메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 1720-1736

What Is Learned during Automatization? II. Obligatory Encoding of Spatial Location

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTOMATISM; DEPTH PERCEPTION; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME;

EID: 0032246767     PISSN: 00961523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.24.6.1720     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 0016688686 scopus 로고
    • Environmental differentiation and familiarity as determinants of children's memory for spatial location
    • Acredolo, L. P., Pick, H. H., Jr., & Olsen, M. G. (1975). Environmental differentiation and familiarity as determinants of children's memory for spatial location. Developmental Psychology, 11, 495-501.
    • (1975) Developmental Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 495-501
    • Acredolo, L.P.1    Pick H.H., Jr.2    Olsen, M.G.3
  • 3
    • 0002476488 scopus 로고
    • On the indistinguishability of exemplar memory and abstraction in category representation
    • T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Baraslou, L. W. (1990). On the indistinguishability of exemplar memory and abstraction in category representation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 61-88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1990) Advances in Social Cognition , vol.3 , pp. 61-88
    • Baraslou, L.W.1
  • 4
    • 0347062683 scopus 로고
    • Storage side effects: Studying processing to understand learning
    • A. Ram & D. Leake (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Barsalou, L. W. (1995). Storage side effects: Studying processing to understand learning. In A. Ram & D. Leake (Eds.), Goal-driven learning (pp. 407-419). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1995) Goal-driven Learning , pp. 407-419
    • Barsalou, L.W.1
  • 5
    • 0019060925 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of perceptual sensitivity as the result of selectively attending to spatial locations
    • Bashinski, H. S., & Bacharach, V. R. (1980). Enhancement of perceptual sensitivity as the result of selectively attending to spatial locations. Perception & Psychophysics, 28, 241-248.
    • (1980) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.28 , pp. 241-248
    • Bashinski, H.S.1    Bacharach, V.R.2
  • 6
    • 0041574751 scopus 로고
    • Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms
    • Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 80, 1-46.
    • (1969) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 1-46
    • Battig, W.F.1    Montague, W.E.2
  • 7
    • 0031014189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of attention in automatization: Does attention operate at encoding, or retrieval, or both?
    • Boronat, C. B., & Logan, G. D. (1997). The role of attention in automatization: Does attention operate at encoding, or retrieval, or both? Memory & Cognition, 25, 36-46.
    • (1997) Memory & Cognition , vol.25 , pp. 36-46
    • Boronat, C.B.1    Logan, G.D.2
  • 9
    • 0025501704 scopus 로고
    • A theory of visual attention
    • Bundesen, C. (1990). A theory of visual attention. Psychological Review, 97, 523-547.
    • (1990) Psychological Review , vol.97 , pp. 523-547
    • Bundesen, C.1
  • 10
    • 0026876420 scopus 로고
    • Automaticity and cognitive anatomy: Is word recognition "automatic?"
    • Carr, T. H. (1992). Automaticity and cognitive anatomy: Is word recognition "automatic?" American Journal of Psychology 105, 201-237.
    • (1992) American Journal of Psychology , vol.105 , pp. 201-237
    • Carr, T.H.1
  • 13
    • 0024696502 scopus 로고
    • Visual search and stimulus similarity
    • Duncan, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review, 96, 433-458.
    • (1989) Psychological Review , vol.96 , pp. 433-458
    • Duncan, J.1    Humphreys, G.W.2
  • 15
    • 0026232465 scopus 로고
    • Visual search, visual streams, and visual architectures
    • Green, M. (1991). Visual search, visual streams, and visual architectures. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 388-403.
    • (1991) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.50 , pp. 388-403
    • Green, M.1
  • 16
    • 0021316092 scopus 로고
    • Incidental learning of event frequency
    • Greene, R. L. (1984). Incidental learning of event frequency. Memory & Cognition, 12, 90-95.
    • (1984) Memory & Cognition , vol.12 , pp. 90-95
    • Greene, R.L.1
  • 18
    • 0028472054 scopus 로고
    • A neural theory of attentive visual search: Interactions of boundary, surface, spatial, and object representations
    • Grossberg, S., Mingolla, E., & Ross, W. D. (1994). A neural theory of attentive visual search: Interactions of boundary, surface, spatial, and object representations. Psychological Review, 101, 470-489.
    • (1994) Psychological Review , vol.101 , pp. 470-489
    • Grossberg, S.1    Mingolla, E.2    Ross, W.D.3
  • 20
    • 0021666033 scopus 로고
    • Automatic processing of fundamental information: The case of frequency of occurrence
    • Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1984). Automatic processing of fundamental information: The case of frequency of occurrence. American Psychologist, 39, 1372-1388.
    • (1984) American Psychologist , vol.39 , pp. 1372-1388
    • Hasher, L.1    Zacks, R.T.2
  • 21
    • 0025059110 scopus 로고
    • Human learning and memory: Connections and dissociations
    • Hintzman, D. L. (1990). Human learning and memory: Connections and dissociations. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 109-139.
    • (1990) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 109-139
    • Hintzman, D.L.1
  • 22
    • 84973993591 scopus 로고
    • Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking
    • Hollender, D. (1986). Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking. Brain and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1-23.
    • (1986) Brain and Behavioral Sciences , vol.9 , pp. 1-23
    • Hollender, D.1
  • 23
    • 0039740495 scopus 로고
    • Search by Recursive Rejection (SERR): A connectionist model of visual search
    • Humphreys, G. W., & Müller, H. J. (1993). Search by Recursive Rejection (SERR): A connectionist model of visual search. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 43-110.
    • (1993) Cognitive Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 43-110
    • Humphreys, G.W.1    Müller, H.J.2
  • 24
    • 33845310686 scopus 로고
    • A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory
    • Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
    • (1991) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.30 , pp. 513-541
    • Jacoby, L.L.1
  • 25
    • 0000527702 scopus 로고
    • Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention
    • Jacoby, L. L., Woloshyn, V., & Kelley, C. (1989). Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 115-125.
    • (1989) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.118 , pp. 115-125
    • Jacoby, L.L.1    Woloshyn, V.2    Kelley, C.3
  • 26
    • 0002426685 scopus 로고
    • Changing views of attention and automaticity
    • R. Parasuraman & D. R. Davies (Eds.), New York: Academic Press
    • Kahneman, D., & Treisman, A. (1984). Changing views of attention and automaticity. In R. Parasuraman & D. R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention (pp. 29-61). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1984) Varieties of Attention , pp. 29-61
    • Kahneman, D.1    Treisman, A.2
  • 28
    • 0346296631 scopus 로고
    • Theory of attentional operations in shape identification
    • LaBerge, D., & Brown, V. (1989). Theory of attentional operations in shape identification. Psychological Review, 96, 101-124.
    • (1989) Psychological Review , vol.96 , pp. 101-124
    • LaBerge, D.1    Brown, V.2
  • 30
    • 0001915192 scopus 로고
    • Memory and the theory of signal detection
    • Lockhart, R., & Murdock, B. B. (1970). Memory and the theory of signal detection. Psychological Bulletin, 74, 100-109.
    • (1970) Psychological Bulletin , vol.74 , pp. 100-109
    • Lockhart, R.1    Murdock, B.B.2
  • 31
    • 1842646010 scopus 로고
    • Toward an instance theory of automatization
    • Logan, G. D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95, 492-527.
    • (1988) Psychological Review , vol.95 , pp. 492-527
    • Logan, G.D.1
  • 32
    • 38249019407 scopus 로고
    • Repetition priming and automaticity: Common underlying mechanisms?
    • Logan, G. D. (1990). Repetition priming and automaticity: Common underlying mechanisms? Cognitive Psychology, 22, 1-35.
    • (1990) Cognitive Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 1-35
    • Logan, G.D.1
  • 33
    • 0026915939 scopus 로고
    • Shapes of reaction time distributions and shapes of learning curves: A test of the instance theory of automaticity
    • Logan, G. D. (1992). Shapes of reaction time distributions and shapes of learning curves: A test of the instance theory of automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 883-914.
    • (1992) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.18 , pp. 883-914
    • Logan, G.D.1
  • 34
    • 0030266134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CODE theory of visual attention: An integration of space-based and object-based attention
    • Logan, G. D. (1996). The CODE theory of visual attention: An integration of space-based and object-based attention. Psychological Review, 103, 603-649.
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , pp. 603-649
    • Logan, G.D.1
  • 35
    • 0040419339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial effects in the partial report paradigm: A challenge for theories of visual spatial attention
    • D. L. Medin (Ed.), San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Logan, G. D., & Bundesen, C. (1996). Spatial effects in the partial report paradigm: A challenge for theories of visual spatial attention. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 35, pp. 243-282). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1996) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation , vol.35 , pp. 243-282
    • Logan, G.D.1    Bundesen, C.2
  • 43
    • 0020061019 scopus 로고
    • Coding of spatial information by young and elderly adults
    • McCormack, P. D. (1982). Coding of spatial information by young and elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 80-86.
    • (1982) Journal of Gerontology , vol.37 , pp. 80-86
    • McCormack, P.D.1
  • 44
    • 0019436878 scopus 로고
    • Identification, localization, and "iconic memory": An evaluation of the bar probe task
    • Mewhort, D. J. K., Campbell, A. J., Marchetti, F. M., & Campbell, J. I. D. (1981). Identification, localization, and "iconic memory": An evaluation of the bar probe task. Memory & Cognition, 9, 50-67.
    • (1981) Memory & Cognition , vol.9 , pp. 50-67
    • Mewhort, D.J.K.1    Campbell, A.J.2    Marchetti, F.M.3    Campbell, J.I.D.4
  • 51
    • 0023718687 scopus 로고
    • Recognition memory of spatial location information: Another failure to support automaticity
    • Naveh-Benjamin, M. (1988). Recognition memory of spatial location information: Another failure to support automaticity. Memory & Cognition, 16, 437-445.
    • (1988) Memory & Cognition , vol.16 , pp. 437-445
    • Naveh-Benjamin, M.1
  • 53
    • 0002550143 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice
    • J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Newell, A., & Rosenbloom, P. S. (1981). Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice. In J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 1-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1981) Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition , pp. 1-55
    • Newell, A.1    Rosenbloom, P.S.2
  • 54
    • 0001340772 scopus 로고
    • Accessing features and objects: Is location special?
    • M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Marin (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Nissen, M. J. (1985). Accessing features and objects: Is location special? In M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Marin (Eds.), Attention and Performance XI (pp. 205-219). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1985) Attention and Performance , vol.11 , pp. 205-219
    • Nissen, M.J.1
  • 55
    • 0031112464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exemplar-based random walk model of speeded classification
    • Nosofsky, R. M., & Palmeri, T. J. (1997). An exemplar-based random walk model of speeded classification. Psychological Review, 104, 266-300.
    • (1997) Psychological Review , vol.104 , pp. 266-300
    • Nosofsky, R.M.1    Palmeri, T.J.2
  • 57
    • 0020059298 scopus 로고
    • Spatial memory in older adults: Effects of intentionality
    • Park, D. C., Puglisi, J. T., & Lutz, R. (1982). Spatial memory in older adults: Effects of intentionality. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 330-335.
    • (1982) Journal of Gerontology , vol.37 , pp. 330-335
    • Park, D.C.1    Puglisi, J.T.2    Lutz, R.3
  • 58
    • 0025063327 scopus 로고
    • On the differential nature of implicit and explicit memory
    • Parkin, A. J., Reid, T. K., & Russo, R. (1990). On the differential nature of implicit and explicit memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 507-514.
    • (1990) Memory & Cognition , vol.18 , pp. 507-514
    • Parkin, A.J.1    Reid, T.K.2    Russo, R.3
  • 59
    • 0025457472 scopus 로고
    • SLAM: A connectionist model for attention in visual selection tasks
    • Phaf, R. H., van der Heijden, A. H. C., & Hudson, P. T. W. (1990). SLAM: A connectionist model for attention in visual selection tasks. Cognitive Psychology, 22, 273-341.
    • (1990) Cognitive Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 273-341
    • Phaf, R.H.1    Van Der Heijden, A.H.C.2    Hudson, P.T.W.3
  • 61
    • 0025486147 scopus 로고
    • Implicit memory: Retention without remembering
    • Roediger, H. L. III (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
    • (1990) American Psychologist , vol.45 , pp. 1043-1056
    • Roediger H.L. III1
  • 62
    • 0000762027 scopus 로고
    • Toward a model of attention and the development of automatic processing
    • M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Marin (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Schneider, W. (1985). Toward a model of attention and the development of automatic processing. In M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Marin (Eds.), Attention and performance XI (pp. 475-492). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1985) Attention and Performance , vol.11 , pp. 475-492
    • Schneider, W.1
  • 63
    • 58149406088 scopus 로고
    • Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
    • Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190.
    • (1977) Psychological Review , vol.84 , pp. 127-190
    • Shiffrin, R.M.1    Schneider, W.2
  • 64
    • 11944262201 scopus 로고
    • Episodic theory of the dynamics of spatial attention
    • Sperling, G., & Weichselgartner, E. (1995). Episodic theory of the dynamics of spatial attention. Psychological Review, 102, 503-532.
    • (1995) Psychological Review , vol.102 , pp. 503-532
    • Sperling, G.1    Weichselgartner, E.2
  • 65
    • 0018878142 scopus 로고
    • A feature integration theory of attention
    • Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97-136.
    • (1980) Cognitive Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 97-136
    • Treisman, A.1    Gelade, G.2
  • 66
    • 0023716924 scopus 로고
    • Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries
    • Treisman, A., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95, 14-48.
    • (1988) Psychological Review , vol.95 , pp. 14-48
    • Treisman, A.1    Gormican, S.2
  • 72
    • 0014726014 scopus 로고
    • On selection in immediate memory
    • von Wright, J. M. (1970). On selection in immediate memory. Acta Psychologica, 33, 280-292.
    • (1970) Acta Psychologica , vol.33 , pp. 280-292
    • Von Wright, J.M.1
  • 74
    • 0039189115 scopus 로고
    • Engrams as cuegrams and forgetting as cue overload: A cuing approach to the structure of memory
    • C. R. Puff (Ed.), New York: Academic
    • Watkins, M. J. (1979). Engrams as cuegrams and forgetting as cue overload: A cuing approach to the structure of memory. In C. R. Puff (Ed.), Memory organization and structure (pp. 347-372). New York: Academic.
    • (1979) Memory Organization and Structure , pp. 347-372
    • Watkins, M.J.1
  • 75
    • 84925901391 scopus 로고
    • Cue-overload theory and the method of interpolated attributes
    • Watkins, M. J., & Watkins, O. C. (1976). Cue-overload theory and the method of interpolated attributes. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 7, 289-291.
    • (1976) Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , vol.7 , pp. 289-291
    • Watkins, M.J.1    Watkins, O.C.2
  • 77
    • 84864888849 scopus 로고
    • Guided search 2.0: A revised model of visual search
    • Wolfe, J. M. (1994). Guided search 2.0: A revised model of visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1, 202-238.
    • (1994) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , vol.1 , pp. 202-238
    • Wolfe, J.M.1
  • 79
    • 0028856421 scopus 로고
    • Why is 9 + 7 harder than 2 + 3? Strength and interference as explanations of the problem-size effect
    • Zbrodoff, N. J. (1995). Why is 9 + 7 harder than 2 + 3? Strength and interference as explanations of the problem-size effect. Memory & Cognition, 23, 689-700.
    • (1995) Memory & Cognition , vol.23 , pp. 689-700
    • Zbrodoff, N.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.