New approaches to antifungal chemotherapy

Medical Mycology, Supplement

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 194-206

  Viviani, M A ^a   De Marie, S ^b   Graybill, J R ^c   Yamaguchi, H ^d   Anaissie, E ^e   Caillot, D ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d TEIKYO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^f HÔPITAL DU BOCAGE   (France)

Author keywords

Antifungal chemotherapy; Antifungal combined therapy; Invasive mycoses; Lipid based amphotericin B; New antifungals

Indexed keywords

2 (2,4 DIFLUOROPHENYL) 1 [3 [2 [4 (2,2,3,3 TETRAFLUOROPROPOXY)PHENYL]VINYL] 1,2,4 TRIAZOL 1 YL] 3 (1,2,4 TRIAZOL 1 YL) 2 PROPANOL; AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B CHOLESTEROL SULFATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANIDULAFUNGIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; BENANOMICIN A; BMS 181184; BMY 28864; CILOFUNGIN; CYCLODEXTRIN DERIVATIVE; ECHINOCANDIN B; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LIPID; LIPOPEPTIDE; MICONAZOLE; POLYENE; POSACONAZOLE; PRADIMICIN A; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; RIFAMPICIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VORICONAZOLE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BLOOD TOXICITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; MYCOSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANIMALS; ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIFUNGAL; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FUNGI; HUMANS; MYCOSES; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; TRIAZOLES;

EID: 0032319013     PISSN: 09668454     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (176)

1. Perfect JR. Lindsay MH. Drew RH. Adverse drug reactions to systemic antifungals. Prevention and management. Drug Safety 1992; 7: 323-63.
2. de Marie S, Janknegt R, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM. Clinical use of liposomal and tipid-complexed amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33: 907-16.
3. Leenders AC, de Marie S. The use of lipid formulations of amphotericin B for systemic fungal infections. Leukemia 1996; 10: 1570-5.
4. Lopez-Berestein G, Fainstein V, Hopfer RL, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of systemic fungal infections in patients with cancer: a preliminary study. J Infect Dis 1985; 151: 704-10.
5. Janknegt R, de Marie S. Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM, Crommelin DJA. Liposomal and lipid formulations of amphotericin B, clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992; 23: 279-91.
6. Janknegt R, van Etten EWM. de Marie S. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1996; 9: 403-6.
7. Leenders ACAP, de Marie S, ten Kate MT, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM, Verbrugh HA. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) reduces dissemination of infection as compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate (Fungizone) in a rat model of pulmonary aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 38: 215-25.
8. van Etten EWM. van den Heuvel-de Groot C, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM. Efficacies of amphotericin B-desoxycholate (Fungizone), liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and fluconazole in the treatment of systemic candidosis in immunocompetent and leucopenic mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 32: 723-39.
9. Ellis M, Spence D, Meunier F, et al. Randomised multicentre trial of lmg/kg (LD) versus 4mg/kg (HD) liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) (LAB) in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA). In: Abstracts, of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. New Orleans, Louisiana, 1996. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1996: Abstract LM39.
10. Hann IM, Stevens RF, Pinkerton CR, et al. Safety and efficacy of two dose regimes of AmBisome versus amphotericin B as empiric antifungal treatment in neutropenic paediatric patients. In: Scientific Program and Abstract Book of the 2nd International Symposium on Febrile Neutropenia, Brussels 1995: Abstract 25.
11. Prentice HG, Catovsky D, Aoun M. et al. AmBisome versus amphotericin B in patients with fever unresponsive to antibiotic therapy for 96 hours, or with confirmed fungal infection. In: Scientific Program and Abstract Book of the 2nd International Symposium on Febrile Neutropenia, Brussels 1995: Abstract 35.
12. Sharkey PK, Graybill JR, Johnson ES. et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex compared with amphotencin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 315-21.
13. Anaissie EJ, White M, Uzun O, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC®) versus amphotericin B (AMB) for treatment of hemalogenous and invasive candidiasis: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial (Extended abstract). In Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco. CA, 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995 : Abstract LM21.
14. Tollemar J, Höckerstedt K, Ericzon BG, Jalanko H, Ringdén O. Liposomal amphotencin B prevents invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1995; 59: 45-50.
15. Leenders ACAP, Reiss P, Portegies P, et al. A randomized trial of liposomal-amphotericin B (AmBisome®) 4 mg/kg vs amphotericin B 0, 7 mg/kg for cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients. In: Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1996. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1996: Abstract LM35.
16. Tollemar J, Ringdén O. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Less toxicity but at what economic cost? Drug Safety 1995; 13: 207-18.
17. Vanden Bossche H. Biochemical targets for antifungal azole derivatives: hypothesis on the mode of action. In: McGinnis MR, ed. Current Topics in Medical Mycology, Vol. 1. New York: Springer-Verlag 1985: 313-51.
18. Como JA, Dismukes WE. Oral azole drugs as systemic antifungal therapy. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 263-72.
19. Tucker RM, Denning DW, Hanson LH, et al. Interaction of azoles with rifampin, phenytoin, and carbamazepine: in vitro and clinical observations. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 165-74.
20. Arndt CAS, Walsh TJ, McCully CL, et al Fluconazole penetration into cerebrospinal fluid: implications for treating fungal infections of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 178-9.
21. Bozzette SA, Gordon RL, Yen A, et al. Biliary concentrations of fluconazole in a patient with Candidal cholecystitis: case report. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 701-3.
22. DeMuria D, Forrest A, Rich J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fluconazole in patients with AIDS. Antimicrob Agents. Chemother 1993; 37: 2187-92.
23. Honig PK, Wortham DC, Zamani K, et al. The effect of fluconazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of terfenadine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 630-6.
24. Lavrijsen KLM, Van Houdt JMG, Van Dyck DMJ, Meuldermans WEG, Heykants JJP. Induction potential of fluconazole toward drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 402-8.
25. Lazar JD, Wilner KD. Drug interactions with fluconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12(Suppl. 3): S327-33.
26. Boken DJ, Swindells S, Rinaldi MG. Fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 1018-21.
27. Cameron ML, Schell WA, Bruch S, et al. Correlation of in vitro fluconazole resistance of Candida albicans isolates in relation to therapy and symptoms of individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 2449-53.
28. Finley RW, Cleary JD, Goolsby J, Chapman SW. Fluconazole penetration into the human prostate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 553-5.
29. Heinic GS. Stevens DA, Greenspan D, et al Fluconazole-resistant Candida in AIDS patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993; 76: 711-5.
30. Newman SL, Flanigan TP, Fisher A, et al. Clinically significant mucosal candidiasis resistant to fluconazole treatment in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 684-6.
31. Perry CM, Whittington R, McTavish D. Fluconazole: An update of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in vaginal candidiasis. Drugs 1995; 49: 984-1006.
32. Pfaller MA, Bale M, Buschelman B, et al. Quality control guidelines for National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommended broth macrodilution testing of amphotericin B, fluconazole and flucytosine. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1104-7.
33. Redding S, Smith J, Farinacci G, et al. Resistance of Candida albicans to fluconazole during treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in a patient with AIDS; documentation by in vitro susceptibility testing and DNA subtype analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 240-2.
34. Saag MS, Cloud GC, Graybill JR, et al. Comparison of fluconazoie (FLU) versus itraconazole (ITRA) as maintenance therapy of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM). In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA. 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract 1218.
35. Sandven P, Bjorneklett A, Maeland A, Norwegian Yeast Study Group. Susceptibilities of Norwegian Candida albicans strains to fluconazole: emergence of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 2443-8.
36. Scheven M. Susceptibility of yeasts to fluconazole. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11: 870.
37. White A, Goetz MB. Azole-resistant Candida albicans: report of two cases of resistance to fluconazole and review. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 687-92.
38. Prentice AG, Warnock DW, Johnson SAN, Phillips MJ, Oliver DA. Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of an oral solution of itraconazole in autologous bone marrow transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34: 247-52.
39. Barchiesi F, Colombo AL, McGough DA, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG. In vitro activity of itraconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1530-3.
40. Johnson EM, Davey KG, Szekely A, Warnock DW. Itraconazole susceptibilities of fluconazole susceptible and resistant isolates of 5 Candida species. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 787-93.
41. Le Guennec R, Reynes J, Malhé M, et al. Fluconazole- and itraconazole-resibtant Candida albicans strains from AIDS patients: multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and antifungal susceptibilities. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2732-7.
42. Fichtenbaum C, Koletar S, Yiannoutsos C, et al. Predictors of fluconazole resistant Candida in advanced HIV infection. In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract I101.
43. Koletar SL, Buesching WJ, Fass RJ. Emerging resistance to fluconazole among blood and CSF Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco. CA, 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract E70.
44. Tortorano AM, Roverselli A, Cogliati M, Brasca M Survey of Cryptococcus neoformans susceptibility to antifungals in Northern Italy. In: Programme and Abstracts of the 2nd International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis. Milano, 1993. Milano: Organizing Committee 1993: Abstract P6-7.
45. Barchiesi F, Restrepo M, McGough DA, Rinaldi MG. In vitro activity of a new antifungal triazole: UK-109,496. In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA. 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract F71.
46. Hitchcock CA, Andrews RJ, Lewis BGH, Troke PF. UK-109,496, a novel, wide - spectrum triazole derivative for the treatment of fungal infections: antifungal activity in experimental infections with Aspergillus. In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract F74.
47. Troke PF, Brammer KW, Hitchcock CA, Yonren S, Sarantis N. UK-109,496, a novel, wide-spectrum triazole derivative for the treatment of fungal infections: activity in systemic candidiasis models and early clinical efficacy in oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract F73.
48. Barchiesi F, Colombo AL, McGough DA, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG. In vitro activity of a new antifungal triazole, D0870, against Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2553-6.
49. Denning D, del Favero A, Gluckman E, et al. UK-109,496, a novel, wide-spectrum triazole derivative for the treatment of fungal infections: clinical efficacy in acute invasive aspergillosis. In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract F80.
50. Denning D, del Favero A, Gluckman E, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of UK-109,496 (voriconazole) in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA). In: Final Program and Abstracts of the 13th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, Salsomaggiore Terme, Perme, 1997: Abstract P552.
51. Dupont B, Denning D, Lode H, et al UK-109,496, a novel, wide-spectrum triazole derivative for the treatment of fungal infections: clinical efficacy in chronic invasive aspergillosis. In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract F81.
52. Cartledge JD, Denning D, Dupont B, et al. Treatment of fluconazole (FCZ) resistant (res) oral candidosis (OC) with D0870 in patients with AIDS (PWA). In: Abstracts of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Orlando, FL, 1994. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1994: Abstract M89.
53. De Wit S, Dupont B, Cartledge JD, et al Pilot study of a new triazole derivative (D0870) in HIV patients with oral candidiasis (OPC). In: Abstracts of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Orlando, FL, 1994. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1994: Abstract 1225.
54. Benz F, Knüsel F, Nüesch J, et al. Stoftwechselprodukte von Microorganismen. 143. Echinocandin B. ein neuartiges Polipeptid-Antibiotikum aus Aspergillus nidulans var echinulatus: Isolierung und Bausteine. Helv Chim Acta 1974; 57: 2459-77.
55. Mizuno K, Yagi A, Satoi S, et al. Studies on aculeacin. I. Isolation and characterization of aculeacin A. J Antibiot 1977; 30: 297-302.
56. Kirity R, Mukhopadhyay T, Reddy GCS, Desikan KR, Ganguli BN. Mulundocandin, a new lipopepude antibiotic. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization J Antibiot 1987; 40: 275-80.
57. Schwartz RE, Giacobbe RA, Bland JA, Monaghan RL, L-671, 329, a new antifungal agent. I. Fermentation and isolation. J Antibiot 1989;42: 163-7.
58. Wichmann CF, Leisch JM, Schwartz RE. L-671,329, a new antifungal agent. II. Structure determination. J Antibiot 1989; 42: 168-73.
59. Mizoguchi J, Saito T, Mizuno K, Hayano K. On the mode of action of a new antifungal antibiotic, aculeacin A. inhibition of cell wall synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antibiot 1977; 30: 308-13.
60. Sawistowska-Schröder ET. Kerridge D, Perry H. Echinocandin inhibition of 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase from Candida albicans. FEBS Lett 1984; 173: 134-8.
61. Taft CS, Stark T, Selitrennikoff CP. Cilofungin (LY121019) inhibits Candida albicans 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32: 1901-3.
62. Yamaguchi H, Hiratani T, Baba M, Osumi M. Effect of aculeacin A, a wall-active antibiotic, on synthesis of the yeast cell wall. Microbiol Immunol 1985; 29: 609-23.
63. Yamaguchi H, Hiratani T, Iwata K, Yamamoto Y. Studies on the mechanism of antifungal action of aculeacin A. J Antibiot 1982; 35: 210-9.
64. Debono M, Abbott BJ, Fukuda DS, et al. Synthesis of new analogs of echinocandin B by enzymatic deacylation and chemical reacylation of the echinocandin B peptide: synthesis of the antifungal agent cilofungin (LY 121019). J Antibiot 1989; 42: 389-97.
65. Debono M, Turner WW, LaGrandeur L, et al. Semisynthetic chemical modification of the antifungal lipopeptide echinocandin B (ECB): structure-activity studies of the lipophilic and geometric parameters of polyarylated acyl analogs of ECB. J Med Chem 1995; 38: 3271-81.
66. Gordee RS, Zeckner DJ, Howard LC, Alborn WE, Debono M. Anti-Candida activity and toxicology of LY121019, a novel semisynthetic polypeptide antifungal antibiotic. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 544: 294-309.
67. 0 derivatives. J Med Chem 1994; 37: 222-5.
68. Abruzzo GK, Flattery AM, Gill CJ, et al. Evaluation of water-soluble pneumocandin analogs L-733560, L-705589, L-731373 with mouse models of disseminated aspergillosis, candidiasis and cryptococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1077-81.
69. Bartizal K, Scott T, Abruzzo GK, et al. In vitro evaluation of the pneumocandin antifungal agent L-733560, a new water-soluble hybrid of L-705589 and L-731373. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1070-6.
70. Kurtz MB, Bernard EM, Edwards FF. et al. Aerosol and parenteral pneumocandins are effective in a rat model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1784-9.
71. Kurtz MB, Douglas C, Marrinan J, et al. Increased antifungal activity of L-733,560, a water-soluble semisynthetic pneumocandin, is due to enhanced inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2750-7.
72. Schmatz DM, Powles MA, McFadden D, et al New semisynthetic pneumocandins with improved efficacies against Pneumocystis carinii in the rat. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1320-3.
73. Bouffard FA, Dropinski JF, Balkovec JM, et al. L-743,872, a novel antifungal lipopeptide: synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new aza-substituted pneumocandins. In: Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1996. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1996: Abstract F27.
74. Gomi S, Sezaki M, Kondo S, et al. The structures of new antifungal antibiotics, benanomicins A and B. J Antibiot 1988; 41: 1019-28.
75. Takeuchi T, Hara T, Naganawa T, et al. New antifungal antibiotics, benanomicins A and B from an actinomycete. J Antibiot 1988; 41: 807-11.
76. Oki T, Konishi M, Tomatsu K, et al. Pradimicin, a novel class of potent antifungal antibiotics. J Antibiot 1988; 41: 1701-4.
77. Tsunakawa M, Nishio M, Ohkuma H, et al. The structures of pradimicins A, B and C: a novel family of antifungal antibiotics. J Org Chem 1989; 54: 2532-6.
78. Kakushima M, Masuyoshi S, Hirano M, et al. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of BMY-28864, a water-soluble pradimicin derivative. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 2185-90.
79. Oki T, Kakushima M, Nishio M, et al. Water-soluble pradimicin derivatives, synthesis and antifungal evaluation of N, N-dimethyl pradimicins. J Antibiot 1990; 43: 1230-5.
80. Fung-Tomc JC, Minassian B, Huczko E, et al. In vitro antifungal and fungicidal spectra of a new pradimicin derivative, BMS-181184. Antrmicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 295-300.
81. Kondo S, Gomi S, Ikeda D, et al. Antifungal and antiviral activities of benanomicins and their analogues. J Antibiot 1991; 44: 1228-36.
82. Ohtsuka K, Watanabe M, Orikasa Y, et al. The in-vivo activity of an antifungal antibiotic, benanomicin A, in comparison with amphotericin B and fluconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 39: 71-7.
83. Oki T, Kakushima M, Hirano M, et al. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of BMS-181184. J Antibiot 1992; 45: 1512-7.
84. Wardle HM, Law D, Denning DW. In vitro activity of BMS-181184 compared with those of fluconazole and amphotericin B against various Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2229-31.
85. Watanabe M, Hiratani T, Uchida K, et al. The in-vitro activity of an antifungal antibiotic benanomicin A in comparison with amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 38: 1073-7.
86. Hoshino H, Seki J, Takeuchi T. New antifungal antibiotic, benanomicins A and B inhibit infection of T-cells with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syncytium formation by HIV. J Antibiot 1989; 42: 344-6.
87. Tanabe-Tochikura A, Tochikura TS, Yoshida O, Oki T, Yamamoto N. Pradimicin A inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus: attenuation by mannan. Virology 1990; 176: 467-73.
88. Yasuoka A, Oka S, Komuro K, et al. Successful treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice with benanomicin A (ME1451). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 720-4.
89. Sawada Y, Murakami T, Ueki T, et al. Mannan-mediated anticandidal activity of BMY-28864, a new water-soluble pradimicin derivative J Antibiot 1991; 44: 119-21.
90. Ueki T, Numata KI, Sawada Y. et al. Studies on the mode of antifungal action of pradimicin antibiotics. I. Lectin-mimic binding of BMY-28864 to yeast mannan in the presence of calcium. J Antibiot 1993;46: 149-61.
91. Watanabe M, Gomi S, Tohyama H, et al. Binding of benanomicin A to fungal cells in reference to its fungicidal action J Antibiot 1996; 49: 366-73.
92. Watabe H, Mikuniya T, Inouye S, et al. Antifungal antibiotic benanomicin A increases susceptibility of Candida albicans to phagocytosis by murine macrophages. J Antibiot 1996; 49: 1221-5
93. Takesako K, Ikai K, Haruna F, et al. Aureobasidins, new antifungal antibiotics: taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, and properties J Antibiot 1991; 44: 919-24.
94. Takesako K, Kuroda H, Inoue T, et al. Biological properties of aureobasidin A, a cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic. J Antibiot 1993; 46: 1414-20.
95. Aller AI. Martin Mazuelos E, Morilla MD, Montero O. Antifungal activity of LY295337 in vitro against clinical isolates of Candida spp. Chemotherapy (Basel) 1995; 41: 276-80.
96. Endo M, Takesako K, Kato I, Yamaguchi H. Fungicidal action of aureobasidin A, a cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic, against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 672-6.
97. Hashida-Okado T, Ogawa A, Endo M. et al. AURI, a novel gene conferring aureobasidin resistance on Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a study of defective morphologies in Aur 1 p-depleted cells. Mol Gen Genet 1996; 251: 236-44.
98. Heidler SA, Radding JA. The AURI gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes dominant resistance to the antifungal agent aureobasidin A (LY295337). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2765-9.
99. Nagiec MM, Nagiec EE, Baltisberger JA, et al. Sphingolipid synthesis as a target for antifungal drugs. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 9809-17.
100. Kobayashi GS, Medoff G, Schlessinger D, Kwan CN, Musser WE. Amphotericin B potentiation of rifampicin as an antifungal agent against the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum. Science 1972; 177: 709-10.
101. Block ER, Bennett JE. The combined effect of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in the therapy of murine cryptococcosis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1973; 142: 476-80.
102. Rabinovich S, Shaw BD, Bryant T, Donta ST. Effect of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B on Candida albicans infection in mice. J Infect Dis 1974; 130: 28-31.
103. Titsworth E, Grunberg E. Chemotherapeutic activity of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B against Candida albicans in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973; 4: 306-8.
104. Greene WH, Wiernik PH. Candida endophthalmitis. Successful treatment in a patient with acute leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol 1972; 74: 1100-4.
105. Hill ER, Mitchell TG, Matsen JM, Quie PG, Recovery from disseminated candidiasis in a premature neonate. Pediatrics 1974; 53: 748-52.
106. Bennett JE. Drug therapy: chemotherapy of systemic mycoses (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 320-3.
107. Cosgrove RF, Beezer AE, Miles RJ. In vitro studies of amphotericin B in combination with the imidazole antifungal compounds clotrimazole and miconazole. J Infect Dis 1978; 138: 681-5.
108. Schacter LP, Owellen RJ, Rathbun HK, Buchanan B. Letter: Antagonism between miconazole and amphotericin B. Lancet 1976; 2: 318.
109. Schaffner A, Frick PG. The effect of ketoconazole on amphotericin B in a model of disseminated aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 1985; 151: 902-10.
110. Smith D, McFadden HW, Miller NG, Effect of ketoconazole and amphotericm B on encapsulated and non-encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 24: 851-5.
111. Anaissie EJ, Hachem R, Karyotakis NC, et al. Comparative efficacies of amphotericin B, triazoles, and combination of both as experimental therapy for murine trichosporonosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2541-4.
112. Atkinson BA, Bocanegra R, Colombo AL, Graybill JR. Treatment of disseminated Torulopsis glabrata infection with D0870 and amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1604-7
113. George D, Kordick D, Miniter P, Patterson TF, Andriole VT. Combination therapy in experimental invasive aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 692-8.
114. Sugar AM. Interactions of amphotericin B and SCH 39304 in the treatment of experimental murine candidiasis: lack of antagonism of a polyene-azole combination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1669-71.
115. Allendoerfer R, Marquis AJ, Rinaldi MG, Graybill JR, Combined therapy with fluconazole and flucytosine in murine cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 726-9.
116. El-Sherbeini M, Clemas JA. Nikkomycin Z supersensitivity of an echinocandin-resistant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 200-7.
117. Hector RF, Braun PC. Synergistic action of nikkomycins X and Z with papulacandin B on whole cells and regenerating protoplasts of Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 29: 389-94.
118. Franzot SP, Casadevall A. Pneumocandin L-743.872 enhances the activities of amphotericin B and fluconazole against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 331-6.
119. Bennet JE, Dismukes WE, Duma RJ, et al. A comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosme in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 126-31.
120. Larsen RA, Leal MAE, Chan LS. Fluconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 183-7.
121. Medoff G, Comfort M, Kobayashi GS, Synergistic action of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine against yeast-like organisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1971; 138: 571-4.
122. Polak A, Dixon DM. In vitro/in vivo correlation of antifungal susceptibility testing using 5-fluorocytosine and ketoconazole as examples of two extremes. In: Fromtling RA, ed. Recent Trends in the Discovery, Development and Evaluation of Antifungal Agents. Barcelona: J. R. Prous Science Publishers 1987: 45-49.
123. Stiller RL, Bennett JE, Scholer HJ, et al. Correlation of in vitro susceptibility test results with in vivo response: flucytosine therapy in a systemic candidiasis model. J Infect Dis 1983; 147: 1070-7.
124. Vazquez JA, Arganoza MT, Vaishampayan JK, Akins RA. In vitro interaction between amphotericin B and azoles in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2511-6.
125. Ghannoum MA, Fu Y, Ibrahim AS, et al. In vitro determination of optimal antifungal combinations against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2459-65.
126. Oh KB, Yang HC, Matsuoka H, Yamamoto A, Kurata H. Combined effect of amphotencin B and flucytosine on hyphal growth of Candida albicans estimated at a single hypha level. J Med Vet Mycol 1995; 33: 191-5.
127. Martin E, Maier F, Bhakdi S. Antagonistic effects of fluconazole and 5-fluorocytosine on candidacidal action of amphotericin B in human serum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1331-8.
128. Sugar AM, Hitchcock CA, Troke PF, Picard M, Combination therapy of murine invasive candidiasis with fluconazole and amphotencin B, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 598-601.
129. Thaler M, Bacher J, O'Leary T, Pizzo PA. Evaluation of single-drug and combination antifungal therapy in an experimental model of candidiasis in rabbits with prolonged neutropenia. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 80-8.
130. Walsh TJ, Peter J, McGough DA, et al. Activities of amphotencin B and antifungal azoles alone and in combination against Pseudallescheria boydii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1361-4.
131. Nguyen MH, Barchiesi F, McGough DA, Yu VL, Rinaldi MG. In vitro evaluation of combination of fluconazole and flucytosine against Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1691-5.
132. Van Cutsem J. In vitro antifungal spectrum of itraconazole and treatment of systemic mycoses with old and new antimycotic agents. Chemotherapy 1992; 38: 3-11.
133. Kartalija M, Kaye K, Tureen JH, et al. Treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis with fluconazole: impact of dose and addition of flucytosine on mycologic and pathophysiologic out-come. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 1216-21.
134. Larsen RA, Bauer M, Weiner JM, et al. Effect of fluconazole on fungicidal activity of flucytosine in murine cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2178-82.
135. Nguyen MH, Najvar LK, Yu CY, Graybill JR. Combination therapy with fluconazole and flucytosine in the murine model of cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1120-3.
136. Denning DW, Hanson LH, Perlman AM, Stevens DA. In vitro susceptibility and synergy studies of Aspergillus species to conventional and new agents. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15: 21-34.
137. Hughes CE, Harris C, Moody JA, Petyerson LR, Gerding DN. In vitro activities of amphotencin B in combination with four antifungal agents and rifampin against Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 25: 560-2.
138. Maesaki S, Kohno S, Kaku M, Koga H, Hara K. Effects of antifungal agent combinations administered simultaneously and sequentially against Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2843-5.
139. Odds FC. Interactions among amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, ketoconazole, and miconazole against pathogenic fungi in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982; 22: 763-70.
140. Arroyo J, Medoff G, Kobayashi GS. Therapy of murine aspergillosis with amphotencin B in combination with rifampin or 5-fluorocytosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977: 11: 21-5.
141. Carrizosa J, Kohn C, Levison ME. Experimental Aspergillus endocarditis in rabbits. J Lab Clin Med 1975; 86: 746-53.
142. Polak A. Combination therapy of experimental candidiasis, cryptococcosis. aspergillosis and wangiellosis in mice. Chemotherapy 1987; 33: 381-95.
143. Schmitt HJ, Bernard EM, Edwards FF, Armstrong D. Combination therapy in a model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses 1991; 34: 281-5.
144. Denning DW, Stevens DA. Efficacy of cilofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B in a murine model of disseminated aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1329-33.
145. Utz JP, Garriques IL, Sande MA, et al. Therapy of cryptococcosis with a combination of flucytosine and amphotericin B. J Infect Dis 1975; 132: 368-73.
146. Larsen RA, Bozzette SA, Jones BE, et al. Fluconazole combined with flucytosine for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 741-5.
147. Just-Ntibling G, Heise W, Rieg G, et al. Triple combination of amphotericin B, flucytosine and fluconazole for treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. In: Program and Abstracts of the 3rd International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis, Paris, 1996. Paris: Organizing Committee 1996: Abstract V5.
148. Abele-Horn M, Kopp A, Stemberg U, et al. A randomized study comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B/5-flucytosine for the treatment of systemic Candida infections in intensive care patients. Infection 1996; 24: 426-32.
149. Hiddemann W, Essink ME, Fegeler W, et al. Antifungal treatment by amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine delays the recovery of normal hematopoietic cells after intensive cytostatic therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 1991; 68: 9-14.
150. Francis P, Walsh TJ, Evolving role of flucytosine in immuno-compromised patients: new insights into safety, pharmacokinetics and anlifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 1003-18.
151. Anaissie E, Gokaslan A, Hachem R, et al. Azole therapy for trichosporonosis: clinical evaluation of eight patients, experimental therapy for murine infection, and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 781-7.
152. Anaissie EJ, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, et al. Fluconazole therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with leukemia and prior amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med 1991; 91: 142-50.
153. Denning DW, Stevens DA. Antifungal and surgical treatment of invasive aspergillosis: review of 2,121 published cases. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 1147-201.
154. Lortholary O, Meyohas MC, Dupont B, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with aquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of 33 cases. Am J Med 1993; 95: 177-87.
155. Vreugdenhil G, van Dijke BJ, Donnelly JP, et al. Efficacy of itraconazole in the prevention of fungal infections among neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies and intensive chemotherapy. A double blind, placebo controlled study. Leuk Lymphoma 1993; 11: 353-8.
156. Todeschitti G, Murari C, Bonesi R, et al. Oral itraconazole plus nasal amphotericin B for prophylaxis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 12: 614-8.
157. Hann IM, Prentice HG, Corringham R, et al. Ketoconazole versus nystatin plus amphotericin B for fungal prophylaxis in severely immunocompromised patients. Lancet 1982; i: 826-9.
158. Bodey G, Bueltman B, Duguid W, et al. Fungal infections in cancer patients: an international autopsy survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11: 99-109.
159. Denning DW, Lee JY, Hostetler JS, et al. Multicenter trial of oral itraconazole therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Am J Med 1994; 97: 135-14.
160. Denning DW, Tucker RM, Hanson LH, Stevens DA. Treatment of invasive
161. Fisher BD, Armstrong D, Yu B, Gold JWM. Invasive aspergillosis: progress in early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 1981; 71: 571-7.
162. Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A, et al. Improved management of invaiive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 139-47.
163. Albelda SM, Talbot GH, Gerson SL, Miller WT, Cassileth PA. Pulmonary cavitation and massive hemoptysis in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Influence of bone marrow recovery in patients with acute leukemia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 115-20.
164. Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 365-76.
165. Pagano L, Ricci P, Nosari A. et al. Fatal haemoptysis in pulmonary filamentous mycosis: an underevaluated cause of death in patients with acute leukaemia in haematological complete remission. A retrospective study and review of literature. Br J Haematol 1995; 89: 500-5.
166. Blum U, Windfuhr M, Buitrago-Tellez C, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. MRI, CT, and plain radiographic findings and their contribution for early diagnosis. Chest 1994; 106: 1156-61.
167. Funada H. Misawa T, Nakao S, Saga T, Hattori KI. The air crescent sign of invasive pulmonary mucormycosis in acute leukemia. Cancer 1984; 53: 2721-3.
168. Gefter WB, Albelda SM, Talbot GH. et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and acute leukemia. Limitations in the diagnostic utility of the air crescent sign. Radiology 1985; 157: 605-10.
169. Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Burch PA, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute leukemia. The contribution of CT to early diagnosis and aggressive management. Chest 1987; 92: 95-9.
170. Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Siegelman SS. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute leukemia: characteristic Findings on CT, the CT halo sign, and the role of CT in early diagnosis. Radiology 1985; 157: 611-4.
171. Moreau P, Zahar JR, Milpied N, et al. Localized invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with neutropenia. Effectiveness of surgical resection. Cancer 1993; 72: 3223-6.
172. Mon M, Galvin JR, Barloon TJ, Gingrich RD, Stanford W. Fungal pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplantation: evaluation with radiography and CT. Radiology 1991; 178: 721-6.
173. Potente G. Computed tomography in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Acta Radiol 1989; 30: 587-90.
174. Przyjemski C, Mattii R. The formation of pulmonary mycetomata. Cancer 1980; 46: 1701-4.
175. Wong K, Waters CM, Walesby RK. Surgical management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immuno-compromised patients. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg 1992; 6: 138-42.
176. de Beule K. Jacqmin PH, van Peer A, Stoffels P, Heykants J. The pharmacokinetic rationale behind intravenous itraconazole. In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, CA. 1995. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 1995: Abstract A75.