 1988;U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington.
65. Moscicki E K. Epidemiology of suicidal behavior. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 25:1995;22-35.
66. Rivara F P, Mueller B A, Somes G, Mendoza C T, Rushforth N B, Kellermann A L. Alcohol and illicit drug abuse and the risk of violent death in the home. JAMA. 278:1997;569-575.
67. Whidden, P, Whidden, M, Fire-safe cigarettes, Helsinki, www.health.fi/tkk/smoke__free/tupakkakirja.html , 1996.
68. Farm chemicals handbook. 1997;Meister Publishing, Willoughby.
69. Vig M M. Nicotine poisoning in a dog. Vet Hum Toxicol. 32:1990;573-575.
70. Nelson H D, Nevitt M C, Scott J C, Stone K L, Cummings S R. Smoking, alcohol, and neuromuscular and physical function of older women: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group [see comments]. JAMA. 272:1994;1825-1831.
71. Warner M A, Offord K P, Warner M E, Lennon R L, Conover M A, Jansson S U. Role of preoperative cessation of smoking and other factors in postoperative pulmonary complications: a blinded prospective study of coronary artery bypass patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 64:1989;609-616.
72. Underwood M J, Bailey J S. Coronary bypass surgery should not be offered to smokers [see comments]. BMJ. 306:1993;1047-1049.
73. Griepp R B, Ergin M A, Galla J D, Lansman S, Khan N, Quintana C, McCollough J, Bodian C. Looking for the artery of Adamkiewicz: a quest to minimize paraplegia after operations for aneurysms of the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 112:1996;1202-1213.
74. Forrest J B, Rehder K, Cahalan M K, Goldsmith C H. Multicenter study of general anesthesia. III. Predictors of severe perioperative adverse outcomes [published erratum appears in Anesthesiology 1992 Jul;77(1):222] [see comments]. Anesthesiology. 76:1992;3-15.
75. Dombi G W, Nandi P, Saxe J M, Ledgerwood A M, Lucas C E. Prediction of rib fracture injury outcome by an artificial neural network. J Trauma. 39:1995;915-921.
76. Raff T, Germann G, Barthold U. Factors influencing the early prediction of outcome from burns. Acta Chir Plast. 38:1996;122-127.
77. Silcox D H, Daftari T, Boden S D, Schimandle J H, Hutton W C, Whitesides TE J. The effect of nicotine on spinal fusion. Spine. 20:1995;1549-1553.
78. Forrest C R, Xu N, Pang C Y. Evidence for nicotine-induced skin flap ischemic necrosis in the pig. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 72:1994;30-38.
79. van Adrichem L N, Hoegen R, Hovius S E, Kort W J, van Strik R, Vuzevski V D, van der Meulen J C. The effect of cigarette smoking on the survival of free vascularized and pedicled epigastric flaps in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg. 97:1996;86-96.
80. Nolan J, Jenkins R A, Kurihara K, Schultz R C. The acute effects of cigarette smoke exposure on experimental skin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 75:1985;544-551.
81. Gu Y D, Zhang G M, Zhang L Y, Li F G, Jiang J F. Clinical and experimental studies of cigarette smoking in microvascular tissue transfers. Microsurgery. 14:1993;391-397.
82. Craig S, Rees T D. The effects of smoking on experimental skin flaps in hamsters. Plast Reconstr Surg. 75:1985;842-846.
83. Ueng S W, Lee M Y, Li A F, Lin S S, Tai C L, Shih C H. Effect of intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation on tibial lengthening: experimental study on rabbits. J Trauma. 42:1997;231-238.
84. Sarin C L, Austin J C, Nickel W O. Effects of smoking on digital blood-flow velocity. JAMA. 229:1974;1327-1328.
85. Mosely L H, Finseth F. Cigarette smoking: impairment of digital blood flow and wound healing in the hand. Hand. 9:1977;97-101.
86. Jensen J A, Goodson W H, Hopf H W, Hunt T K. Cigarette smoking decreases tissue oxygen. Arch Surg. 126:1991;1131-1134.
87. Rees T D, Liverett D M, Guy C L. The effect of cigarette smoking on skin-flap survival in the face lift patient. Plast Reconstr Surg. 73:1984;911-915.
88. Kroll S S. Necrosis of abdominoplasty and other secondary flaps after TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 94:1994;637-643.
89. Lovich S F, Arnold P G. The effect of smoking on muscle transposition. Plast Reconstr Surg. 93:1994;825-828.
90. Cobb T K, Gabrielsen T A, Campbell D C 2nd, Wallrichs S L, Ilstrup D M. Cigarette smoking and nonunion after ankle arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Int. 15:1994;64-67.
91. Leistikow, B, Might smoking cessation reduce injury mortality? A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials, 1998.
92. Davey Smith G, Egger M, Phillips A N, Smith G D. Meta-analysis. Beyond the grand mean. BMJ. 315:1997;1610-1614.
93. Murray C J, Lopez A D. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: global burden of disease study. Lancet. 349:1997;1498-1504.
94. Aligne C A, Stoddard J J. Tobacco and children: an economic evaluation of the medical effects of parental smoking. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 151:1997;648-653.
95. Meliska C J, Stunkard M E, Gilbert D G, Jensen R A, Martinko J M. Immune function in cigarette smokers who quit smoking for 31 days. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 95:1995;901-910.
96. Parrott A C. Smoking cessation leads to reduced stress, but why. Int J Addict. 30:1995;1509-1516.
97. White G J, Pedersen D M, Wood S D, Warden D R, Thiese S M. Cigarette smoking and combat injuries [editorial]. Mil Med. 153:1988;381-382.
98. JAMA. 248:1982;1465-1477.
99. Munday I T, Desai P M, Marshall C A, Jones R M, Phillips M L, Rosen M. The effectiveness of pre-operative advice to stop smoking: a prospective controlled trial. Anaesthesia. 48:1993;816-818.
100. Haddon W J. Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Pub Health Rep. 95:1980;411-421.
101. Tsai S P, Gilstrap E L, Cowles S R, Waddell L C Jr, Ross C E. Personal and job characteristics of musculoskeletal injuries in an industrial population. J Occup Med. 34:1992;606-612.