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2
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0003533128
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Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC
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W. Rhodes, P. Scheiman, T. Pittyayuthinkhun, L. Collins, V. Tsarfaty, What America's Users Spend on Illicit Drugs, 1988-1993 (Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC, 1995).
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Scheiman, P.2
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3
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1842352400
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Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, various years). See also http://www. health.org/pubs/95hhs/app5.htm.
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5
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0004115774
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Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC
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Office of National Drug Control Policy, The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997: Budget Summary (Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC, 1997).
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The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997: Budget Summary
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7
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0003707406
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Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
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J. M. Brown, D. K. Gilliard, T. L. Snell, J. J. Stephan, D. J. Wilson, Correctional Population in the United States (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC, 1996).
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Correctional Population in the United States
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Brown, J.M.1
Gilliard, D.K.2
Snell, T.L.3
Stephan, J.J.4
Wilson, D.J.5
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8
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1842349393
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T-GGD-97-7 GAO, Washington, DC
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General Accounting Office (GAO), Drug Control, T-GGD-97-7 (GAO, Washington, DC, 1997).
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Drug Control
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12
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0003403783
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National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD, Estimates for 1991 through 1996
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L. Johnston, P. M. O'Malley, G. Bachman, National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1994 (National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD, 1995). Estimates for 1991 through 1996 appear at http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/ mtf/
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National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1994
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Johnston, L.1
O'Malley, P.M.2
Bachman, G.3
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0027522065
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R. MacCoun, J. Kahan, J. Gillespie, J. Rhee, J. Drug Issues 23, 615 (1993).
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J. Drug Issues
, vol.23
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MacCoun, R.1
Kahan, J.2
Gillespie, J.3
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20
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0141615459
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Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Berne, Switzerland
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A. Uchtenhagen, F. Gutzwiller, A. Dobler-Mikola, Eds., Programme for a Medical Prescription of Narcotics: Final Report of the Research Representatives (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Berne, Switzerland, 1997).
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Programme for a Medical Prescription of Narcotics: Final Report of the Research Representatives
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Uchtenhagen, A.1
Gutzwiller, F.2
Dobler-Mikola, A.3
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22
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0348007218
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N. Heather, A. Wodak, E. Nadelmann, P. O'Hare, Eds. Whurr, London
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R. J. MacCoun, P. Reuter, J. Kahan, A. Saiger, in Psychoactive Drugs and Harm Reduction: From Faith to Science, N. Heather, A. Wodak, E. Nadelmann, P. O'Hare, Eds. (Whurr, London, 1993), p. 103.
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MacCoun, R.J.1
Reuter, P.2
Kahan, J.3
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23
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0006180747
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Rijswijk, Netherlands
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of the Interior, Drugs Policy in the Netherlands: Continuity and Change (Rijswijk, Netherlands, 1995). See also Ministry of Justice fact sheet, Dutch Drugs Policy (http://www.minjust.nl:8080/a_beleid/fact/cfact7.htm).
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Drugs Policy in the Netherlands: Continuity and Change
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-
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24
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-
1842314809
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-
Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of the Interior, Drugs Policy in the Netherlands: Continuity and Change (Rijswijk, Netherlands, 1995). See also Ministry of Justice fact sheet, Dutch Drugs Policy (http://www.minjust.nl:8080/a_beleid/fact/cfact7.htm).
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Dutch Drugs Policy
-
-
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25
-
-
0345341794
-
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E. Leuw and I. H. Marshall, Eds. Kugler, Amsterdam
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E. Leuw, in Between Prohibition and Legalization: The Dutch Experiment in Drug Policy, E. Leuw and I. H. Marshall, Eds. (Kugler, Amsterdam, 1994), p. 23; P. Cohen and A. Sas, Cannabis Use in Amsterdam (CEDRO, Amsterdam, 1997).
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Between Prohibition and Legalization: The Dutch Experiment in Drug Policy
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Leuw, E.1
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26
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0003916599
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-
CEDRO, Amsterdam
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E. Leuw, in Between Prohibition and Legalization: The Dutch Experiment in Drug Policy, E. Leuw and I. H. Marshall, Eds. (Kugler, Amsterdam, 1994), p. 23; P. Cohen and A. Sas, Cannabis Use in Amsterdam (CEDRO, Amsterdam, 1997).
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(1997)
Cannabis Use in Amsterdam
-
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Cohen, P.1
Sas, A.2
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27
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-
1842280379
-
-
The 1995 revisions to the policy were announced in a press release on 18 September 1996 by the Public Prosecution Service; see http://www.om.nl.com/ OM/engels/pressreleases/pres1809.htm.
-
-
-
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28
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0346209197
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N. Dorn, J. Jepsen, E. Savona, Eds. MacMillan, London
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L. Horstink-Von Meyenfeldt, in European Drug Policies and Enforcement, N. Dorn, J. Jepsen, E. Savona, Eds. (MacMillan, London, 1996), p. 97.
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European Drug Policies and Enforcement
, pp. 97
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Horstink-Von Meyenfeldt, L.1
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30
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1842310996
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D. J. Kraan, in (24), p. 283
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D. J. Kraan, in (24), p. 283; P. Cohen, University of Amsterdam, personal communication.
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-
-
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31
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-
1842351346
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-
University of Amsterdam, personal communication
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D. J. Kraan, in (24), p. 283; P. Cohen, University of Amsterdam, personal communication.
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Cohen, P.1
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32
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1842282314
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D. Korf and H. Riper, Eds. (SISWO, Amsterdam, in press)
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M. P. S. Langemeijer, in Illicit Drugs in Europe, D. Korf and H. Riper, Eds. (SISWO, Amsterdam, in press).
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Illicit Drugs in Europe
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Langemeijer, M.P.S.1
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33
-
-
1842313874
-
-
note
-
Past month or past year prevalence estimates would be more informative but are scarce, especially before 1986.
-
-
-
-
34
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-
0006148310
-
-
Trimbos-instituut, Utrecht, Netherlands
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W. M. de Zwart, H. Stam, S. B. M. Kuipers, Kerngegevens: Roken, Drinken, Drugsgebruik en Gokken Onder Scholieren vanaf 10 Jaar (Trimbos-instituut, Utrecht, Netherlands, 1997).
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Kerngegevens: Roken, Drinken, Drugsgebruik en Gokken Onder Scholieren vanaf 10 Jaar
-
-
De Zwart, W.M.1
Stam, H.2
Kuipers, S.B.M.3
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35
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-
0003907498
-
-
Instituut voor Sociale Geografie, Universiteit van Amsterdam
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J. P. Sandwijk, P. D. A. Cohen, S. Musterd, M. P. S. Langemeijer, Licit and Illicit Drug Use in Amsterdam II (Instituut voor Sociale Geografie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1995).
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Licit and Illicit Drug Use in Amsterdam II
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Sandwijk, J.P.1
Cohen, P.D.A.2
Musterd, S.3
Langemeijer, M.P.S.4
-
39
-
-
1842278399
-
-
note
-
This impression is attenuated rather than enhanced by the multivariate analysis that produced the trend line in Fig. 1. If anything, the individual survey points depict a more dramatic decline, apparently attributable in part to methodological differences across surveys over time.
-
-
-
-
40
-
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1842310073
-
-
note
-
In the Second United Nations Survey of Crime Trends, the Dutch government reported 2782 drug arrests in 1975, 3643 in 1976, and 3585 in 1977 (Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch, United Nations, Vienna, 1981). These figures do not distinguish among type of arrests (cannabis versus other drugs, possession versus distribution) and reflect both changes in enforcement and changes in drug prevalence.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
1842391058
-
-
Norwegian Directorate for the Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Problems, May
-
Norwegian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, New Trends in Drug Abuse in Norway (Norwegian Directorate for the Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Problems, May 1997). See http://odin.dep.no/shd/publ/ drugs/drugs.html#1.
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New Trends in Drug Abuse in Norway
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-
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43
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0039703605
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-
Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI
-
L. D. Johnston, P. M. O'Malley, J. G. Bachman, Marijuana Decriminalization: The Impact on Youth, 1975-1980 (Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, 1981); E. Single, J. Public Health Policy 10, 456 (1989).
-
(1981)
Marijuana Decriminalization: The Impact on Youth, 1975-1980
-
-
Johnston, L.D.1
O'Malley, P.M.2
Bachman, J.G.3
-
44
-
-
0024953870
-
-
L. D. Johnston, P. M. O'Malley, J. G. Bachman, Marijuana Decriminalization: The Impact on Youth, 1975-1980 (Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, 1981); E. Single, J. Public Health Policy 10, 456 (1989).
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J. Public Health Policy
, vol.10
, pp. 456
-
-
Single, E.1
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47
-
-
1842320565
-
-
note
-
Unpublished estimate from analysis of the 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, provided by S. Everingham and E. Chen of the RAND Corporation.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
1842394020
-
-
note
-
Specifically, P(cocaine|∼marijuana) = [P(cocaine) -P(cocaine|marijuana) × P(marijuana)]/P(∼marijuana) = (0.06 - 0.22 × 0.28)/0.72 = 0.00 within rounding error.
-
-
-
-
50
-
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1842353394
-
-
Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, forthcoming
-
R. MacCoun and P. Reuter, Beyond the Drug War: Learning from Other Places, Times, and Vices (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, forthcoming).
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Beyond the Drug War: Learning from Other Places, Times, and Vices
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MacCoun, R.1
Reuter, P.2
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52
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0038627412
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-
G. Estievenart, Ed. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands
-
R. J. MacCoun, K. Model, H. Phillips-Shockley, P. Reuter, in Policies and Strategies to Combat Drugs in Europe, G. Estievenart, Ed. (Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1995).
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(1995)
Policies and Strategies to Combat Drugs in Europe
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MacCoun, R.J.1
Model, K.2
Phillips-Shockley, H.3
Reuter, P.4
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54
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0030153596
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R. MacCoun, P. Reuter, T. Schelling, J. Policy Anal. Manag. 15, 330 (1996); M. A. R. Kleiman, Against Excess: Drug Policy for Results (Basic Books, New York, 1992).
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J. Policy Anal. Manag.
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, pp. 330
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MacCoun, R.1
Reuter, P.2
Schelling, T.3
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58
-
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1842284289
-
-
note
-
The research reported here was supported by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to RAND's Drug Policy Research Center. Our arguments are developed in greater detail (46). We thank J. Caulkins, P. Cohen, P. Cook, M. Farrell, M. Feinleib, M. Kleiman, and F. Zimring for helpful comments, and B. Kilmer for research assistance.
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