Supply of nutrients and productive responses in dairy cows given diets based on restrictively fermented silage

Agricultural and Food Science in Finland

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 219-250

  Huhtanen, Pekka ^a  

^a ANIMAL PRODUCTION RESEARCH   (Finland)

Author keywords

Energy; Milk production; Nutrient supply; Protein; Response to nutrients; Silage

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BOS TAURUS; POACEAE;

EID: 0032399571     PISSN: 12390992     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.23986/afsci.72861     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. AFRC 1992. Nutritive requirements of ruminant animals: Protein. Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients, Report No. 9. (Agricultural and Food Research Council). Nutrition Abstract and Reviews, Series B 62: 787-835.
2. Ahvenjärvi, S., Vanhatalo, A., Huhtanen, P. & Varvikko, T. 1997. Rypsirouheen ja lämpökäsitellyn rypsipuristeen vaikutus lypsylehmien pötsistä virtaavien ravintoaineiden määrään. Kotieläintieteen päivät 1997. Maaseutukeskuksen julkaisuja 914: 191-194.
3. Aronen, I. & Vanhatalo, A. 1992. Effect of concentrate supplementation to grass silage diets on rumen fermentation, diet digestion and microbial protein synthesis in growing heifers. Agricultural Science in Finland 1: 177-178.
4. Aston, K., Fisher, W.J. & McAllan, A.B. 1994. Intake and production responses by holstein-friesian cows to the level and pattern of crude protein supplied in a fixed concentrate diet given with grass silage ad libitum. BSAS Winter Meeting, Scarborough, UK. Paper 129.
5. Bosch, M.W., Lammers-Wienhoven, S.C.W., Bangma, G.A., Boer, H. & Adrichem, P.W.M. van 1992. Influence of stage of maturity of grass silages on digestion processes in dairy cows. 2. Rumen contents, passage rates, distribution of rumen and faecal particles and mastication activity. Livestock Production Science 32: 265-281.
6. Chamberlain, D.G. 1987. The silage fermentation in relation to the utilization of nutrients in the rumen. Process Biochemistry 22: 60-63.
7. -& Choung, J.-J. 1993.The nutritional value of grass silage. In: O'Kiely P. et al. (eds.). Silage Research 1993. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Silage Research. Dublin City University, Ireland, 6-8 September 1993. p. 131-136.
8. -& Choung, J.-J. 1995. The importance of rate or ruminal fermentation of energy sources in diets for dairy cows. In: Garnsworthy, P.C. et al. (eds.). Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Butterworths, London. p. 3-27.
9. -, Choung, J.-J. & Robertson, S. 1992. Protein nutrition of dairy cows receiving grass silage diets: effects of feeding a protein supplement of unbalanced amino acid composition. Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 60: 425-430.
10. -, Martin, P.A. & Robertson, S. 1989. Optimizing compound feed use in dairy cows with high intakes of silage. In: Haresign, W. & Cole, D.J.A. (eds.). Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Butterworths, London. p. 175-193.
11. -, Thomas, P.C. & Anderson, F.J. 1983. Volatile fatty acid proportions and lactic acid metabolism in the rumen of sheep and cattle receiving silage diets. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 101: 47-58.
12. -, Thomas, P.C., Wilson, W., Newbold, C.J. & McDonald, J.C. 1985. The effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminai concentrations of ammonia in animals given diets of grass silage. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 104: 331-340.
13. Choung, J.-J. & Chamberlain, D.G. 1993a. Effects of addition of lactic acid and postruminal supplementation with casein on the nutritive value of grass silage for milk production in dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science 48: 380-386.
14. -& Chamberlain, D.G. 1993b. The effects of abomasal infusions of casein or soya-bean-protein isolate on the milk production of dairy cows in mid-lactation. British Journal of Nutrition 60: 103-115.
15. Clancy, M., Wangsness, P.J. & Baumgardt, R.B. 1977. Effect of silage extract on voluntary feed intake, rumen fluid constituent, and rumen motility. Journal of Dairy Science 60: 580-590.
16. Cushanan, A. & Mayne, C.S. 1995. Effects of ensilage of grass on the performance and nutrient utilization by dairy cattle. 1. Food intake and milk production. Animal Science 60: 337-345.
17. Danfær, A. 1994. Nutrient metabolism and utilization in the liver. Livestock Production Science 39: 115-127.
18. Deinum, B., Beyer, J. de, Nordfeldt, P.H., Kornher, A., Østgård, O. & Bogaert, G. van 1981. Quality of herbage at different latitudes. Netherland Journal in Agricultural Science 29: 141-150.
19. Demarquilly, C. 1973. Composition chimique, charactéristiques fermentaires, digestibilité et quantité des ensilage de fourrage: modifications par rapport au fourrage initial. Annales de Zootechique 22: 1-35.
20. Demeyer, D.I. & Van Nevel, C.J. 1975. Methanogenesis, an integrated part of carbohydrate fermenta tion and its control. In: MacDonald, I.W & Warner, A.C.I (eds.). Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. University of New England Publishing Unit, Armidale, Australia, p. 366-382.
21. Ettala, E. & Lampila, M. 1978. Factors affecting voluntary silage intake by dairy cows. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 17: 163-174.
22. -, Lampila, M. & Rissanen, H. 1978. Effect of concentrate feeding level in grass silage-based diets on milk production of dairy cows. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 17: 175-185.
23. Farhan, S.M.A. & Thomas, P.C. 1978. The effect of partial neutralization of formic acid silages with sodium hydroxide on their voluntary intake by cattle and sheep. Journal of the British Grassland Society 33: 151-158.
24. Gasa, J., Holtenius, K., Sutton, J.D. & Dhanoa, M.S. 1991. Rumen fill and digesta kinetics in lactating Friesian cows given two levels of concentrates with two types of grass silage ad lib. British Journal of Nutrition 66: 381-398.
25. Girdler, C.P., Thomas, P.C. & Chamberlain, D.G. 1984. Exogenous supply of glucose precursors and nitrogen utilisation in sheep. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 45: 43A.
26. Gordon, F.J., Porter, M.G., Mayne, C.S., Unsworth, E.F. & Kilpatrick, D.J. 1995 Effect of forage digestibility and type of concentrate on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Research 62: 15-27.
27. -, Unsworth, E.F. & Peoples, A.C. 1981. Protein supplementation of silage-based diets for milk production. 54th Annual Report, Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland. Belfast, HMSO. p. 13-25.
28. Harrison, J.H., Blauwiekel, R. & Stokes, M.R. 1994. Fermentation and utilization of grass silage. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 3209-3235.
29. Heikkilä, T. 1993. Concentrate supplemented silage or hay harvested at early growth stage in the feeding of dairy cattle. In: Proceedings of the Russia's-Finnish symposium Elaboration of Ecologically Safe Methods for Agriculture", Sanct-Petersburg, Russia, 1993. p. 176-178.
30. -1994. Nykyhinnoilla runsas väkirehuannos ei ole taloudellisesti kannattava. Maito ja Me 4/94: 38-40.
31. -, Toivonen, V. & Huhtanen, P. 1998a. Effecs of and interactions between the extent of silage fermentation and protein supplementation in lactating dairy cows. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, (in press).
32. -, Toivonen, V. & Huhtanen, P. 1998b. Effect of spring and autumn silage, protein and concentrate level on milk production. Proceedings of the 17th General Meeting of European Grassland Federation. 18-21 May 1998, Debrecen, Hungary, p. 717-721.
33. -, Väätäinen, H. & Toivonen, V. 1993 Effects of acid and biological additives on grasss silage quality and milk production in dairy cows supplemeted with concentrates containing three levels of rapeseed meal. In: O'Kiely, P. et al. (eds.). Silage research 1993. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Silage Research, Dublin City University, Ireland, 6-8 September 1993. p. 190-191.
34. Henning, P.H., Steyen, D.G. & Meissner, H.H. 1993. Effect of synchronization of energy and nitrogen supply on ruminal characteristics and microbial growth. Journal of Animal Science 73: 142-148.
35. Huhtanen, P. 1987a. The effects of carbohydrate supplements on the utilization of grass silage diets. Academic dissertation. University of Helsinki.
36. -1987b. The effect of dietary inclusion of barley, unmolassed sugar beet pulp and molasses on milk production, digestibility and digesta passage in dairy cows given silage based diet. Journal of Agricultural Science in Finland 59: 101-120.
37. -1988. The effects of supplementation of silage diet with barley, unmolassed sugar beet pulp and molasses on organic matter, nitrogen and fibre digestion in the rumen of cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology 20: 259-278.
38. -1992. The effects of barley vs. barley fibre with or without distiller's solubles on site and extent of nutrient digestion in cattle fed grass silage based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 36: 319-337.
39. -1993a. The effects of concentrate energy source and protein content on milk production in cows given grass silage ad libitum. Grass and Forage Science 48: 347-355.
40. -1993b. Factors influencing forage intake. In: Fredeen, A. (ed.). Proceedings of Nova Scotia forage conference forage: seeding to feeding. Nova Scotia Forage Council, Canada. p. 103-127.
41. -, Blauwiekel, R. & Saastamoinen, I. 1998. Effects of intraruminal infusions of propionate and butyrate with two different protein supplements on milk production and blood metabolites in dairy cows receiving grass silage-based diet Journal of Science in Food and Agriculture 77: 213-222.
42. -& Heikkilä, T. 1996. Effects of physical treatment of barley and rapeseed meal in dairy cows given grass silage-based diets. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 5: 399-412.
43. -& Hissa, K. 1996. The influence of molasses and yeast culture on the performance of growing bulls on grass silage-based diet. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 5: 201-215.
44. -& Jaakkola, S. 1994. Influence of grass maturity and diet on ruminal dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestion kinetics. Archiv for Animal Nutrition 47: 153-167.
45. -, Jaakkola, S. & Saarisalo, E. 1995. The effects of concentrate energy source on milk production of dairy cows given a grass silage-based diet. Animal Science 60: 31-40.
46. -, Miettinen, H. & Toivonen, V. 1997a. Effects of silage fermentation and postruminal casein supplementation in lactating dairy cows. 1. Diet digestion and milk production. Journal of Science in Food and Agriculture 74: 450-458.
47. -& Vanhatalo, A. 1997. Ruminai and total plant cell wall digestibility estimated by a combined in situ method utilizing mathematical model. British Journal of Nutrition 78: 583-598.
48. -, Vanhatalo, A. & Varvikko, T. 1997b. Effects of abomasal infusions of histidine, leucine and glucose on milk production in cows given grass silage based diet. Journal of Dairy Science 80, Supplement 1: 247.
49. Jaakkola, S. 1992. Silage fermentation in relation to the feeding value with special reference to enzyme-treated silage. Academic dissertation. University of Helsinki, Finland.
50. -& Huhtanen, P. 1992. Rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in cattle given increasing levels of lactic acid with grass silage based diet. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 119: 411-419.
51. -& Huhtanen, P. 1993. The effects of the forage preservation method and the proportion of concentrate on nitrogen digestion and rumen fermentation in cattle. Grass and Forage Science 48: 146-154.
52. -, Huhtanen, P. & Hissa, K. 1991. The effect of cell wall degrading enzymes or formic acid on fermentation quality and on digestion of grass silage by cattle. Grass and Forage Science 46: 75-87.
53. -, Huhtanen, P. & Kaunisto, V. 1993. VFA proportions and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle receiving grass silage ensiled with different rates of formic acid. In: O'Kiely, P. et al. (eds.). Silage Research 1993. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Silage Research, Dublin City University, Ireland, 6-8 September 1993. p. 139-140.
54. -, Rinne, M., Heikkilä, T., Toivonen, V. & Huhtanen, P. 1996. Effects of restriction of silage fermentation with formic acid on milk production. Proceedings of the XIth International Silage Conference. University of Wales, Aberystwyth 8-11 September 1996. p. 76-77.
55. -Rinne, M., Huuskonen, K., Vesterinen, V. & Huhtanen, P. 1995. The Effect of silage fermentation on the response to protein supplementation in milk production and rumen fermentation in vitro. VII Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, 24-27 May 1995, Estaco Zootecnica Nacional Portugal, p. 235-236.
56. Jacobs, J.L. & McAllan, A.B. 1992. Protein supplementation of formic acid and enzyme-treated silage. 2. Nitrogen and amino acid digestion. Grass and Forage Science 47:114-120.
57. Kaustell, K., Mäntysaari, E.M. & Huhtanen, P. 1998. Concentrate feeding and milk yield based on the field data of milk recorded herds. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland (in press).
58. Keady, T.W.J. & Murphy, J.J. 1993. The effects of ensiling on the intake of herbage and milk production by lactating dairy cows. Animal Production 56: 423-424. (abstract).
59. Khalili, H. & Huhtanen, P. 1991. Sucrose supplements in cattle given grass silage based diet. 2. Digestion of cell wall carbohydrates. Animal Feed Science and Technology 33: 262-273.
60. -, Huhtanen, P., Jaakkola, S. & Varvikko, T. 1995a. The effects or ruminai and duodenal casein infusion on intake of red clocer silage, milk production and microbial protein synthesis. British Society of Animal Science Winter Meeting 1995. Scarborough 20-22 March 1995. Paper No 123. 2 p.
61. -, Huhtanen, P., Jaakkola, S. & Varvikko, T. 1995b. The effects of ruminai and duodenal casein infusion on dry matter (DM) intake of red clover silage and rumen pool size, digestion and passage kinetics of neutral detergent fibre (NDF). Annales de Zootechnique 44, Supplement, p. 243.
62. -, Varvikko, T., Toivonen, V., Hissa, K. & Suvitie, M. 1997. The effects of added glycerol, or unprotected free fatty acids, or a combiantion of the two on silage intake, milk production, rumen fermentation and diet digestibility in cows given grass silage based diet. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 6: 349-362.
63. Lampila, M., Jaakkola, S., Toivonen, V. & Setälä, J. 1988. Forage conservation and supplementation in cattle rations. Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Animal Production. Helsinki, Finland. p. 51-71.
64. Madsen, J., Hvelplund, T., Weibjerg, M., Bertilson, J., Olsson, I., Spörndly, R., Harstad, O.m., Volden, H., Tuori, M., Varvikko, T., Huhtanen, P. & Olafson, B.L. 1995. The AAT/PVT protein evaluation system for ruminants. A revision. Norwegian Journal in Argicultural Science, Supplement 19. 37 p.
65. Martin, C., Williams, A.G. & Michalet-Doreau, B. 1994. Isolation and characteristics of the protozoal and bacterial fractions of bovine ruminanl contents. Journal of Animal Science 72: 2962-2968.
66. Martin, P.A., Chamberlain, D.G., Robertson, S. & Hirst, D. 1994. Rumen fermentation patterns in sheep receiving silages of different chemical composition supplemented with concentrates rich in starch or digestible fibre. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 122: 145-150.
67. Mertens, D.R. 1994. Regulation of forage intake. In: Fahey, G.C., Jr (ed.). Forage quality, evaluation and utilization. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. p. 450-493.
68. Miettinen, H. & Huhtanen, P. 1996. The effects of ruminal propionate to butyrate ratio on milk production and blood metabolites in dairy cows fed a grass silage based diet. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 851-861.
69. -& Huhtanen, P. 1997. Effects of silage fermentation and postruminal casein supplementation in lactating dairy cows. 2. Blood metabolites and amino acids. Journal of Science in Food and Agriculture 74: 459-468.
70. Mould, F.L. 1988. Associative effects of feeds. In: Ørskov, E.R. (ed.). World Animal Science B4, Feed Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 279-292.
71. Murphy, M., Khalili, H. & Huhtanen, P. 1993. The substitution of barley by other carbohydrates in grass silage based diets to dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 41: 279-296.
72. Nissinen, O. & Hakkola, H. 1995. Effects of plant species and harvesting system of grassland production in norhern Finland. Agricultural Science in Finland 4: 479-494.
73. Nsereko, V.L. 1996. Peptidase inhibitors as additives for silage. Effects on silage characteristics with reference to peptides. PhD Thesis. University of Aberdeen, UK.
74. Oldham, J.D. 1984. Protein energy relationships in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 67: 1090-1114.
75. -1994. Amino acid nutrition of the dairy cow. In: D'Mello, J.P.F. (ed.). Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition. CAB International, UK. p. 351-375.
76. Pitt, R.H. 1990. Silage and hay preservation. Cornell University Cooperative Extension NRAES-5. p. 53.
77. Rinne, M., Jaakkola, S., Heikkilä, T., Huhtanen, P. & Toivonen, V. 1995. Nurmirehun sulavuuden ja väkirehun yhdysvaikutukset typsylehmillä. Kotieläintieteen päivät 1995. Maaseutukeskusten Liiton julkaisuja 888: 41-46.
78. -, Jaakkola, S. & Huhtanen, P. 1996. Maturity effects of grass ensiled on diet digestion by dairy cows. Proceedings of the 11th International Silage Conference. Aberyswyth, Wales, p. 196-197.
79. -, Jaakkola, S. & Huhtanen, P. 1997. Grass maturity effects on cattle fed silage-based dets. 1. Organic matter digestion, rumen fermentation and nitrogen utilization. Animal Feed Science and Technology 67: 1-17.
80. Rook, A.J., Gill, M., Willink, R.D. & Lister, S.J. 1991. Prediction of voluntary intake of grass silages by lactating cows offered concentrates at flat rate. Animal Production 52: 407-420.
81. Rooke, J.A. & Armstrong, D.G. 1989. The importance of the form of nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle receiving grass silage and continuous intraruminal infusion of sucrose. British Journal of Nutrition 61: 113-121.
82. -, Lee, N.H. & Armstrong, D.G. 1987. The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, casein and glucose syrup and a mixture of casein and glucose syrup on nitrogen digestion in the rumen of cattle receiving grass silage diets. British Journal of Nutrition 57: 89-98.
83. Russel, J.B., O'Conner, J.B., Fox, D.G., Van Soest, P.J. & Sniffen, C.J. 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating diets for cattle. Journal of Animal Science 70: 3551-3561.
84. Ryhänen, M., Huhtanen, P., Jaakkola, S. & Ahvenjärvi, S. 1996. EU-jäsenyyden vaikutus maidontuotantoon. In: Ylätalo, M. (ed.). Maatalousyritysten sopeutuminen EU:ssa vallitseviin hintasuhteisiin. University of Helsinki, Department of Ecomics and Management Publications 12: 75-118.
85. Saarisalo, E., Jaakkola, S. & Huhtanen, P. 1997. Valkuaistäydennyksen vaikutus maidontuotantokauden loppuvaiheessa. Kotieläintieteen päivät 1997. Maaseutukeskuksen julkaisuja 914: 167-170.
86. Storm, E. & Ørskov, E.R. 1983. The nutritive value of rumen microorganisms in ruminants. 1. Large scale isolation and chemical composition of rumen microorganisms. British Journal of Nutrition 50: 463-470.
87. Strobel, H.J. & Russel, J.B. 1986. Effect of pH and energy spilling on bacterial protein synthesis by carbohydrate limited cultures of mixed rumen bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 69: 2941-2947.
88. Syrjälä, L. 1972. Effect of different sucrose, starch and cellulose supplements on the utilization of grass silages by ruminants. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 11: 199-276.
89. Tesfa, A. 1993. Effects of rape-seed oil supplementation on digestion, microbial protein synthesis and duodenal microbial amino acid composition in ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 41: 313-328.
90. Thomas, C. & Rae, R.C. 1988. Concentrate supplementation of silage for dairy cows. In: Garnsworthy, P.C. (ed.). Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow. Butterworths, London. p. 327-354.
91. -& Thomas, P.C. 1985. Factors affecting the nutritive value of grass silage. In: Cole, D.J.A. (ed.). Recent Advances of Animal Nutrition. Butterworths, London. p. 223-256.
92. Thomas, P.C., Chalmers, J.C., Chamberlain, D.G. & Belibasakis, N. 1980. The effect of diet on the content and compostion of crude protein in milk. In: Oslage, H.J. & Rohr, K. (eds.). Proceedings of 3rd European Association Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. Braunschweigh, Germany. Vol II: 522-528.
93. -& Chamberlain, D.G. 1982. Silage as a foodstuff. In: Rook, J.A.F. & Thomas, P.C. (eds.). Silage for Milk Production. Technical Bulletin. National Institute for Research in Dairying, Reading, England. p. 63-101.
94. Tuori, M. 1992. Rapeseed meal as a supplementary protein for dairy cows on grass silage-based diet, with the emphasis on the Nordic AAT-PBV feed protein evaluation system. Agricultural Science in Finland 1: 367-439.
95. -, Kaustell, K. & Huhtanen, P. 1998. Comparison of the protein evaluation systems of feed for dairy cows. Livestock Production Science (in press)
96. -, Kaustell, K., Syrjälä-Qvist, L. & Kajaste, S. 1992. Digestibility of silage from meadow fescue and tall fescue grass harvested at different growth stages. In: Proceedings of the 14th General Meeting of European Grassland Federation. Lahti, Finland, p. 252-255.
97. -, Kaustell, K., Valaja, J., Aimonen, E, Saarisalo, E. & Huhtanen, P. 1996. Rehutaulukotja ruokintasuositukset. (Feed tables and feeding recommendatios). Helsinki. 99 p.
98. -, Syrjälä-Qvist, L. & Kokkonen, T. 1993. Rumen fermentation and passage rate of digesta of direct cut and prewilted grass silage. In: O'Kiely, P. et al. (eds.). Silage Research 1993. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Silage Research, Dublin City University, Ireland. p. 143-144.
99. Vanhatalo, A. 1995. Assessment of intestinal feed nitrogen digestibility in ruminants by mobile-bag method. Academic dissertation. University of Helsinki, Finland. 44 p. + 5 app.
100. -, Heikkilä, T. & Gäddnäs, T. 1995a. Puna-apilapitoinen säilörehu lypsylehmien ruokinnassa: vaikutus valkuaissynteesiin, pötsifermentaatioon ja maidon tuotantoon heinäsäilörehuun verrattuna. Kotieläintieteen päivät 1995. Maaseutukeskusten Liiton julkaisuja 88: 190-193.
101. -, Heikkilä, T. & Gäddnäs, T. 1995b. Microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows fed grass silage or red clover-grass silage. In: VII Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition: Abstracts, 24-27 May 1995, Estacao Zootecnica Nacional, Portugal. p. 88.
102. -, Huhtanen, P. & Varvikko, T. 1997. Response of dairy cows fed grass silage based diets to the abomasal infusions of histidine alone or in combinations with methionine and lysine. Journal of Dairy Science 80, Supplement 1: 257.
103. -& Toivonen, V. 1993. Microbial protein synthesis in cattle fed silage cut fro grass fertilized with different level of N. In: O'Kiely, P. et al. (eds.). Silage Research 1993. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Silage Research, Dublin City University, Ireland, 6-8 September 1993. p. 168-169.
104. -, Varvikko, T. & Aronen, I. 1992. The effect of type of additive on rumen fermentation and digestion of grass silage in cattle. Agricultural Science in Finland 1: 163-175.
105. Van Soest, P.J., Mertens, D.R. & Deinum, B. 1978. Preharvest factors influencing quality of conserved forage. Journal of Animal Science 47: 712-720.
106. van Vuuren, A.M., Huhtanen, P. & Dulphy, J.-P. 1995. Improving the feeding and health value of ensiled forages. In: Journet, M. et al. (eds.). Recent Developments in the Nutrition of Herbivores. INRA, Paris. p. 297-307.
107. Varvikko, T. 1986. Evaluation of rumen-undegraded feed protein. Academic dissertation. University of Helsinki, Finland.
108. -, Vanhatalo, A. & Huhtanen, P. 1997. Lactational and metabolic responses to abomasal methionine and lysine infusions in dairy cows fed grass silage based diet. Journal of Dairy Science 80, Supplement 1: 249.
109. Vérité, R., Faverdin, P. & Agabriel, J. 1997. Developments in the INRA feeding systems for dairy cows. In: Garnsworthy, P.C. & Wiseman, J. (eds.). Recent Advances of Animal Nutrition 1997. Butterworths, London, p. 153-166.
110. Webster, A.J.F. 1992. The metabolisable protein system for ruminants. In: Garnsworthy, P.C. et al. (eds.). Recent Advances of Animal Nutrition 1992. Butterworths, London. p. 93-110.
111. Wilkins, R.J., Hutchinson, K.J., Wilson, R.F. & Harris, C.E. 1971. The voluntary intake of silage by sheep. 1. Interrelationships between silage composition and intake. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 77: 531-537.