메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 49, Issue , 1998, Pages 259-287

Biases in the interpretation and use of research results

Author keywords

Advocacy; Ideology; Judgment; Methodology; Politics; Values

Indexed keywords


EID: 0032369658     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.259     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (296)

References (183)
  • 3
    • 0030537521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violent crime rate studies in philosophical context: A destructive testing approach to heat and southern culture of violence effects
    • Anderson CA, Anderson KB. 1996. Violent crime rate studies in philosophical context: a destructive testing approach to heat and southern culture of violence effects. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 70:740-56
    • (1996) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.70 , pp. 740-756
    • Anderson, C.A.1    Anderson, K.B.2
  • 4
    • 0000017573 scopus 로고
    • Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing
    • Arkes HR. 1991. Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing. Psychol. Rev. 110:486-98
    • (1991) Psychol. Rev. , vol.110 , pp. 486-498
    • Arkes, H.R.1
  • 5
    • 0027419924 scopus 로고
    • The American Psychological Association's amicus curiae brief in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins: The values of science versus the values of the law
    • Barrett GV, Morris SB. 1993. The American Psychological Association's amicus curiae brief in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins: the values of science versus the values of the law. Law Hum. Behav. 17:201-15
    • (1993) Law Hum. Behav. , vol.17 , pp. 201-215
    • Barrett, G.V.1    Morris, S.B.2
  • 6
    • 12044252722 scopus 로고
    • Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer
    • Bem DJ, Honorton C. 1994. Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer. Psychol. Bull. 115:4-18
    • (1994) Psychol. Bull. , vol.115 , pp. 4-18
    • Bem, D.J.1    Honorton, C.2
  • 7
    • 0040663803 scopus 로고
    • Some thoughts about conservative evaluations of replications
    • Berkowitz L. 1992. Some thoughts about conservative evaluations of replications. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull 18:319-24
    • (1992) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull , vol.18 , pp. 319-324
    • Berkowitz, L.1
  • 8
    • 0000072728 scopus 로고
    • Research traditions, analysis, and synthesis in social psychological theories: The case of dissonance theory
    • Berkowitz L, Devine PG. 1989. Research traditions, analysis, and synthesis in social psychological theories: the case of dissonance theory. Pers Soc. Psychol. Bull 15:493-507
    • (1989) Pers Soc. Psychol. Bull , vol.15 , pp. 493-507
    • Berkowitz, L.1    Devine, P.G.2
  • 10
    • 0000268096 scopus 로고
    • The effects of double-blind versus single-blind reviewing: Experimental evidence from the American Economic Review
    • Blank RM. 1991. The effects of double-blind versus single-blind reviewing: experimental evidence from The American Economic Review. Am. Econ. Rev 81:1041-67
    • (1991) Am. Econ. Rev , vol.81 , pp. 1041-1067
    • Blank, R.M.1
  • 11
    • 84929226442 scopus 로고
    • Publication politics, experimenter bias and the replication process in social science research
    • Bornstein RF. 1990. Publication politics, experimenter bias and the replication process in social science research. J. Soc. Behav. Pers. 5:71-81
    • (1990) J. Soc. Behav. Pers. , vol.5 , pp. 71-81
    • Bornstein, R.F.1
  • 13
    • 0040429314 scopus 로고
    • When scientists act like lawyers: The problem of adversary science
    • Burk DL. 1993. When scientists act like lawyers: the problem of adversary science. Jurimetr. J. 33:363-76
    • (1993) Jurimetr. J. , vol.33 , pp. 363-376
    • Burk, D.L.1
  • 14
    • 0041550354 scopus 로고
    • Systematic errors to be expected of the social scientist on the basis of a general psychology of cognitive bias
    • ed. PD Blanck, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • Campbell DT. 1993. Systematic errors to be expected of the social scientist on the basis of a general psychology of cognitive bias. In Interpersonal Expectations: Theory, Research, and Applications, ed. PD Blanck, pp. 25-41. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • (1993) Interpersonal Expectations: Theory, Research, and Applications , pp. 25-41
    • Campbell, D.T.1
  • 17
    • 0027294892 scopus 로고
    • Taboo topics in addiction treatment: An empirical review of clinical folklore
    • Chiauzzi EJ, Liljegren S. 1993. Taboo topics in addiction treatment: an empirical review of clinical folklore. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 10:303-16
    • (1993) J. Subst. Abuse Treat. , vol.10 , pp. 303-316
    • Chiauzzi, E.J.1    Liljegren, S.2
  • 18
    • 0001585946 scopus 로고
    • The reliability of peer review for manuscript and grant submissions: A cross-disciplinary investigation
    • Cicchetti DV. 1991. The reliability of peer review for manuscript and grant submissions: a cross-disciplinary investigation. Behav. Brain Sci. 14:119-86
    • (1991) Behav. Brain Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 119-186
    • Cicchetti, D.V.1
  • 21
    • 0002664494 scopus 로고
    • Post-positive critical multiplism
    • ed. L Shotland, MM Mark, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
    • Cook TD. 1985. Post-positive critical multiplism. In Social Science and Social Policy, ed. L Shotland, MM Mark, pp. 21-62. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
    • (1985) Social Science and Social Policy , pp. 21-62
    • Cook, T.D.1
  • 23
    • 84937317272 scopus 로고
    • The death penalty in the United States
    • Costanzo M, White LT, eds. 1994. The death penalty in the United States (special issue). J Soc. Issues 50:1-197
    • (1994) J Soc. Issues , vol.50 , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE , pp. 1-197
    • Costanzo, M.1    White, L.T.2
  • 24
    • 0026314921 scopus 로고
    • What scientists funded by the tobacco industry believe about the hazards of cigarette smoking
    • Cummings KM, Russell S, Gingrass A, Davis R. 1991. What scientists funded by the tobacco industry believe about the hazards of cigarette smoking. Am. J. Public Health 81:894-96
    • (1991) Am. J. Public Health , vol.81 , pp. 894-896
    • Cummings, K.M.1    Russell, S.2    Gingrass, A.3    Davis, R.4
  • 25
    • 0030551829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The difference between Blackstone-like error ratios and probabilistic standards of proof
    • DeKay ML 1996. The difference between Blackstone-like error ratios and probabilistic standards of proof. Law Soc. Inq. 21:95-132
    • (1996) Law Soc. Inq. , vol.21 , pp. 95-132
    • DeKay, M.L.1
  • 26
    • 58149206254 scopus 로고
    • Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions
    • Ditto PH, Lopez DF. 1992. Motivated skepticism: use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. J. Pers. Soc Psychol. 63:568-84
    • (1992) J. Pers. Soc Psychol. , vol.63 , pp. 568-584
    • Ditto, P.H.1    Lopez, D.F.2
  • 27
    • 0030894813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioequivalence of generic and brand-name levothyroxine products in the treatment of hypothyroidism
    • Dong BJ, Hauck WW, Gambertoglio JG, Gee L, White JR. 1997. Bioequivalence of generic and brand-name levothyroxine products in the treatment of hypothyroidism. JAMA 277:1205-13
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 1205-1213
    • Dong, B.J.1    Hauck, W.W.2    Gambertoglio, J.G.3    Gee, L.4    White, J.R.5
  • 28
    • 0000828298 scopus 로고
    • The science and politics of comparing women and men
    • Eagly AH. 1995. The science and politics of comparing women and men. Am. Psychol. 50:145-58
    • (1995) Am. Psychol. , vol.50 , pp. 145-158
    • Eagly, A.H.1
  • 29
    • 34248494496 scopus 로고
    • Sex of researchers and sex-typed communications as determinants of sex differences in influenceability: A meta-analysis of social influence studies
    • Eagly AH, Carli LL. 1981. Sex of researchers and sex-typed communications as determinants of sex differences in influenceability: a meta-analysis of social influence studies. Psychol. Bull. 90:1-20
    • (1981) Psychol. Bull. , vol.90 , pp. 1-20
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Carli, L.L.2
  • 30
    • 0030509774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A disconfirmation bias in the evaluation of arguments
    • Edwards K, Smith EE. 1996. A disconfirmation bias in the evaluation of arguments. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 71:5-24
    • (1996) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.71 , pp. 5-24
    • Edwards, K.1    Smith, E.E.2
  • 31
    • 84928508784 scopus 로고
    • Freud as Leonardo: Why the first psychobiography went wrong
    • Elms AC. 1988. Freud as Leonardo: Why the first psychobiography went wrong. J. Pers. 56:19-40
    • (1988) J. Pers. , vol.56 , pp. 19-40
    • Elms, A.C.1
  • 35
    • 0011567275 scopus 로고
    • Psychology and public policy: Tool or toolmaker?
    • Fischhoff B. 1990. Psychology and public policy: tool or toolmaker? Am. Psychol. 45:647-53
    • (1990) Am. Psychol. , vol.45 , pp. 647-653
    • Fischhoff, B.1
  • 36
    • 0000929811 scopus 로고
    • Hypothesis evaluation from a Bayesian perspective
    • Fischhoff B, Beyth-Marom R. 1983. Hypothesis evaluation from a Bayesian perspective. Psychol. Rev. 90:239-60
    • (1983) Psychol. Rev. , vol.90 , pp. 239-260
    • Fischhoff, B.1    Beyth-Marom, R.2
  • 38
    • 0001502776 scopus 로고
    • Social science research on trial: Use of sex stereotyping research in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
    • Fiske ST, Bersoff DN, Borgida E, Deaux K, Heilman ME. 1991. Social science research on trial: use of sex stereotyping research in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins. Am. Psychol. 46:1049-60
    • (1991) Am. Psychol. , vol.46 , pp. 1049-1060
    • Fiske, S.T.1    Bersoff, D.N.2    Borgida, E.3    Deaux, K.4    Heilman, M.E.5
  • 40
    • 0000723659 scopus 로고
    • Psychological jurisprudence and radical social change
    • Fox DR. 1993. Psychological jurisprudence and radical social change. Am. Psychol. 48:234-41
    • (1993) Am. Psychol. , vol.48 , pp. 234-241
    • Fox, D.R.1
  • 43
    • 0002699823 scopus 로고
    • Recent research on selective exposure to information
    • Frey D. 1986. Recent research on selective exposure to information. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 19:41-80
    • (1986) Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. , vol.19 , pp. 41-80
    • Frey, D.1
  • 44
    • 0027580933 scopus 로고
    • Primary error detection and minimization (PEDMIN) strategies in social cognition: A reinterpretation of confirmation bias phenomena
    • Friedrich J. 1993. Primary error detection and minimization (PEDMIN) strategies in social cognition: a reinterpretation of confirmation bias phenomena. Psychol. Rev. 100:298-319
    • (1993) Psychol. Rev. , vol.100 , pp. 298-319
    • Friedrich, J.1
  • 47
    • 0027668760 scopus 로고
    • Political intervention in scientific peer review: Research on adolescent sexual behavior
    • Gardner W, Wilcox BL. 1993. Political intervention in scientific peer review: research on adolescent sexual behavior. Am. Psychol. 48:972-83
    • (1993) Am. Psychol. , vol.48 , pp. 972-983
    • Gardner, W.1    Wilcox, B.L.2
  • 49
    • 12044253959 scopus 로고
    • Exploring the postmodern: Perils or potentials?
    • Gergen KJ. 1994, Exploring the postmodern: perils or potentials? Am. Psychol. 49:412-16
    • (1994) Am. Psychol. , vol.49 , pp. 412-416
    • Gergen, K.J.1
  • 50
    • 0000768392 scopus 로고
    • Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan: Applications in the history of physics and psychology
    • Gholson B, Barker P. 1985. Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan: applications in the history of physics and psychology. Am. Psychol. 40:755-69
    • (1985) Am. Psychol. , vol.40 , pp. 755-769
    • Gholson, B.1    Barker, P.2
  • 51
    • 0028291595 scopus 로고
    • Is there sender bias in JAMA'S peer review process?
    • Gilbert JR, Williams ES, Lundberg GD. 1994. Is there sender bias in JAMA'S peer review process? JAMA 272:139-42
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 139-142
    • Gilbert, J.R.1    Williams, E.S.2    Lundberg, G.D.3
  • 54
    • 0031287945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective use of heuristic and systematic processing under defense motivation
    • Giner-Sorolla R, Chaiken S. 1997. Selective use of heuristic and systematic processing under defense motivation. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 23:84-97
    • (1997) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. , vol.23 , pp. 84-97
    • Giner-Sorolla, R.1    Chaiken, S.2
  • 57
    • 11944267988 scopus 로고
    • "Most of the subjects were white and middle class": Trends in published research on African Americans in selected APA journals 1970-1989
    • Graham S. 1992. "Most of the subjects were white and middle class": trends in published research on African Americans in selected APA journals 1970-1989. Am. Psychol. 47:629-39
    • (1992) Am. Psychol. , vol.47 , pp. 629-639
    • Graham, S.1
  • 58
    • 0141605645 scopus 로고
    • A reaction to Greenwald, Pratkanis, Leippe, and Baumgardner (1986): Under what conditions does research obstruct theory progress?
    • Greenberg J, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Steinberg L. 1988. A reaction to Greenwald, Pratkanis, Leippe, and Baumgardner (1986): Under what conditions does research obstruct theory progress? Psychol. Rev 95:566-71
    • (1988) Psychol. Rev , vol.95 , pp. 566-571
    • Greenberg, J.1    Solomon, S.2    Pyszczynski, T.3    Steinberg, L.4
  • 59
    • 0343116973 scopus 로고
    • On the use of "theory" and the usefulness of theory
    • Greenwald AG, Pratkanis AR. 1988. On the use of "theory" and the usefulness of theory. Psychol. Rev. 95:575-79
    • (1988) Psychol. Rev. , vol.95 , pp. 575-579
    • Greenwald, A.G.1    Pratkanis, A.R.2
  • 63
    • 0027400405 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a gender bias in epidemiological studies of schizophrenia
    • Hambrecht M, Maurer K, Hafner H. 1993. Evidence for a gender bias in epidemiological studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 8:223-31
    • (1993) Schizophr. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 223-231
    • Hambrecht, M.1    Maurer, K.2    Hafner, H.3
  • 65
    • 84965509984 scopus 로고
    • Making better use of scientific knowledge: Separating truth from justice
    • Hammond KR, Harvey LO, Hastie R. 1992. Making better use of scientific knowledge: separating truth from justice. Psychol. Sci. 3:80-87
    • (1992) Psychol. Sci. , vol.3 , pp. 80-87
    • Hammond, K.R.1    Harvey, L.O.2    Hastie, R.3
  • 66
    • 0001298645 scopus 로고
    • Controversy and cumulation: Meta-analysis and research on interpersonal expectancy effects
    • Harris MJ. 1991. Controversy and cumulation: meta-analysis and research on interpersonal expectancy effects. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 17:316-22
    • (1991) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. , vol.17 , pp. 316-322
    • Harris, M.J.1
  • 69
    • 0039957839 scopus 로고
    • The concept of accuracy in social judgment
    • ed. D Bar-Tal, AW Kruglanski, New York: Cambridge Univ Press
    • Hastie R, Rasinski KA. 1988. The concept of accuracy in social judgment. In The Social Psychology of Knowledge, ed. D Bar-Tal, AW Kruglanski, pp. 193-208. New York: Cambridge Univ Press
    • (1988) The Social Psychology of Knowledge , pp. 193-208
    • Hastie, R.1    Rasinski, K.A.2
  • 70
    • 3142512404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More N. R. A. mischief
    • July 5
    • Herbert B. 1996. More N. R. A. mischief. New York Times, July 5, p. A15
    • (1996) New York Times
    • Herbert, B.1
  • 76
    • 0006183344 scopus 로고
    • Psychologists' views: APA's advocacy of and resource expenditure on social and professional issues
    • Jarrett RB, Fairbank JA. 1987. Psychologists' views: APA's advocacy of and resource expenditure on social and professional issues. Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract. 18:643-46
    • (1987) Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract. , vol.18 , pp. 643-646
    • Jarrett, R.B.1    Fairbank, J.A.2
  • 77
    • 84972685277 scopus 로고
    • The politics of violence research
    • Johnson D. 1993. The politics of violence research. Psychol. Sci. 4:131-33
    • (1993) Psychol. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 131-133
    • Johnson, D.1
  • 78
    • 84973744370 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of no-difference findings in evaluation research
    • Julnes G, Mohr LB. 1989. Analysis of no-difference findings in evaluation research. Eval. Rev. 13:628-55
    • (1989) Eval. Rev. , vol.13 , pp. 628-655
    • Julnes, G.1    Mohr, L.B.2
  • 81
    • 0000374273 scopus 로고
    • The "general acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: A survey of the experts
    • Kassin SM, Ellsworth PC, Smith VL. 1989. The "general acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: a survey of the experts. Am. Psychol. 44:1089-98
    • (1989) Am. Psychol. , vol.44 , pp. 1089-1098
    • Kassin, S.M.1    Ellsworth, P.C.2    Smith, V.L.3
  • 82
    • 0030305983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extremism, power, and the imagined basis of social conflict
    • Keltner D, Robinson RJ. 1996. Extremism, power, and the imagined basis of social conflict. Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. 5:101-5
    • (1996) Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 101-105
    • Keltner, D.1    Robinson, R.J.2
  • 84
    • 15444373559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bias in judgment: Comparing individuals and groups
    • Kerr NL, MacCoun RJ, Kramer G. 1996. Bias in judgment: comparing individuals and groups. Psychol. Rev. 103:687-719
    • (1996) Psychol. Rev. , vol.103 , pp. 687-719
    • Kerr, N.L.1    MacCoun, R.J.2    Kramer, G.3
  • 85
    • 0001636453 scopus 로고
    • Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing
    • Klayman J, Ha YW. 1987. Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychol. Rev. 94:211-28
    • (1987) Psychol. Rev. , vol.94 , pp. 211-228
    • Klayman, J.1    Ha, Y.W.2
  • 86
    • 0026249754 scopus 로고
    • Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment
    • Koehler JJ. 1991. Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. Psychol. Bull. 110:499-519
    • (1991) Psychol. Bull. , vol.110 , pp. 499-519
    • Koehler, J.J.1
  • 87
    • 0002012157 scopus 로고
    • The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality
    • Koehler JJ. 1993. The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Proc. 56:28-55
    • (1993) Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Proc. , vol.56 , pp. 28-55
    • Koehler, J.J.1
  • 89
    • 0030118667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivated closing of the mind: "seizing" and "freezing"
    • Kruglanski AW, Webster DM. 1996. Motivated closing of the mind: "seizing" and "freezing". Psychol. Rev. 103:263-83
    • (1996) Psychol. Rev. , vol.103 , pp. 263-283
    • Kruglanski, A.W.1    Webster, D.M.2
  • 90
    • 0008082194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of evidence on attitudes: Is polarization the norm?
    • Kuhn D, Lao J. 1996. Effects of evidence on attitudes: Is polarization the norm? Psychol. Sci. 7:115-20
    • (1996) Psychol. Sci. , vol.7 , pp. 115-120
    • Kuhn, D.1    Lao, J.2
  • 91
    • 0025520005 scopus 로고
    • The case for motivated reasoning
    • Kunda Z. 1990. The case for motivated reasoning. Psychol. Bull. 108:480-98
    • (1990) Psychol. Bull. , vol.108 , pp. 480-498
    • Kunda, Z.1
  • 92
    • 0028361779 scopus 로고
    • A citation analysis of the impact of blinded peer review
    • Laband DN, Piette MJ. 1994. A citation analysis of the impact of blinded peer review. JAMA. 272:147-49
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 147-149
    • Laband, D.N.1    Piette, M.J.2
  • 99
    • 1542793663 scopus 로고
    • SPSSI at 50: Historical accounts and selected appraisals
    • Levinger G, ed. 1986. SPSSI at 50: historical accounts and selected appraisals (special issue). J. Soc. Issues 42:1-147
    • (1986) J. Soc. Issues , vol.42 , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE , pp. 1-147
    • Levinger, G.1
  • 100
    • 21144471327 scopus 로고
    • Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages
    • Liberman A, Chaiken S. 1992. Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 18: 669-79
    • (1992) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. , vol.18 , pp. 669-679
    • Liberman, A.1    Chaiken, S.2
  • 103
    • 0001299137 scopus 로고
    • The "disappearance" of dissonance in an age of relativism
    • Lord CG. 1989. The "disappearance" of dissonance in an age of relativism. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 15:513-18
    • (1989) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. , vol.15 , pp. 513-518
    • Lord, C.G.1
  • 104
    • 0021729045 scopus 로고
    • Considering the opposite: A corrective strategy for social judgment
    • Lord CG, Lepper MR, Preston E. 1985. Considering the opposite: a corrective strategy for social judgment. J. Pers Soc. Psychol. 47:1231-43
    • (1985) J. Pers Soc. Psychol. , vol.47 , pp. 1231-1243
    • Lord, C.G.1    Lepper, M.R.2    Preston, E.3
  • 105
    • 0001371817 scopus 로고
    • Biased assimiliation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence
    • Lord CG, Ross L, Lepper MR. 1979. Biased assimiliation and attitude polarization: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 37:2098-109
    • (1979) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.37 , pp. 2098-2109
    • Lord, C.G.1    Ross, L.2    Lepper, M.R.3
  • 106
    • 0346621803 scopus 로고
    • Two models of group behavior in the solution of Eureka-type problems
    • Lorge I, Solomon H. 1955. Two models of group behavior in the solution of Eureka-type problems. Psychometrika 20:139-48
    • (1955) Psychometrika , vol.20 , pp. 139-148
    • Lorge, I.1    Solomon, H.2
  • 107
    • 84973738059 scopus 로고
    • Modeling the impact of extralegal bias and defined standards of proof on the decisions of mock jurors and juries
    • MacCoun RJ. 1984. Modeling the impact of extralegal bias and defined standards of proof on the decisions of mock jurors and juries. Dissert. Abstr Int. 46:700B
    • (1984) Dissert. Abstr Int. , vol.46
    • MacCoun, R.J.1
  • 108
    • 84973744429 scopus 로고
    • The emergence of extralegal bias during jury deliberation
    • MacCoun RJ. 1990. The emergence of extralegal bias during jury deliberation. Crim. Just. Behav. 17:303-14
    • (1990) Crim. Just. Behav. , vol.17 , pp. 303-314
    • MacCoun, R.J.1
  • 109
    • 0027604382 scopus 로고
    • Drugs and the law: A psychological analysis of drug prohibition
    • MacCoun RJ. 1993a. Drugs and the law: a psychological analysis of drug prohibition. Psychol. Bull. 113:497-512
    • (1993) Psychol. Bull. , vol.113 , pp. 497-512
    • MacCoun, R.J.1
  • 111
    • 1542479091 scopus 로고
    • Review of K. R. Foster, D. E. Bernstein, & P. W. Huber (1993)
    • MacCoun RJ. 1995. Review of K. R. Foster, D. E. Bernstein, & P. W. Huber (1993). J. Policy Anal Manage. 14:168-71
    • (1995) J. Policy Anal Manage. , vol.14 , pp. 168-171
    • MacCoun, R.J.1
  • 112
    • 0030768101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting Dutch cannabis policy: Reasoning by analogy in the legalization debate
    • MacCoun RJ, Reuter P. 1997. Interpreting Dutch cannabis policy: reasoning by analogy in the legalization debate. Science 278:47-52
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 47-52
    • MacCoun, R.J.1    Reuter, P.2
  • 113
    • 0010213563 scopus 로고
    • Under what conditions can theoretical psychology survive and prosper? Integrating the rational and empirical epistemologies
    • MacKay DG. 1988. Under what conditions can theoretical psychology survive and prosper? Integrating the rational and empirical epistemologies. Psychol. Rev. 95:559-65
    • (1988) Psychol. Rev. , vol.95 , pp. 559-565
    • MacKay, D.G.1
  • 114
    • 0000876735 scopus 로고
    • Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system
    • Mahoney MJ. 1977. Publication prejudices: an experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system. Cogn. Ther. Res. 1:161-75
    • (1977) Cogn. Ther. Res. , vol.1 , pp. 161-175
    • Mahoney, M.J.1
  • 116
    • 0027849720 scopus 로고
    • Harm reduction for alcohol problems: Moving beyond the controlled drinking controversy
    • Marlatt GA, Larimer ME, Baer JS, Quigley LA. 1993. Harm reduction for alcohol problems: moving beyond the controlled drinking controversy. Behav. Ther. 24:461-504
    • (1993) Behav. Ther. , vol.24 , pp. 461-504
    • Marlatt, G.A.1    Larimer, M.E.2    Baer, J.S.3    Quigley, L.A.4
  • 118
    • 50149102608 scopus 로고
    • A contextuatist theory of knowledge: Its implications for innovation and reform in psychological research
    • McGuire WJ. 1983. A contextuatist theory of knowledge: its implications for innovation and reform in psychological research. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 16:1-47
    • (1983) Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. , vol.16 , pp. 1-47
    • McGuire, W.J.1
  • 119
    • 0002651535 scopus 로고
    • The content, structure, and operation of thought systems
    • ed. RS Wyer, TK Srull, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • McGuire WJ, McGuire CV. 1991. The content, structure, and operation of thought systems. In The Content, Structure, and Operation of Thought Systems, ed. RS Wyer, TK Srull, pp. 1-78. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • (1991) The Content, Structure, and Operation of Thought Systems , pp. 1-78
    • McGuire, W.J.1    McGuire, C.V.2
  • 120
    • 84973023020 scopus 로고
    • Case closed? on the John F. Kennedy assassination: Biased assimilation of evidence and attitude polarization
    • McHoskey JW. 1995. Case closed? On the John F. Kennedy assassination: biased assimilation of evidence and attitude polarization. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 17:395-409
    • (1995) Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. , vol.17 , pp. 395-409
    • McHoskey, J.W.1
  • 122
    • 21144462361 scopus 로고
    • The attitude polarization phenomenon: Role of response measure, attitude extremity, and behavioral consequences of reported attitude change
    • Miller AG, McHoskey JW, Bane CM, Dowd TG. 1993. The attitude polarization phenomenon: role of response measure, attitude extremity, and behavioral consequences of reported attitude change. J. Pers. Soc Psychol. 64:561-74
    • (1993) J. Pers. Soc Psychol. , vol.64 , pp. 561-574
    • Miller, A.G.1    McHoskey, J.W.2    Bane, C.M.3    Dowd, T.G.4
  • 123
    • 84937298860 scopus 로고
    • They said it couldn't be done: The National Health and Social Life Survey
    • Miller PV. 1995 They said it couldn't be done: the National Health and Social Life Survey. Public Opin. Q. 59:404-19
    • (1995) Public Opin. Q. , vol.59 , pp. 404-419
    • Miller, P.V.1
  • 124
  • 125
    • 1542583613 scopus 로고
    • Under what conditions does confirmation seeking obstruct scientific progress?
    • Moser K, Gadenne V, Schroder J. 1988. Under what conditions does confirmation seeking obstruct scientific progress? Psychol. Rev. 95:572-74
    • (1988) Psychol. Rev. , vol.95 , pp. 572-574
    • Moser, K.1    Gadenne, V.2    Schroder, J.3
  • 126
    • 0002543444 scopus 로고
    • Why reports of outcome evaluations are often biased or uninterpretable: Examples from evaluations of drug abuse prevention programs
    • Moskowitz JM. 1993. Why reports of outcome evaluations are often biased or uninterpretable: examples from evaluations of drug abuse prevention programs. Eval. Plan. 16:1-9
    • (1993) Eval. Plan. , vol.16 , pp. 1-9
    • Moskowitz, J.M.1
  • 127
    • 0031158750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biased assimilation, attitude polarization, and affect in reactions to stereotype-relevant scientific information
    • Munro GD, Ditto PH. 1997. Biased assimilation, attitude polarization, and affect in reactions to stereotype-relevant scientific information. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 23:636-53
    • (1997) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. , vol.23 , pp. 636-653
    • Munro, G.D.1    Ditto, P.H.2
  • 129
    • 0002203808 scopus 로고
    • Differential contributions of majority and minority influence
    • Nemeth CJ. 1986. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychol. Rev 93:23-32
    • (1986) Psychol. Rev , vol.93 , pp. 23-32
    • Nemeth, C.J.1
  • 130
    • 84929226737 scopus 로고
    • Editorial bias against replication research
    • Neuliep JW, Crandall R. 1990. Editorial bias against replication research. J Soc. Behav. Pers. 5:85-90
    • (1990) J Soc. Behav. Pers. , vol.5 , pp. 85-90
    • Neuliep, J.W.1    Crandall, R.2
  • 131
    • 85050836816 scopus 로고
    • Reviewer bias against replication research
    • Neuliep JW, Crandall R. 1993. Reviewer bias against replication research. J. Soc. Behav. Pers 8:21-29
    • (1993) J. Soc. Behav. Pers , vol.8 , pp. 21-29
    • Neuliep, J.W.1    Crandall, R.2
  • 136
    • 0019977694 scopus 로고
    • Peer-reviewed practices of psychological journals: The fate of accepted published articles, submitted again
    • Peters DP, Ceci SJ. 1982. Peer-reviewed practices of psychological journals: the fate of accepted published articles, submitted again. Behav Brain Sci 5:187-95
    • (1982) Behav Brain Sci , vol.5 , pp. 187-195
    • Peters, D.P.1    Ceci, S.J.2
  • 139
    • 6144253216 scopus 로고
    • Strong inference
    • Platt JR. 1964. Strong inference. Science 146:347-53
    • (1964) Science , vol.146 , pp. 347-353
    • Platt, J.R.1
  • 140
    • 84991195102 scopus 로고
    • Biases in the assimiliation of technological breakdowns: Do accidents make us safer?
    • Plous S. 1991. Biases in the assimiliation of technological breakdowns: Do accidents make us safer? J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 21:1058-82
    • (1991) J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. , vol.21 , pp. 1058-1082
    • Plous, S.1
  • 143
    • 77957039954 scopus 로고
    • Toward an integration of cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference: A biased hypothesis-testing model
    • Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J. 1987. Toward an integration of cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference: a biased hypothesis-testing model. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 20:297-340
    • (1987) Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. , vol.20 , pp. 297-340
    • Pyszczynski, T.1    Greenberg, J.2
  • 144
    • 38249024017 scopus 로고
    • The scientific study of ideology is too often more ideological than scientific
    • Ray JJ. 1989. The scientific study of ideology is too often more ideological than scientific. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 10:331-36
    • (1989) Pers. Indiv. Differ. , vol.10 , pp. 331-336
    • Ray, J.J.1
  • 145
    • 21744445017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connectionism, parallel constraint satisfaction processes, and gestalt principles: (Re)Introducing cognitive dynamics to social psychology
    • Read SJ, Vanman EJ, Miller LC. 1997. Connectionism, parallel constraint satisfaction processes, and gestalt principles: (Re)Introducing cognitive dynamics to social psychology. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev 1:26-53
    • (1997) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev , vol.1 , pp. 26-53
    • Read, S.J.1    Vanman, E.J.2    Miller, L.C.3
  • 146
    • 0030903441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid storm
    • Rennie D. 1997. Thyroid storm. JAMA 277:1238-42
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 1238-1242
    • Rennie, D.1
  • 147
    • 84933491785 scopus 로고
    • Religious bias in moral development research: A psychometric investigation
    • Richards PS, Davison ML. 1992. Religious bias in moral development research: a psychometric investigation. J. Sci. Study Relig. 31:467-85
    • (1992) J. Sci. Study Relig. , vol.31 , pp. 467-485
    • Richards, P.S.1    Davison, M.L.2
  • 148
    • 0028439930 scopus 로고
    • Science and ethics in conducting, analyzing, and reporting psychological research
    • Rosenthal R. 1994. Science and ethics in conducting, analyzing, and reporting psychological research. Psychol. Sci 5:127-34
    • (1994) Psychol. Sci , vol.5 , pp. 127-134
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 149
    • 84973206865 scopus 로고
    • Editor's comment
    • Russett B. 1988. Editor's comment. J. Confl. Resolut. 32:773-75
    • (1988) J. Confl. Resolut. , vol.32 , pp. 773-775
    • Russett, B.1
  • 150
    • 0025125340 scopus 로고
    • Expert witnesses, nonexpert witnesses, and nonwitness experts
    • Saks MJ. 1990. Expert witnesses, nonexpert witnesses, and nonwitness experts. Law Hum. Behav. 14:291-313
    • (1990) Law Hum. Behav. , vol.14 , pp. 291-313
    • Saks, M.J.1
  • 151
    • 21144484025 scopus 로고
    • Improving APA science translation amicus briefs
    • Saks MJ. 1993. Improving APA science translation amicus briefs. Law Hum. Behav. 17:235-47
    • (1993) Law Hum. Behav. , vol.17 , pp. 235-247
    • Saks, M.J.1
  • 152
    • 0001659207 scopus 로고
    • The challenge of social change for psychology: Globalization and psychology's theory of the person
    • Sampson EE. 1989. The challenge of social change for psychology: globalization and psychology's theory of the person. Am. Psychol. 44:914-21
    • (1989) Am. Psychol. , vol.44 , pp. 914-921
    • Sampson, E.E.1
  • 153
    • 0023971225 scopus 로고
    • Ageism in psychological research
    • Schaie KW. 1988. Ageism in psychological research. Am Psychol. 43:179-83
    • (1988) Am Psychol. , vol.43 , pp. 179-183
    • Schaie, K.W.1
  • 154
    • 0039823753 scopus 로고
    • Of shape shifters and theories
    • Schlenker BR. 1992. Of shape shifters and theories. Psychol Inq. 3:342-45
    • (1992) Psychol Inq. , vol.3 , pp. 342-345
    • Schlenker, B.R.1
  • 155
    • 0001273579 scopus 로고
    • What do data really mean? Research findings, meta-analysis, and cumulative knowledge in psychology
    • Schmidt FL 1992. What do data really mean? Research findings, meta-analysis, and cumulative knowledge in psychology. Am. Psychol. 47:1173-81
    • (1992) Am. Psychol. , vol.47 , pp. 1173-1181
    • Schmidt, F.L.1
  • 156
    • 84925981505 scopus 로고
    • Formal and empirical research on cascaded inference
    • Schum DA, Martin AW. 1982. Formal and empirical research on cascaded inference. Law Soc. Rev. 17:105-51
    • (1982) Law Soc. Rev. , vol.17 , pp. 105-151
    • Schum, D.A.1    Martin, A.W.2
  • 157
    • 38249017844 scopus 로고
    • Effects of devil's advocacy and dialectical inquiry on decision making: A meta-analysis
    • Schwenk CR. 1990. Effects of devil's advocacy and dialectical inquiry on decision making: a meta-analysis. Organ. Behav Hum. Decis. Process. 47:161-76
    • (1990) Organ. Behav Hum. Decis. Process. , vol.47 , pp. 161-176
    • Schwenk, C.R.1
  • 158
    • 21844492259 scopus 로고
    • Ideological bias in political psychology: The view from scientific hell
    • Sears DO. 1994. Ideological bias in political psychology: the view from scientific hell. Polit. Psychol. 15:547-56
    • (1994) Polit. Psychol. , vol.15 , pp. 547-556
    • Sears, D.O.1
  • 159
    • 0039646919 scopus 로고
    • Philosophy of science and the quantitative-qualitative debates: Thirteen common errors
    • Shadish WR. 1995. Philosophy of science and the quantitative-qualitative debates: thirteen common errors. Eval. Program Plan. 18:63-75
    • (1995) Eval. Program Plan. , vol.18 , pp. 63-75
    • Shadish, W.R.1
  • 161
    • 0000299259 scopus 로고
    • Selfhood at risk: Postmodern perils and the perils of postmodernism
    • Smith MB. 1994. Selfhood at risk: postmodern perils and the perils of postmodernism. Am. Psychol. 49:405-11
    • (1994) Am. Psychol. , vol.49 , pp. 405-411
    • Smith, M.B.1
  • 162
    • 0000386764 scopus 로고
    • Seek and ye shall find: Testing hypotheses about other people
    • ed. ET Higgins, CP Heiman, MP Zanna, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Snyder M. 1981. Seek and ye shall find: testing hypotheses about other people. In Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium on Personality and Social Psychology, ed. ET Higgins, CP Heiman, MP Zanna, pp. 277-303. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • (1981) Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium on Personality and Social Psychology , pp. 277-303
    • Snyder, M.1
  • 163
    • 0024357625 scopus 로고
    • Understanding behavior in escalation situations
    • Staw BM, Ross J. 1989. Understanding behavior in escalation situations. Science 246:216-46
    • (1989) Science , vol.246 , pp. 216-246
    • Staw, B.M.1    Ross, J.2
  • 166
    • 84937317605 scopus 로고
    • Political psychology or politicized psychology: Is the road to scientific hell paved with good moral intentions?
    • Tetlock PE. 1994. Political psychology or politicized psychology: Is the road to scientific hell paved with good moral intentions? Polit. Psychol. 15:509-29
    • (1994) Polit. Psychol. , vol.15 , pp. 509-529
    • Tetlock, P.E.1
  • 167
    • 0002128734 scopus 로고
    • Attribution bias: On the inconclusiveness of the cognition-motivation debate
    • Tetlock PE, Levi A. 1982. Attribution bias: on the inconclusiveness of the cognition-motivation debate. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 18:68-88
    • (1982) J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. , vol.18 , pp. 68-88
    • Tetlock, P.E.1    Levi, A.2
  • 168
    • 0012320314 scopus 로고
    • Liberal and conservative approaches to justice: Conflicting psychological portraits
    • ed. BA Mellers, J Baron, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • Tetlock PE, Mitchell G. 1993. Liberal and conservative approaches to justice: conflicting psychological portraits. In Psychological Perspectives on Justice: Theory and Applications, ed. BA Mellers, J Baron, pp. 234-55. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • (1993) Psychological Perspectives on Justice: Theory and Applications , pp. 234-255
    • Tetlock, P.E.1    Mitchell, G.2
  • 173
    • 0022120771 scopus 로고
    • The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre
    • Vallone RP, Ross L, Lepper MR. 1985. The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 49:577-85
    • (1985) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.49 , pp. 577-585
    • Vallone, R.P.1    Ross, L.2    Lepper, M.R.3
  • 175
    • 58149208401 scopus 로고
    • Gergen versus the mainstream: Are hypotheses in social psychology subject to empirical test?
    • Wallach L, Wallach MA. 1994. Gergen versus the mainstream: Are hypotheses in social psychology subject to empirical test? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67:233-42
    • (1994) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.67 , pp. 233-242
    • Wallach, L.1    Wallach, M.A.2
  • 177
    • 84855815084 scopus 로고
    • Truth tests and utility tests: Decision-makers' frames of reference for social science research
    • Weiss CH, Bucuvalas MJ. 1980. Truth tests and utility tests: decision-makers' frames of reference for social science research. Am. Sociol. Rev. 45:302-13
    • (1980) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.45 , pp. 302-313
    • Weiss, C.H.1    Bucuvalas, M.J.2
  • 178
    • 0028471543 scopus 로고
    • Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluation
    • Wilson TD, Brekke N. 1994. Mental contamination and mental correction: unwanted influences on judgments and evaluation. Psychol. Bull. 116:117-42
    • (1994) Psychol. Bull. , vol.116 , pp. 117-142
    • Wilson, T.D.1    Brekke, N.2
  • 179
    • 84965404473 scopus 로고
    • Scientists' evaluations of research: The biasing effects of the importance of the topic
    • Wilson TD, DePaulo BM, Mook DG, Klaaren KJ. 1993. Scientists' evaluations of research: the biasing effects of the importance of the topic. Psychol. Sci. 4:322-25
    • (1993) Psychol. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 322-325
    • Wilson, T.D.1    DePaulo, B.M.2    Mook, D.G.3    Klaaren, K.J.4
  • 181
    • 0008680801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conduct, misconduct and the structure of science
    • Woodward J, Goodstein D. 1996. Conduct, misconduct and the structure of science. Am. Sci. 84:479-90
    • (1996) Am. Sci. , vol.84 , pp. 479-490
    • Woodward, J.1    Goodstein, D.2
  • 183
    • 0001114730 scopus 로고
    • The sociology of science
    • ed. NJ Smelser, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
    • Zuckerman H. 1988. The sociology of science. In Handbook of Sociology, ed. NJ Smelser, pp. 511-74. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
    • (1988) Handbook of Sociology , pp. 511-574
    • Zuckerman, H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.