Grass maturity effects on cattle fed silage-based diets. 1. Organic matter digestion, rumen fermentation and nitrogen utilization

Animal Feed Science and Technology

Volumn 67, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-17

  Rinne, M ^a,b   Jaakkola, S ^a,b   Huhtanen, P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

Digestibility; Fermentation; Grass maturity; Nitrogen utilization; Ruminant

Indexed keywords

BOS TAURUS; BOVIDAE; HORDEUM VULGARE SUBSP. VULGARE; PHLEUM PRATENSE; SCHEDONORUS PRATENSIS; SINAPIS ARVENSIS;

EID: 0001809062     PISSN: 03778401     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01141-8     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Adams, D.C., Cochran, R.C. and Currie, P.O., 1987. Forage maturity effects on rumen fermentation, fluid flow, and intake in grazing steers. J. Range Manage., 40: 404-408.
2. Beever, D.E., Cammel, S.B., Thomas, C., Spooner, M.C., Haines, M.J. and Gale, D.L., 1988. The effect of date of cut and barley substitution on gain and on the efficiency of utilization of grass silage by growing cattle. 2. Nutrient supply and energy partition. Br. J. Nutr., 60: 307-319.
3. Bosch, M.W., Tamminga, S., Post, G., Lefferinger, C.P. and Muylaert, J.M., 1992. Influence of stage of maturity of grass silage on digestion processes in dairy cows. 1. Composition, nylon bag degradation rates, fermentation characteristics, digestibility and intake. Livest. Prod. Sci., 32: 245-264.
4. Bowman, J.G.P., Hunt, C.W., Kerley, M.S. and Paterson, J.A., 1991. Effects of grass maturity and legume substitution on large particle size reduction and small particle flow from the rumen of cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 69: 369-378.
5. Castle, M.E., 1982. Feeding high quality silage. In: J.A.F. Rook and P.C. Thomas (Editors), Silage for Milk Production. NIRD/HRI Technical Bulletin 2. Reading/Ayr, pp. 127-150.
6. Coleman, G.S., 1975. The interrelationship between rumen ciliate protozoa and bacteria. In: I.W. McDonald and A.C.I. Warner (Editors), Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. University of New England Publishing Unit, Armidale, N.S.W., pp. 149-164.
7. Deinum, B., de Beyer, J., Nordfeldt, P.H., Kornher, A., Østgård, O. and van Bogaert, G., 1981. Quality of herbage at different latitudes. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 29: 141-150.
8. Faichney, G.H., 1975. The use of markers to partition digestion within the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. In: I.W. McDonald and A.C.I. Warner (Editors), Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. University of New England Publishing Unit, Sydney, pp. 277-291.
9. Gasa, J., Holtenius, K., Sutton, J.D. and Dhanoa, M.S., 1991. Rumen fill and digesta kinetics in lactating Friesian cows given two levels of concentrates with two types of grass silage ad lib. Br. J. Nutr., 66: 381-398.
10. Goering, H.R. and Van Soest, P.J., 1970. Forage fiber analyses. Agricultural Handbook No. 379. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, 22 pp.
11. Hart, F.J. and Leibholz, J., 1990. The effect of species of grass, stage of maturity and level of intake on the degradation of protein and organic matter in the rumen of steers. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 41: 791-798.
12. Hoover, W.H., 1986. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. J. Dairy Sci., 69: 2755-2766.
13. Huhtanen, P., 1988. The effects of barley, unmolassed sugarbeet pulp and molasses supplements on organic matter, nitrogen and fibre digestion in the rumen of cattle given a silage diet. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 20: 259-278.
14. Huida, L., 1973. Quantitative determination of volatile fatty acids from rumen samples and silage by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Sci. Agric. Soc. Finl., 45: 438-488.
15. Jaakkola, S. and Huhtanen, P., 1992. Rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in cattle given intraruminal infusions of lactic acid with a grass silage based diet. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge, 119: 411-418.
16. Jaakkola, S. and Huhtanen, P., 1993a. The effects of forage preservation method and proportion of concentrate on nitrogen digestion and rumen fermentation in cattle. Grass Forage Sci., 48: 146-154.
17. Jaakkola, S. and Huhtanen, P., 1993b. The effect of Ca-lactate on the rumen fermentation in cattle receiving a grass silage diet. In: P. O'Kiely, M. O'Connel and S. Murphy (Editors), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Silage Research. 6th-8th September 1993, Dublin City University, Ireland, pp. 172-173.
18. Jones, B.A., Hatfield, R.D. and Muck, R.E., 1992. Effect of fermentation and bacterial inoculation on lucerne cell walls. J. Sci. Food Agric., 60: 147-153.
19. Jung, H.G., 1989. Forage lignins and their effects on fiber digestibility. Agron. J., 81: 33-38.
20. Mambrini, M. and Peyraud, J.L., 1994. Mean retention time in digestive tract and digestion of fresh perennial ryegrass by lactating dairy cows: influence of grass maturity and comparison with a maize silage diet. Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 3469: 9-23.
21. Martin, P.A., Chamberlain, D.G., Robertson, S. and Hirst, D., 1994. Rumen fermentation patterns in sheep receiving silages of different chemical composition supplemented with concentrates rich in starch or in digestible fibre. J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge, 122: 145-150.
22. Mangan, J.L., 1982. The nitrogenous constituents of fresh forages. In: D.J. Thomson, D.E. Beever and R.G. Gunn (Editors), Forage Protein in Ruminant Animal Production. Occasional Publication No. 6. British Society of Animal Production, Thames Ditton, pp. 41-49.
23. McAllan, A.B. and Smith, R.H., 1983. Factors influencing the digestion of dietary carbohydrates between the mouth and abomasum of steers. Br. J. Nutr., 50: 445-454.
24. McAllan, A.B., Sutton, J.D., Beever, D.E. and Napper, D.J., 1994. Rumen fermentation characteristics and duodenal nutrient flow in lactating cows receiving two types of grass silage with two levels of concentrates. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 46: 277-291.
25. McCollum, F.T., Galyean, M.I., Krysl, L.J. and Wallace, J.D., 1985. Cattle grazing blue grama rangeland I. Seasonal diets and rumen fermentation. J. Range Manage., 38: 539-542.
26. McCullough, M.E., 1967. The determination of ammonia in whole blood by direct colorimetric method. Clin. Chem. Acta, 17: 297-304.
27. McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R. and Heron, S.J.E., 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage. 2nd edition, Chalcombe Publications, Bucks, UK, 340 pp.
28. Messman, M.A., Weiss, W.P. and Erickson, D.O., 1991. Effects of nitrogen fertilization and maturity of bromegrass on in situ ruminal digestion kinetics of fibre. J. Anim. Sci., 69: 1151-1161.
29. Nocek, J.E. and Russel, J.B., 1988. Protein and energy as an integrated system. Relationship of ruminal protein and carbohydrate availability to microbial protein synthesis and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 71: 2070-2107.
30. Peltekova, V.D. and Broderick, G.A., 1994. Effect of protein degradability of different nitrogen fractions from alfalfa hay and silage on microbial protein synthesis in vitro. J. Dairy Sci., 77 (Suppl. 1): 386.
31. Porter, M.G., Patterson, D.C., Steen, R.W.J. and Gordon, F.J., 1984. Determination of dry matter and gross energy of grass silage. 7th Silage Conference, Summary of Papers, The Queen's University of Belfast, pp. 89-90.
32. Roe, M.B., Sniffen, C.J. and Chase, L.E., 1990. Techniques for measuring protein fractions in feedstuffs. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf., Ithaca, NY, pp. 81-88.
33. Rinne, M., Jaakkola, S. and Huhtanen, P., 1996. Maturity effects of grass ensiled on diet digestion by dairy cows. In: D.I.H. Jones, R. Jones, R. Dewhurst, R. Merry and P.M. Haigh (Editors), Proceedings of 11th International Silage Conference, 8th-11th September 1996, IGER, Aberystwyth, UK, pp. 196-197.
34. Rinne, M., Huhtanen, P. and Jaakkola, S., 1997. Grass maturity effects on cattle fed silage-based diets. 2. Cell wall digestibility, digestion and passage kinetics. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 67: 19-35.
35. Rohr, K., 1980. Digestion and metabolism of forage. In: C. Thomas (Editor), Forage Conservation in the 80s. Occasional Symposium No. 11. British Grassland Society, pp. 96-106.
36. Salo, M-L., 1965. Determination of carbohydrate fractions in animal foods and faeces. Acta Agralia Fennica, 105: 1-102.
37. Satter, L.D. and Slyter, L.L., 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. Br. J. Nutr., 32: 199-208.
38. Siddons, R.C., Nolan, J.V., Beever, D.E. and McRae, J.C., 1985. Nitrogen digestion and metabolism in sheep consuming diets containing contrasting forms and levels of N. Br. J. Nutr., 54: 175-187.
39. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.C., 1967. Statistical methods. 6th edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 593 pp.
40. Sniffen, C.J., O'Connor, J.D., Van Soest, P.J., Fox, D.G. and Russel, J.B., 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. J. Anim. Sci., 70: 3562-3577.
41. Somogyi, M., 1945. A new reagent for the determination of sugars. J. Biol. Chem., 160: 61-68.
42. Steen, R.W.J., 1992. The performance of beef cattle given silages made from perennial ryegrasses of different maturity groups, cut on different dates. Grass Forage Sci., 47: 239-248.
43. Sutton, J.D., 1984. Milk compositional quality and its importance in future markets. In: M.E. Castle and R.G. Gunn (Editors), Occasional Publication No. 9, British Society of Animal Production, pp. 43-52.
44. Tamminga, S., 1992. Nutrition management of dairy cows as a contribution to pollution control. J. Dairy Sci., 75: 345-357.
45. Thomas, C., Daley, S.R., Aston, K. and Hughes, P.M., 1981. Milk production from silage. 2. The influence of the digestibility of silage made from the primary growth of perennial ryegrass. Anim. Prod., 33: 7-13.
46. Thomas, C., Gibbs, B.G., Beever, D.E. and Thurnham, B.R., 1988. The effect of date of cut and barley substitution on gain and on the efficiency of utilization of grass silage by growing cattle. 1. Gains in live weight and its components. Br. J. Nutr., 60: 297-306.
47. Thomas, P.C., Kelly, N.C., Chamberlain, D.G. and Wait, M.K., 1980a. The nutritive value of silages. Digestion of organic matter, gross energy and carbohydrate constituents in the rumen and intestines of sheep receiving diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Br. J. Nutr., 43: 481-489.
48. Thomas, P.C., Chamberlain, D.G., Kelly, N.C. and Wait, M.K., 1980b. The nutritive value of silages. Digestion of nitrogenous constituents in sheep receiving diets of grass silage and grass silage and barley. Br. J. Nutr., 43: 469-479.
49. Thompson, N., Keiller, P.R. and Yates, C.W., 1989. Predicting the digestibility of grass grown for first-cut silage. Grass Forage Sci., 44: 195-203.
50. Thorvaldsson, G. and Andersson, S., 1986. Variations in timothy dry matter yield and nutritional value as affected by harvest date, nitrogen fertilization, year and location in Northern Sweden. Acta Agric. Scand., 36: 367-385.
51. Tilley, J.M.A. and Terry, R.A., 1963. A two-stage technique for in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassl. Soc., 18: 104-111.
52. Tuori, M., Kaustell, K., Valaja, J., Aimonen, E., Saarisalo, E. and Huhtanen, P., 1995. Rehutaulukot ja ruokintasuositukset (Feed Tables and Feeding Recomendations). HY, KTTK, MTT, Helsinki University Press, 99 pp.
53. Udén, P., Colucci, P.E. and Van Soest, P.J., 1980. Investigation of chromium, cerium and cobalt as markers in digesta. Rate of passage studies. J. Sci. Food Agric., 31: 625-623.
54. Vanhatalo, A., Dakowski, P. and Huhtanen, P., 1996. Effects of stage of growth and duration of rumen incubation time on intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegradable nitrogen of grass by mobile-bag method in cows. Acta Agric. Scand. A: Anim. Sci., 46: 1-10.
55. Vik-Mo, L., 1989. Degradability of forages in sacco. 2. Silages of grasses and red clover at two cutting times, with formic acid and without additive. Acta Agric. Scand., 39: 53-64.
56. Zinn, R.A. and Owens, F.N., 1986. A rapid procedure for purine measurement and its use for estimating net ruminal protein synthesis. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 66: 157-166.