Rh phenotype prediction by DNA typing and its application to practice

Transfusion Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 281-302

  Flegel, W A ^a   Wagner, F F ^a   Muller T H ^b   Gassner, C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ULM   (Germany)

^b KLINIKUM OLDENBURG   (Germany)

^c Zentralinstitut Bluttransfusion I   (Austria)

Author keywords

Blood group; DNA typing; Genomic analysis; Genotyping; Human diversity; Partial D; PCR RFLP; PCR SSO; PCR SSP; Phenotype prediction; Red blood cell; Rh; RHCE; RhD; RHD; Rhesus; RT PCR; Transfusion

Indexed keywords

BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN; DNA FINGERPRINTING; PHENOTYPE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; DNA; HUMANS; PHENOTYPE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE-STRANDED CONFORMATIONAL; RH-HR BLOOD-GROUP SYSTEM;

EID: 0032404119     PISSN: 09587578     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.1998.00173.x     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Adinolfi, M., Sherlock, J., Kemp, T., Carritt, B., Southill, P., Kingdom, J. & Rodeck, C. (1995) Prenatal detection of fetal RhD DNA sequences in transcervical samples. Lancet, 345, 318-319.
2. Andrews, K.T., Wolter, L.C., Saul, A. & Hyland, C.A. (1998a) Analysis of the RH D gene in an RH D negative donor (Abstract). Vox Sanguinis, 74 (Suppl. 1), 53.
3. Andrews, K.T., Wolter, L.C., Saul, A. & Hyland, C.A. (1998b) The RhD-trait in a white blood donor with the RhCCee phenotype attributed to a four-nucleotide deletion in the RHD gene (Letter). Blood, in press.
4. Anstee, D.J. (1995) Blood group antigens definded by the amino acid sequences of red cell surface proteins. Transfusion Medicine, 5, 1-13.
5. Arce, M.A., Thompson, E.S., Wagner, S., Coyne, K.E., Ferdman, B.A. & Lublin, D.M. (1993) Molecular cloning of RhD cDNA derived from a gene present in RhD-positive, but not RhD-negative individuals. Blood, 82, 651-655.
6. u patient. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 41, 895-898.
7. Aubin, J.T., Le Van Kim, C., Mouro, I., Colin, Y., Bignozzi, C., Brossard, Y. & Cartron, J.-P. (1997) Specificity and sensitivity of RHD genotyping methods by PCR-based DNA amplification. British Journal of Haematology, 98, 356-364.
8. Avent, N.D. (1997) Human erythrocyte antigen expression: its molecular bases. British Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 54, 16-37.
9. II allows localization of critical amino acids required for expression of Rh D epitopes epD3, 4 and 9 to the sixth external domain of the Rh D protein. British Journal of Haematology, 97, 366-371.
10. VIccEe phenotypes. Blood, 89, 1779-1786.
11. u) and partial D phenotypes as determined by multiplex PCR analysis of the RHD gene. Blood, 89, 2568-2577.
12. Beaudet, A.L., Antonarakis, S.E., Beutler, E., Cotton, R.G.H., Desnick, R.J., Kazazian, H.H., McAlpine, P.J., McKusick, V.A., Motulsky, A.G., Scriver, C.R., Shows, T.B., Tsui, L.-C. & Valle, D. (1996) Update on nomenclature for human gene mutations. Human Mutation, 8, 197-202.
13. Beckers, E.A.M., Faas, B.H.W., Ligthart, P., Simsek, S., von Overbeeke, M.A.M., dem Borne, A.E.G.K., van Rhenen, D.J. & van der Schoot, C.E. (1996a) Characterization of the hybrid RHD gene leading to the partial D category IIIc phenotype. Transfusion, 36, 567-574.
14. Beckers, E.A., Faas, B.H., Ligthart, P., von Overbeeke, M.A., dem Borne, A.E., van der Schoot, C.E. & van Rhenen, D.J. (1997) Lower antigen site density and weak D immunogenicity cannot be explained by structural genomic abnormalities or regulatory defects of the RHD gene. Transfusion, 37, 616-623.
15. DBT. British Journal of Haematology, 93, 720-727.
16. Har antigenic complex is associated with a limited number of D epitopes and alloanti-D production: a study in three unrelated individuals and their families. Transfusion, 36, 104-108.
17. Har Rh: 33 phenotype results from substitution of exon 5 of the RHCE gene by the corresponding exon of the RHD gene. British Journal of Haematology, 92, 751-757.
18. Bennett, P.R. & Cartron, J.-P. (1994) Prenatal determination of fetal RhD type (Reply). New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 795-796.
19. Bennett, P.R., Le Van Kim, C., Colin, Y., Warwick, R.M., Cherif-Zahar, B., Fisk, N.M. & Cartron, J.-P. (1993) Prenatal determination of fetal RhD type by DNA amplification. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 607-610.
20. Beutler, E., McKusick, V.A., Motulsky, A.G., Scriver, C.R. & Hutchinson, F. (1996) Mutation nomenclature: nicknames, systematic names, and unique identifiers. Human Mutation, 8, 203-206.
21. Bianchi, D.W., Zickwolf, G.K., Weil, G.J., Sylvester, S. & DeMaria, M.A. (1996) Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93, 705-708.
22. Blunt, T., Daniels, G. & Carritt, B. (1994) Serotype switching in a partially deleted RHD gene. Vox Sanguinis, 67, 397-401.
23. Busch, J., Huber, P., Holtz, J., Pfluger, E. & Radbruch, A. (1994) Simple and fast 'double-MACS' sorting of fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood for PCR-based paternity analysis. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 731, 144-146.
24. Carritt, B., Kemp, T.J. & Poulter, M. (1997) Evolution of the human RH (rhesus) blood group genes: a 50 year old prediction (partially) fulfilled. Human Molecular Genetics, 6, 843-850.
25. Carritt, B., Steers, F.J. & Avent, N.D. (1994) Prenatal determination of fetal RhD type. Lancet, 344, 205-206.
26. Cartron, J.P. (1994) Defining the Rh blood group antigens. Biochemistry and molecular genetics. Blood Reviews, 8, 199-212.
27. Chee, M., Yang, R., Hubbell, E., Berno, A., Huang, X.C., Stern, D., Winkler, J., Lockhart, D.J., Morris, M.S. & Fodor, S.P.A. (1996) Accessing genetic information with high-density DNA arrays. Science, 274, 610-614.
28. Cherif-Zahar, B., Bloy, C., Le Van Kim, C., Blanchard, D., Bailly, P., Hermand, P., Salmon, C., Cartron, J.-P. & Colin, Y. (1990) Molecular cloning and protein structure of a human blood group Rh polypeptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 87, 6243-6247.
29. Cherif-Zahar, B., Le Van Kim, C., Rouillac, C., Raynal, V., Cartron, J.-P. & Colin, Y. (1994) Organization of the gene (RHCE) encoding the human blood group RhCcEe antigens and characterization of the promoter region. Genomics, 19, 68-74.
30. Cherif-Zahar, B., Mattei, M.G., Le Van Kim, C., Bailly, P., Cartron, J.-P. & Colin, Y. (1991) Localization of the human Rh blood group gene structure to chromosome region 1p34.3-1p36.1 by in situ hybridization. Human Genetics, 86, 398-400.
31. Cherif-Zahar, B., Raynal, V., Gane, P., Mattei, M.G., Bailly, P., Gibbs, B., Colin, Y. & Cartron, J.-P. (1996) Candidate gene acting as a suppressor of the RH locus in most cases of Rh-deficiency. Nature Genetics, 12, 168-173.
32. Colin, Y., Cherif-Zahar, B., Le Van Kim, C., Raynal, V., van Huffel, V. & Cartron, J.-P. (1991) Genetic basis of the RhD-positive and RhD-negative blood group polymorphism as determined by southern analysis. Blood, 78, 2747-2752.
33. Cooper, D.N. & Krawczak, M. (1993) Human Gene Mutation. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford.
34. Cossu, G., Angius, A., Gelfi, C. & Righetti, P.G. (1996) Rh D/d genotyping by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 17, 1911-1915.
35. Daniels, G., Green, C. & Smart, E. (1997) Differences between RhD-negative Africans and RhD-negative Europeans (Letter). Lancet, 350, 862-863.
36. Dildy, G.A., Jackson, G.M. & Ward, K. (1996) Determination of fetal RhD status from uncultured amniocytes. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 88, 207-210.
37. Eshleman, J.R., Shakin-Eshleman, S.H., Church, A., Kant, J.A. & Spitalnik, S.L. (1995) DNA typing of the human MN and Ss blood group antigens in amniotic fluid and following massive transfusion. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 103, 353-357.
38. Faas, B.H.W. (1998) Rhesus blood group antigens: from postnatal phenotyping to prenatal genotyping. PhD Thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam, pp. 175-189.
39. Faas, B.H.W., Becker, E.A.M., Wildoer, P., Ligthart, P.C., Overbeeke, M.A.M., Zondervan, H.A., von dem Borne, A.E.G.K. & van der Schoot, C.E. (1997a) Molecular background of VS and weak C expression in blacks. Transfusion, 37, 38-44.
40. Faas, B.H.W., Beckers, E.A.M., Simsek, S., Overbeeke, M.A.M., Pepper, R., van Rhenen, D.J., von dem Borne, A.E.G.K. & van der Schoot, C.E. (1996) Involvement of Ser103 of the Rh polypeptides in G epitope formation. Transfusion, 36, 506-511.
41. Faas, B.H.W., Christiaens, G.C.M.L., Maaskant-van Wijk, P.A., Ligthart, P.C., Overbeeke, M.A.M., van Rhenen, D.J., von dem Borne, A.E.G.K. & van der Schoot, C.E. (1997b) Prenatal genotyping of Rh and Kell antigens on amniotic fluid DNA (Abstract). Transfusion, 37, 100S.
42. Faas, B.H.W., Ligthart, P.C., Lomas-Francis, C., Overbeeke, M.A., von dem Borne, A.E. & van der Schoot, C.E. (1997c) Involvement of Gly96 in the formation of the Rh26 epitope. Transfusion, 37, 1123-1130.
43. Faas, B.H.W., Simsek, S., Bleeker, P.M.M., Overbeeke, M.A.M., Cuijpers, H.T.M., von dem Borne, A.E.G.K. & van der Schoot, C.E. (1995) Rh E/e genotyping by allele-specific primer amplification. Blood, 85, 829-832.
44. Ferguson-Smith, M.A., Zheng, Y.L. & Carter, N.P. (1994) Simultaneous immunophenotyping and FISH on fetal cells from maternal blood. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 731, 73-79.
45. Fischer, G.F., Fae, I., Petrasek, M. & Moser, S. (1995) A combination of two distinct in vitro amplification procedures for DNA typing of HLA-DRB and -DQB 1 alleles. Vox Sanguinis, 69, 328-335.
46. Fischer, S.G. & Lerman, L.S. (1983) DNA fragments differing by single base-pair substitutions separated in denaturing gradient gels: correspondence with melting theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 80, 1579-1583.
47. Flegel, W.A. (1997) Häufigkeit sporadischer nicht-funktionaler Allele und ihre Bedeutung für die Genotypisierung am Beispiel des Polymorphismus im FUT1-Blutgruppengen. Habilitationsschrift, Universität Ulm. .
48. Flegel, W.A., Gassner, C., Müller, T.H., Schönitzer, D., Schunter, F. & Wagner, F.F. (1998) The molecular basis of weak D (Abstract). Vox Sanguinis, 74 (Suppl. 1), 55.
49. Flegel, W.A., Hillesheim, B. & Wagner, F.F. (1996) RHD category VII is caused by a single molecular event (Abstract). Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, 3, 33s.
50. Flegel, W.A. & Wagner, F.F. (1996) The frequency of RHD protein variants in Caucasians (Abstract). Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, 3, 10s.
51. Flegel, W.A. & Wagner, F.F. (1998) Rhesus Immunisierungs-register (RIR) [The Rhesus Immunization Surveillance]. DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg, Ulm. .
52. Fukumori, Y., Hori, Y., Ohnoki, S., Nagao, N., Shibata, H., Okubo, Y. & Yamaguchi, H. (1997) Further analysis of Del (D-elute) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with RHD gene-specific primers. Transfusion Medicine, 7, 227-231.
53. Gänshirt-Ahlert, D., Börjesson-Stoll, R., Burschyk, M., Dohr, A., Garritsen, H.S., Helmer, E., Miny, P., Velasco, M., Walde, C., Patterson, D., Teng, N., Bhat, N.M., Bieber, M.M. & Holzgreve, W. (1993) Detection of fetal trisomies 21 and 18 from maternal blood using triple gradient and magnetic cell sorting. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 30, 194-201.
54. Gassner, C., Müller, T.H., Wagner, F.F., Flegel, W.A. & Schönitzer, D. (1997a) Rhesus C typing by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primers: realisation of 'medium resolution RH-DNA-typing' (Abstract). Transfusion, 37S, 101S.
55. Gassner, C., Schmarda, A., Kilga-Nogler, S., Jenny-Feldkircher, B., Rainer, E., Müller, T.H., Wagner, F.F., Flegel, W.A. & Schönitzer, D. (1997b) RhesusD/CE typing by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers. Transfusion, 37, 1020-1026.
56. Gassner, C., Schmarda, A., Nussbaumer, W. & Schönitzer, D. (1996) ABO glycosyltransferase genotyping by polymerase-chain reaction using sequence-specific primers. Blood, 88, 1852-1856.
57. Geifman-Holtzman, O., Bernstein, I.M., Berry, S.M., Bianchi, D.W. & Holtzman, E.J. (1996a) Rapid molecular determination of fetal rhesus E type. Prenatal Diagnosis, 16, 489-493.
58. Geifman-Holtzman, O., Bernstein, I.M., Berry, S.M., Holtzman, E.J., Vadnais, T.J., DeMaria, M.A. & Bianchi, D.W. (1996b) Fetal RhD genotyping in fetal cells flow sorted from maternal blood. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 174, 818-822.
59. Hamlington, J., Cunningham, J., Mason, G., Mueller, R. & Miller, D. (1997) Prenatal detection of rhesus D genotype (Letter). Lancet, 349, 540.
60. Heid, C.A., Stevens, J., Livak, K.J. & Williams, P.M. (1996) Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Research, 6, 986-994.
61. Hengstschlager, M., Holzl, G., Ulm, B. & Bernaschek, G. (1997) Raising the sensitivity of fetal RhD typing and sex determination from maternal blood (Letter). Journal of Medical Genetics, 34, 350-351.
62. Hessner, M.J., McFarland, J.G. & Endean, D.J. (1996) Genotyping of KEL1 and KEL2 of the human Kell blood group system by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. Transfusion, 36, 495-499.
63. W- red blood cells: phenotypic homozygosity versus genotypic heterozygosity. Blood, 88, 2326-2333.
64. VI category erythrocytes: correlation of the phenotype with a novel hybrid RhD-CE-D gene but not an internally deleted RhD gene. Blood, 89, 1834-1839.
65. Huang, C.H. (1997b) Molecular insights into the Rh protein family and associated antigens. Current Opinion in Hematology, 4, 94-103.
66. IIIa erythrocytes: RhD protein is associated with multiple dispersed amino acid variations. American Journal of Hematology, 55, 139-145.
67. null blood donor of the regulator type. Blood, 91, 1458-1463.
68. Hyland, C.A., Wolter, L.C. & Saul, A. (1994) Three unrelated Rh D gene polymorphisms identified among blood donors with Rhesus CCee (r′r′) phenotypes. Blood, 84, 321-324.
69. Hyland, C.A., Wolter, L.C. & Saul, A. (1995) Identification and analysis of RH genes: application of PCR and RFLP typing tests. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 9, 289-301.
70. Ikemoto, S., Iwamoto, S., Tsuchida, S., Goto, K., Oyamada, T. & Kajii, E. (1996) Molecular genetic basis of red cell markers and its forensic application. Forensic Science International, 80, 147-161.
71. u), and partial D: the molecular story unfolds. Transfusion, 36, 97-100.
72. Jones, J. (1995) Identification of two new D variants, DHMi and DHMii using monoclonal anti-D. Vox Sanguinis, 69, 236-241.
73. Jones, J.W., Finning, K.M., Mattock, R., Voak, D., Scott, M.L. & Avent, N.D. (1997) The serological profile and molecular basis of a new partial D phenotype, DHR. Vox Sanguinis, 73, 252-256.
74. Jones, J., Scott, M.L. & Voak, D. (1995) Monoclonal anti-D specificity and Rh D structure: criteria for selection of monoclonal anti-D reagents for routine typing of patients and donors. Transfusion Medicine, 5, 171-184.
75. Joyce, P. & Tavare, S. (1995) The distribution of rare alleles. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 33, 602-618.
76. Kalinina, O., Lebedeva, I., Brown, J. & Silver, J. (1997) Nanoliter scale PCR with TaqMan detection. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 1999-2004.
77. Kemp, T.J., Poulter, M. & Carritt, B. (1996) A recombination hot spot in the Rh genes revealed by analysis of unrelated donors with the rare d - phenotype. American Journal of Human Genetics, 59, 1066-1073.
78. Langley, C.H., Voelker, R.A., Leigh Brown, A.J., Ohnishi, S., Dickson, B. & Montgomery, E. (1981) Null allele frequencies at allozyme loci in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics, 99, 151-156.
79. Le Van Kim, C., Mouro, L, Brossard, Y., Chavinie, J., Cartron, J.-P. & Colin, Y. (1994) PCR-based determination of Rhc and RhE status of fetuses at risk for Rhc and RhE haemolytic disease. British Journal of Haematology, 88, 193-195.
80. Le Van Kim, C., Mouro, I., Cherif-Zahar, B., Raynal, V., Cherrier, C., Cartron, J.-P. & Colin, Y. (1992) Molecular cloning and primary structure of the human blood group RhD polypeptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 10925-10929.
81. Lee, S., Bennett, P.R., Overton, T., Warwick, R., Wu, X. & Redman, C.M. (1996) Prenatal diagnosis of Kell blood group genotypes: KEL1 and KEL2. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 175, 455-459.
82. Legler, T.J., Kohler, M., Mayr, W.R., Panzer, S., Ohto, H. & Fischer, G.F. (1996) Genotyping of the human platelet antigen systems 1 through 5 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and ligation-based typing. Transfusion, 36, 426-431.
83. Lighten, A.D., Overton, T.G., Sepulveda, W., Warwick, R.M., Fisk, N.M. & Bennett, P.R. (1995) Accuracy of prenatal determination of RhD type status by polymerase chain reaction with amniotic cells. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 173, 1182-1185.
84. Lin, Z., Cui, X. & Li, H. (1996) Multiplex genotype determination at a large number of gene loci. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93, 2582-2587.
85. HMii (Abstract). Transfusion Medicine, 6 (Suppl. 2), 21.
86. Lo, Y.M., Bowell, P.J., Selinger, M., Mackenzie, I.Z., Chamberlain, P., Gillmer, M.D., Elliott, P., Pratt, G., Littlewood, T.J. & Fleming, K. A. (1994a) Prenatal determination of fetal Rhesus D status by DNA amplification of peripheral blood of Rhesus-negative mothers. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 731, 229-236.
87. Lo, Y.-M.D., Bowell, P.J., Selinger, M., Mackenzie, I.Z., Chamberlain, P., Gillmer, M.D.G., Littlewood, T.J., Fleming, K.A. & Wainscoat, J.S. (1993) Prenatal determination of fetal RhD status by analysis of peripheral blood of rhesus negative mothers. Lancet, 341, 1147-1148.
88. Lo, Y.M., Noakes, L., Bowell, P.J., Fleming, K.A. & Wainscoat, J.S. (1994b) Detection of fetal RhD sequence from peripheral blood of sensitized RhD-negative pregnant women. British Journal of Haematology, 87, 658-660.
89. Lomas, C., Grässmann, W., Ford, D., Watt, J., Gooch, A., Jones, J., Beolet, M., Stern, D., Wallace, M. & Tippett, P. (1994) FPTT is a low-incidence Rh antigen associated with a 'new' partial Rh D phenotype, DFR. Transfusion, 34, 612-616.
90. Lomas, C., Tippett, P., Thompson, K.M., Melamed, M.D. & Hughes-Jones, N.C. (1989) Demonstration of seven epitopes on the Rh antigen D using human monoclonal anti-D antibodies and red cells from D categories. Vox Sanguinis, 57, 261-264.
91. Maas, J.H., Legler, T.J., Lynen, R., Blaschke, V., Ohto, H. & Köhler, M. (1997) [Rh-D genotyping for exon 2, 5 and 7 of German and Japanese blood donors with sequence specific polymerase chain reaction]. Beiträge zur Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin, 34, 203-209.
92. Maaskant van Wijk, P.A., Beckers, E.A.M., van Rhenen, D.J., Mouro, I., Colin, Y., Cartron, J.-P., Faas, B.H.W., van der Schoot, C.E., Apoil, P.A., von Blancher, A. & von dem Borne, A.E.G. (1997a) Evidence that the RHD (VI) deletion genotype does not exist. Blood, 90, 1709-1711.
93. Maaskant van Wijk, P.A., Faas, B.H.W., de Ruijter, J.A.M., von Overbeeke, M.A.M., von dem Borne, A.E.G.K. & van Rhenen, D.J. (1997b) RHD genotyping by multiplex PCR analysis of all RHD specific exons (Abstract). Transfusion, 37, 1S.
94. Maaskant van Wijk, P.A., Faas, B.H.W., de Ruijter, J.A.M., von Overbeeke, M.A.M., dem Borne, A.E.G.K., van Rhenen, D.J. & van der Schoot, C.E. (1998) Genotyping of RHD by multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis of all RHD-specific exons. Transfusion, 38, in press.
95. MacGeoch, C., Mitchell, C.J., Carritt, B., Avent, N.D., Ridgwell, K., Tanner, M.J. & Spurr, N.K. (1992) Assignment of the chromosomal locus of the human 30-kDal Rh (rhesus) blood group-antigen-related protein (Rh30A) to chromosome region 1p36.13-p34. Cytogenetics and Cellular Genetics, 59, 261-263.
96. Mallinson, G., Soo, K.S. & Anstee, D.J. (1995) The molecular basis of the Fy (a) and Fy (b) antigens (Abstract). Transfusion Medicine, 5, 45.
97. Morris, T., Robertson, B. & Gallagher, M. (1996) Rapid reverse transcription-PCR detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum by using the TaqMan fluorogenic detection system. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34, 2933-2936.
98. VI category phenotype. Blood, 83, 1129-1135.
99. Müller, T.H., Döscher, A. & Schunter, F. (1997a) Genotyping of the human platelet antigen-1 by ELISA detection of allele-specific amplicons. Vox Sanguinis, 73, 185-188.
100. Müller, T.H., Gassner, C., Gran, S., Wagner, F.F., Flegel, W.A. & Schunter, F. (1997b) Semiautomated Rhesus DNA-typing by multiplex PCR: 4 reactions with 15 sequence-specific primer pairs (Abstract). Transfusion, 37, 19S.
101. Ohnishi, S., Brown, A.J.L., Voelker, R.A. & Langley, C.H. (1982) Estimation of genetic variability in natural populations of Drosophila simulans by two-demensional and starch gel electrophoresis. Genetics, 100, 127-136.
102. Okuda, H., Kawano, M., Iwamoto, S., Tanaka, M., Seno, T., Okubo, Y. & Kajii, E. (1997) The RHD gene is highly detectable in RhD-negative Japanese donors. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 100, 373-379.
103. Olives, B., Merriman, M., Bailly, P., Bain, S., Barnett, A., Todd, J., Cartron, J.P. & Merriman, T. (1997) The molecular basis of the Kidd blood group polymorphism and its lack of association with type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Human Molecular Genetics, 6, 1017-1020.
104. Pope, J., Navarrete, C., Warwick, R. & Contreras, M. (1995) Multiplex PCR analysis of RhD gene. Lancet, 346, 375-376.
105. Poulter, M., Kemp, T.J. & Carritt, B. (1996) DNA-based Rhesus typing: simultaneous determination of RHC and RHD status using the polymerase chain reaction. Vox Sanguinis, 7, 164-168.
106. Reubinoff, B.E., Avner, R., Rojansky, N., Manny, N., Friedmann, A., Laufer, N. & Mitrani-Rosenbaum, S. (1996) RhD genotype determination by single sperm cell analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 174, 1300-1305.
107. Rose, N.C., Hurwitz, C., Silberstein, L., Andovalu, R. & Stoerker, J. (1997) Prenatal analysis of rhesus CcDEe blood groups by heteroduplex generator. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 176, 1084-1089.
108. Rossiter, J.P., Blakemore, K.J., Kickler, T.S., Kasch, L.M., Khouzami, A.N., Pressman, E.K., Sciscione, A.C. & Kazazian, H.H. (1994) The use of polymerase chain reaction to determine fetal RhD status. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 171, 1047-1051.
109. Roubinet, F., Apoil, P.A. & Blancher, A. (1996) Frequency of partial D phenotypes in the south western region of France. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, 3, 247-255.
110. Rouger, P. & Muller, J.-Y. (1996) Third International Workshop and Symposium on Monoclonal Antibodies against Human Red Cells and Related Antigens: Section RH. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, 3, 329-541.
111. Rouillac, C., Colin, Y., Hughes-Jones, N.C., Beolet, M., D'Ambrosio, A.-M., Cartron, J.-P. & Le Van Kim, C. (1995a) Transcript analysis of D category phenotypes predicts hybrid Rh D-CE-D proteins associated with alteration of D epitopes. Blood, 85, 2937-2944.
112. N phenotypes. Blood, 87, 4853-4861.
113. VII category blood group phenotype. American Journal of Hematology, 49, 87-88.
114. IIIb erythrocytes is associated with segmental DNA exchange between RH genes. British Journal of Haematology, 89, 424-426.
115. Salmon, C., Cartron, J.-P. & Rouger, P. (1984) The Human Blood Groups. Masson, New York.
116. Scott, M.L., Voak, D., Jones, J.W., Liu, W., Avent, N.D., Hughes-Jones, N. & Sonneborn, H.-H. (1997) A model for RhD - the relationship of 30 serologically defined epitopes to predicted structure. Biotest Bulletin, 5, 459-466.
117. Sekizawa, A., Watanabe, A., Kimura, T., Saito, H., Yanaihara, T. & Sato, T. (1996) Prenatal diagnosis of the fetal RhD blood type using a single fetal nucleated erythrocyte from maternal blood. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 87, 501-505.
118. Simsek, S., Faas, B.H.W., Bleeker, P.M.M., Overbeeke, M.A.M., Cuijpers, H.T.M., van der Schoot, C.E. & von dem Borne, A.E.G.K. (1995) Rapid Rh D genotyping by polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA. Blood, 85, 2975-2980.
119. Simsek, S., Bleeker, P.M.M. & von dem Borne, A.E.G. (1994) Prenatal determination of fetal RhD type (Letter). New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 795-796.
120. Sonneborn, H.-H. & Voak, D. (1997) A review of 50 years of the Rh blood group system. Biotest Bulletin, 5, 389-552.
121. Spence, W.C., Maddalena, A., Demers, D.B. & Bick, D.P. (1995a) Molecular analysis of the RhD genotype in fetuses at risk for RhD hemolytic disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 85, 296-298.
122. Spence, W.C., Maddalena, A., Demers, D.B. & Bick, D.P. (1997) Prenatal determination of genotypes Kell and Cellano in at-risk pregnancies. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 42, 353-357.
123. Spence, W.C., Potter, P., Maddalena, A., Demers, D.B. & Bick, D.P. (1995b) DNA-based prenatal determination of the RhEe genotype. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 86, 670-672.
124. Steers, F., Wallace, M., Johnson, P., Carritt, B. & Daniels, G. (1996) Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: a novel method for determining Rh phenotype from genomic DNA. British Journal of Haematology, 94, 417-421.
125. Stoerker, J., Hurwitz, C., Rose, N.C., Silberstein, L.E. & Highsmith, W.E. (1996) Heteroduplex generator in analysis of Rh blood group alleles. Clinical Chemistry, 42, 356-360.
126. Tanaka, M., Seno, T., Shibata, H., Okubo, Y., Okuda, H., Kajii, E. & Utsumi, R. (1997) Genotyping for RhC/c and RhE/e by PCR using allele-specific oligonucleotide primers. Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine, 51, 32-38.
127. Tippett, P., Lomas-Francis, C. & Wallace, M. (1996) The Rh antigen D: partial D antigens and associated low incidence antigens. Vox Sanguinis, 70, 123-131.
128. Tippett, P. & Sanger, R. (1962) Observations on subdivisions of Rh antigen D. Vox Sanguinis, 7, 9-13.
129. Tippett, P. & Sanger, R. (1977) Further observations on sub-divisions of the Rh antigen D. Das Ärztliche Laboratorium, 23, 476-480.
130. Tonn, T., Westrup, D., Seidl, C., Kirchmaier, C.M. & Seifried, E. (1997) Sensitive determination of the RhD genotype in mixed samples using fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction. Vox Sanguinis, 72, 177-181.
131. van den Veyver, I.B., Chong, S.S., Cota, J., Bennett, P.R., Fisk, N.M., Handyside, A.H., Cartron, J.P., Le Van Kim, C., Colin, Y. & Snabes, M.C. (1995) Single-cell analysis of the RhD blood type for use in preimplantation diagnosis in the prevention of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 172, 533-540.
132. van den Veyver, I.B. & Moise, K.J. (1996) Fetal RhD typing by polymerase chain reaction in pregnancies complicated by rhesus alloimmunization. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 88, 1061-1067.
133. van den Veyver, I.B., Subramanian, S.B., Hudson, K.M., Werch, J., Moise, K.J. & Hughes, M.R. (1996) Prenatal diagnosis of the RhD fetal blood type on amniotic fluid by polymerase chain reaction. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 87, 419-422.
134. Wagner, F.F. & Flegel, W.A. (1997) Polymorphism of the h allele and the population frequency of sporadic nonfunctional alleles. Transfusion, 37, 284-290.
135. Wagner, F.F., Gassner, C., Müller, T.H., Schönitzer, D., Schunter, F. & Flegel, W.A. (1998a) Three molecular structures cause Rhesus D category VI phenotypes with distinct immunohematologic features. Blood, 91, 2157-2168.
136. Wagner, F.F., Gassner, C., Müller, T.H., Schönitzer, D., Schunter, F. & Flegel, W.A. (1998b) The molecular basis of weak D phenotypes. Blood, in press..
137. Wagner, F.F., Kasulke, D., Kerowgan, M. & Flegel, W.A. (1995) Frequencies of the blood groups ABO, Rhesus, D category VI, Kell, and of clinically relevant high-frequency antigens in South-Western Germany. Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin, 22, 285-290.
138. Wallace, M., Lomas-Francis, C., Beckers, E., Bruce, M., Campbell, G., Chatfield, S., Nagao, N., Okubo, Y., Opalka, A., Overbeeke, M., Scott, M. & Voak, D. (1997) DBT: a partial D phenotype associated with the low-incidence antigen Rh32. Transfusion Medicine, 7, 233-238.
139. Wenk, R.E. & Chiafari, P.A. (1997) DNA typing of recipient blood after massive transfusion. Transfusion, 37, 1108-1110.
140. Wodicka, L., Dong, H., Mittmann, M., Ho, M.H. & Lockhart, D.J. (1997) Genome-wide expression monitoring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature Biotechnology, 15, 1359-1367.
141. Wolter, L.C., Hyland, C.A. & Saul, A. (1993) Rhesus D genotyping using polymerase chain reaction. Blood, 82, 1682-1683.
142. Woo, T.H., Patel, B.K., Smythe, L.D., Norris, M.A., Symonds, M.L. & Dohnt, M.F. (1998) Identification of pathogenic Leptospira by TaqMan probe in a lightcycler. Analytical Biochemistry, 256, 132-134.
143. Yankowitz, J., Li, S. & Murray, J.C. (1995) Polymerase chain reaction determination of RhD blood type: an evaluation of accuracy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 86, 214-217.
144. Yankowitz, J., Li, S. & Weiner, C.P. (1997) Polymerase chain reaction determination of RhC, Rhc, and RhE blood types: an evaluation of accuracy and clinical utility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 176, 1107-1111.