Opposition in Italy in the 1990s: Local political cultures and the northern league

Government and Opposition

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 462-478

  Messina, Patrizia ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032342810     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1998.tb00462.x     Document Type: Review

References (23)

1. G. Galli, Bipartitismo imperfetto, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1966.
2. G. Sartori, Teoria dei partiti e caso italiano, Milan, Sugarco, 1982.
3. S. Rokkan, Citizens, Elections, Parties, Oslo, Universitietsvorlaget, 1970.
4. Cf. A. Bagnasco, Tre Italie, La problematica territoriale dello sviluppo italiano, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1977.
5. Cf. C. Trigilia, Grandi partiti, piccole imprese, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986.
6. Cf. A. Bagnasco and C. Trigilia (eds), Società e politica nelle aree di piccola impresa. Il caso di Bassano, Venice, Ed. Arsenale, 1984; and Società e politica nelle aree di piccola impresa. Il caso della Valdelsa, Milan, Angeli, 1985. (Contrary to what is proposed by these two authors, the present article attempts to offer a comparison which emphasizes differences rather than similarities.)
7. Cf. A. Bagnasco and C. Trigilia (eds), Società e politica nelle aree di piccola impresa. Il caso di Bassano, Venice, Ed. Arsenale, 1984; and Società e politica nelle aree di piccola impresa. Il caso della Valdelsa, Milan, Angeli, 1985. (Contrary to what is proposed by these two authors, the present article attempts to offer a comparison which emphasizes differences rather than similarities.)
8. Triglia, 1986, op. cit.
9. P. Allum, 'La DC vicentina nel secondo dopoguerra. Appunti per una ricostruzione', Strumenti, 3-4 (1984), pp. 19-35; and P. Allum, 'Al cuore della democrazia Cristiana: il caso Veneto', Inchiesta, 70 (1985), pp. 54-63.
10. P. Allum, 'La DC vicentina nel secondo dopoguerra. Appunti per una ricostruzione', Strumenti, 3-4 (1984), pp. 19-35; and P. Allum, 'Al cuore della democrazia Cristiana: il caso Veneto', Inchiesta, 70 (1985), pp. 54-63.
11. On the differences between the aggregative and the integrative institutions cf. J. G. March and J. P. Olson, Rediscovering Institutions. The Organizational Basis of Politics, New York, The Free Press, 1989.
12. A. O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1974.
13. P. Ginsbourg, 'Italian Political Culture in Historical Perspective', Modern Italy, 1 (1995), pp. 3-17; and S. Parker, 'Political Identities', in D. Forgacs and R. Lumley (eds), Italian Cultural Studies. An Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 107-28.
14. P. Ginsbourg, 'Italian Political Culture in Historical Perspective', Modern Italy, 1 (1995), pp. 3-17; and S. Parker, 'Political Identities', in D. Forgacs and R. Lumley (eds), Italian Cultural Studies. An Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 107-28.
15. The Ulivo is a centre-left coalition made up of the PDS and European Left, the Green Party, some components of ex-PSI and Social Democrats; the PPI and other components of the centre of the ex-DC, like Lista Dini and Comitati per l'Italia che vogliamo (Prodi) and other minor lists. The Ulivo government takes advantage of the external support of RC (Rifondazione Comunista).
16. I. Diamanti, La Lega. Geografia, storia e sociologia di un nuovo soggetto politico, Rome, Donzelli, 1993.
17. See my essay, P. Messina, 'Persistenza e mutamento neue subculture politiche territoriali' in G. Gangemi and G. Riccamboni (eds), Le elezioni della transizione, Torino, Utet, 1997, pp. 19-55.
18. One can remember the Non expedit encyclical to delegitimize the new Italian State by inviting all Catholic people to abstain from political life (both as voters and elected); electoral abstentionism and exit are still, in fact, a typical protest in the White context.
19. See G. A. Stella, 'Schei'. Dal boom alla rivolta: il mitico Nordest, Milan, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996.
20. A. Pizzorno, 'Opposition in Italy', Government and Opposition, 32:4 (Autumn 1997), pp. 647-56.
21. On the concept of 'transaction cost' see O. E. Williamson, 'Transaction-Cost Economics. The Governance of Conflictual Relations', Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 22 (1979), pp. 233-61; and D. C. North, 'A Transaction Cost Theory of Politics', Journal of Theoretical Politics, 2 (1990), pp. 355-67.
22. On the concept of 'transaction cost' see O. E. Williamson, 'Transaction-Cost Economics. The Governance of Conflictual Relations', Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 22 (1979), pp. 233-61; and D. C. North, 'A Transaction Cost Theory of Politics', Journal of Theoretical Politics, 2 (1990), pp. 355-67.
23. For these reasons I do not agree with Bull's suggestion (cf. A. Bull, 'An End to Collective Identities? Political Culture and Voting Behaviour in Sesto San Giovanni and Erba', Modern Italy, 2 (1996), pp. 23-43) about the change of the subcultures' function: 'Whereas in the past a political subculture encompassed the whole spatial community, nowadays it appears to represent the interests and needs of specific groups within a territory' (p. 23). Although this argument can be applied to the White subculture (small businesses), I do not think that it can work for the Red one.