Integrated medicine and the prevention and reversal of memory loss

Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 38-43

  Khalsa, Dharma Singh ^a,b  

^a Alzheimer Research and Prevention Foundation   (United States)

^b INNOVISION COMMUNICATIONS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; HUMAN; MEMORY DISORDER; REVIEW;

COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; HUMANS; MEMORY DISORDERS;

EID: 0032209377     PISSN: 10786791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Geldmarker DS, Whitehouse PJ. Evaluations of dementias. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:330-335.
2. Ernst R, Hay J. The US economic and social cost of Alzheimer's disease revisited. Am J Pub Health. 1991;84:1261-1264.
3. Mayeux R, Foster NL, Rossor M, Whitehouse PJ. The clinical evaluation of patients with dementia. In: Whitehouse PJ, ed. Dementia (Contemporary Neurology Series, 40). Philadelphia, Pa: FA Davis; 1993:92-129.
4. Lindenbaum J, Healton EB, Savage DG, et al. Neuropsychiatrie disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocystosis. N Engl J Med. 1995;318:1720-1728.
5. Crook TH, Bartus RT, Ferris SH, et al. Age-associated memory improvement: proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical changes. Report of a National Institute of Mental Health Workgroup. Rev Neuropsychol. 1986;2:261-276.
6. Crook TH. Diagnosis and treatment of normal and pathologic memory impairment in later life. Semin Neurol. 1989;9:20-30.
7. Berg L, Morris J. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In: Terry RD, Katzman R, Bick KL, eds. Alzheimer Disease. New York, NY: Raven Press Ltd; 1994:9-25.
8. Thal LJ. Trials to prevent Alzheimer's disease in a population at risk. In: Fourth International Nice/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; Nice, France; April 11, 1996:86.
9. Advances. Chicago, Ill: Alzheimer's Association; Spring 1998;18(1):1.
10. Snowdon DA, Kemper SJ, Mortimer JA, Greiner LH, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR. Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life: findings from the Nun Study. JAMA. 1996;275(7):528-532.
11. Reiman EM, Caselli RJ, Yun L, et al. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer's disease in persons homozygous for the epsilon 4 allele for apolipoprotein E. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:752-758.
12. Gatz M, Lowe B, Berg S, et al. Dementia: not just a search for the gene. Gerontologist. 1994;34:251-255.
13. Reiman EM. Alzheimer's disease: diagnosis, management and research development. Faculty lecture series presented at: University of Arizona Lecture Series; August 14, 1996; Tucson, Ariz.
14. Kalaria RN. Arteriosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1997;349:1174.
15. Mortimer JA, French LR, Hutton JT, Shuman LM. Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1985;35:264-267.
16. Graves ABB, White E. The association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131:491.
17. Katzman R, Kawas C. The epidemiology of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In: Terry RD, Katzman R, Bick KL, eds. Alzheimer Disease. New York, NY: Raven Press Ltd; 1994:105-122.
18. Birge SJ, Mortel KF. Estrogen and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med. 1997;103:36S-45S.
19. Grant WB. Dietary links to Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis Rev. 1997;2:42-45.
20. Hendrie HC, Osuntokun BO, Hall KS, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in two communities: Nigerian Africans and African Americans. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1485-1492.
21. Graves AB, Larson EB, Edland SD, et al. Prevalence of dementia and its subtypes in the Japanese American population of King County, Washington State. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:760-771.
22. White L, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, et al. Prevalence of dementia in older Japanese-American men in Hawaii: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA. 1996;276:955-960.
23. Harman D. Free radical theory of aging: Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Age. 1995;18:97-119.
24. Smith MA, Petot GJ, Perry G. Diet and oxidative stress: a novel synthesis of epidemiological data on Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis Rev. 1997;2:58-60.
25. Halliwell B. Oxidants and the central nervous system: some fundamental questions. Acta Neurol Scand. 1989;126:23-33.
26. Lovell MA, Ehmann WD, Butler SM, Markesbery WR. Elevated thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1995;45:1594-1601.
27. Smith MA, Petot GJ, Perry G. Commentary: diet and oxidative stress: a novel synthesis of epidemiological data on Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis Rev. 1997; 2:58-60.
28. Kalmijn S, Feskens EJ, Launer LJ, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very old men. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;124:33-41.
29. Roher AE. Serum lipid levels in Alzheimer's disease. Cardiovascular risk factors in the cause of Alzheimer's disease: could this be an underlying key in the pathology? Paper presented at: International Business Communications workshop; May 28, 1998; Boston, Mass.
30. Soderberg M, Edlund C, Kristensson K, Dallner G. Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Lipids. 1991;26:421-425.
31. Sapolsky RM, Krey LC, McEwen BS. The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid hypothesis. Endocrine Rev. 1986;7(3):284-301.
32. Lupien S, Lecours AR, Lussier I, Schwartz G, Nair NP, Meaney MJ. Basal cerebral cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging. J Neurosci. 1994;14(5):2893-2903.
33. Sapolsky RM. Stress: The Aging Brain and the Mechanism of Neuron Death. Cambridge, Mass: Bradford Books, MIT Press; 1992.
34. Stein-Behrens BA, Sapolsky RM. Stress, glucocorticoid, and aging. Aging. 1992;4:197-210.
35. McGaugh JL. Involvement of hormonal and neuromodulating systems in the regulation of memory storage. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1989;12:255-287.
36. Paulides C, Watenake Y, McEwen BS. Effects of glucocorticoids on hippocampal long-term potentiation. Hippocampus. 1993;3:183-192.
37. McEwen BS, Sapolsky RM. Stress and cognitive functions. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1995;5:205-206.
38. Sapolsky RM, McEwen BS. Stress, glucocorticoids, and their role in degenerative changes in the aging hippocampus. In: Crook T. Bartus R, eds. Treatment Development Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease. Madison, Conn: MPA Press; 1986.
39. Sparks DL, Hunsaker JC III, Schett SW, Kryscio RJ, Henson JL, Markesbery WR. Cortical senile plagues in coronary artery disease, aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1990;11:601-607.
40. Kullen L. Potential prevention of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1996;10(1):13-16.
41. Alzheimer A. Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnonde? Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Psychiatrie und Psychish-gerichtlich Medicin. 1970;64:146-148.
42. Kalaria RN. Is there a link between cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease? Cardiovascular risk factors in the cause of Alzheimer's disease: could this be an underlying key in the pathology? Paper presented at: International Business Communications workshop; May 28, 1998; Boston, Mass.
43. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease. The Nun Study. JAMA. 1997;277:813-817.
44. Sonaria S, Scott P. The cognitive status of non-AD subjects with coronary artery disease. Clin Anat. 1996;9:118-127.
45. Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MM, et al. Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet. 1997;349:151-154.
46. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam study. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:776-782.
47. Hogan DB, Ebly EM. Complementary medicine in a dementia clinic population. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1996;10:63-67.
48. Ku Y, Whitehouse PJ. Complementary therapeutic alternatives: what can we learn? [editorial] Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1996;10(2):61-62.
49. Larson EB, Kukuii WA. Prevention of AD: a perspective based on successes in the prevention of other chronic diseases. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1996;10(1):9-12.
50. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet. 1990;336:129-133.
51. Gould LK, Ornish D, Scherwitz L, et al. Changes in myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term, intense risk factor modification. JAMA. 1995;274:894-901.
52. Walford RL, Spindler SR. The response to caloric restriction in mammals shows features also common to hibernation: a cross-adaptation hypothesis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52:B179-B183.
53. Weindruch R. Caloric restriction and aging. Sci Am. 1996;274:46-52.
54. Weindruch R, Walford RL. The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas; 1998.
55. Verdery R, Walford R. Caloric restriction in Biosphere II: effects of energy restriction on lipid and lipoprotein levels and HDL subfractions. In: Abstract of the Annual Meeting of the American Aging Association; October 14, 1996; San Francisco. Calif. Abstract 75:37.
56. Bland JS. Psychoneuro-nutritional medicine: an advancing paradigm. Altern Ther Health Med. 1995;1(2):22-27.
57. Loriaux SM, Diejen JB, Orlebke JF, De Swart JH. The effects of nicotinic acid and xanthinal nicotinate on human memory in different categories of age. A double-blind study. Pychopharmacology. 1985;87:390-395.
58. Zhang X, Zhand BZ, Zhang WW. Protective effects of nicotinic acid on disturbance of memory induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Clin J Pharm Tox. 1996;10:178-180.
59. Petot GJ, Cole R, Conaway C, et al. Adult lifetime dietary patterns of antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid consumption in a case control study of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. In: Abstract of the Annual Meeting of the American Aging Association; October 14, 1996; San Francisco, Calif. Abstract 78:38.
60. Katalin GL. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64:2:190-196.
61. Gale CR. Cognitive impairment and mortality in a cohort of elderly people. BMJ. 1996;312(703):608-611.
62. Behl C, Dans J, Cole G, Sheibert D. Vitamin E protects nerve cells from beta-amyloid protein toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992;186:944-950.
63. Hara H, Kato H, Kogua K. Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res. 1990;510:35-38.
64. Sano M, Ernesto C, Klauber MR, et al. Rationale and design of a multicenter study of selegiline and alpha-tocopherol in the treatment of AD using novel clinical outcomes. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1996;10(3):132-140.
65. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(17):1216-1222.
66. Kay M. Vitamin E as a neuroprotective compound. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine; December 15, 1997; Las Vegas, Nev.
67. Perrig WJ, Perrig P, Stahelin HB. The relation between antioxidants and memory performance in the old and very old. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:718-724.
68. Nunzi MG, Milan F, Guidolin D, Toffano G. Dendritic spine loss in hippocampus of aged rats. Effect of brain phosphatidylserine administration. Neurobiol Aging. 1987;8(6):501-510.
69. Crook TH, Tinklenberg J, Yesavage J, Petric W, Nunzi MG, Massari DC. Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology. 1991;41(5):644-649.
70. Crook TN, Petrie W, Wells C, Massari DC. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28(1):61-66.
71. Gindin J, Nouikov D, Kedar A, et al. The effect of plant phosphatidylserine on age-associated memory impairment and mood in the functional elderly. Paper from: The Geriatric Institute for Education and Research, Department of Geriatrics; October 1995; Revohat, Israel.
72. Beal FM. Cell death by oxidants: neuroprotective antioxidant therapies. Paper presented at: Fourth International Nice/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; April 11, 1996; Nice, France.
73. Spagnoli A, Lucca U, Menasce G, et al. Long term ALC treatment in AD. Neurology. 1991;41:1776-1732.
74. Thal LJ, Carta A, Clarke WR, et al. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of ALC in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Neurology. 1996;47(3):705-711.
75. Pettegrew JW, Klunk WE, Panchalingam K, et al. Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-camitine in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1995;1:1-4.
76. Bruno G, Scaccianoce S, Bonamini M, et al. ALC in Alzheimer's disease: a short term study on CSF neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1995;9:3:128-131.
77. Carta A, Calvani M, Bravi D. ALC and Alzheimer's disease: pharmacological considerations beyond the cholinergic sphere. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;24(695):324-326.
78. Wertbreit WV, Jansen W. Double blind and comparative (ginkgo biloba vs placebo) therapeutic study in geriatric patients with primary degenerative dementia. A preliminary evaluation. Nuremberg, Germany: Eurotext Ltd; 1985:91-99.
79. Pincemail J, Pupuis M, Nasr C, et al. Superoxide anion scavenging effect and superoxide dismutase activity of ginkgo biloba extract. Eiperientia. 1989;45:708-712.
80. Semlitsch HV, Anderer P, Saletu B, et al. Cognitive psychophysiology in nootropic drug research: effects of ginkgo biloba on event-related potential in age-associated memory impairment. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1995;28:134-142.
81. LeBars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of ginkgo biloba for dementia. JAMA. 1997;278:1327-1332.
82. Jevening R, Wilson AF, Davidson JM. Adrenocorticol activity during meditation. Horm Behav. 1978;10:54-60.
83. Walton KG, Pugh NDC, Gelderloose P, Mocrai P. Stress reduction in preventing hypertension: preliminary support for a psychoneuroendocrine mechanism. J Alt Compl Med. 1995;3:268-283.
84. Wallace RR. The Physiology of Consciousness. A Joint Publication of the Institute of Science. Technology and Public Policy. Fairfield, Iowa: Maharishi International University Press; 1993.
85. Alexander CN, Langer EJ, Newman RI, et al. Transcendental meditation. Mindfulness and longevity in experimental studies in the elderly. J Pers Soc Pychol. 1989;6:950-964.
86. Gordon B. Memory. New York, NY: Master Media; 1995.
87. Smith AL, Fredlund J. The protective effects of physical exercise on the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1998;50:A89-A90.
88. Diamond MC, Lindner B, Johnson R, Bennett EL. Differences in occipital corticol synapses from environmentally enriched, impoverished and standard colony rats. J Neurosci Res. 1975;1:109-119.
89. Cotman C. Synaptic Plasticity, Neurotrophic Factors and Transplantation in the Aged Brain. Handbook of the Biology of Aging. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1990:255-274.
90. Khalsa DS, Stauth C. Brain Longevity. New York, NY: Warner Books; 1997.
91. Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. Stress technology medicine: a new paradigm for stress and considerations for self-regulation. In: Brown M. Koob G, Rivier C. Stress. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1991:647-686.
92. Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Boyle MR, Buebel MD. The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on cognition. Int J Neurosci. 1991;57(3-4):239-249.
93. Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Bhajan Y. Sound current therapy and self-healing. The ancient science of naad and mantra yoga. Int J Music Dance Art Ther. 1988;1:183-192.
94. Campbell D. The Mozart Effect. New York, NY: Avon Books; 1997.
95. Riekhman PI, Pasio K. Rationale to treat AD with selegiline. Paper presented at: Fourth International Nice/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer's Therapy; April 1996; Nice, France.
96. Knoll J. Deprenyl: the history of its development and pharmacological action. Acta Neurol Scand. 1983;95:5780.
97. Knoll J. Longevity study with L-deprenyl. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998;46:237-262.
98. Milgram NW, Racine RJ, Nellis P, Mendonca A, Ivy GO. Maintenance on L-deprenyl prolongs life in aged male rats. Life Sci. 1990;47(5):415-420.
99. Kitani K, Kanai S, Sato Y, Ohta M, Ivy GO, Carrillo MC. Chronic treatment of L-deprenyl prolongs the life span of male Fischer 344 rats. Life Sci. 1993;52(3):281-288.
100. Ruehl WW, Entriken TL, Muggenburg BA, Bruyette DS, Griffith WC, Hahn FF. Treatment with L-deprenyl prolongs life in elderly dogs. Life Sci. 1997;61(11):1037-1044.
101. Stoll S, Hafner U, Pohl O, Muller WE. Age-related memory decline and longevity under treatment with selegiline. Life Sci. 1994;25-26:2155-2163.
102. Gracon SI, Knapp MJ. Safety of tacrine: clinical trials, treatment IND, and postmarketing experience. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1998;12(2):93-101.
103. Anand R. New drugs for Alzheimer's disease. World Federation of Neurology Symposium on Drug Therapy for Alzheimer's disease; September 1997; Buenos Aires, Argentina.
104. Khalsa DS. Exelon: a new drug for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Anti Aging Med. 1998;1:10-12.
105. Berge SJ, Mortel KF. Estrogen and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med. 1997;103:36S-45S.
106. Berge SJ. Sex steroids in brain aging. Cardiovascular risk factors in the cause of Alzheimer's disease: could this be an underlying key in the pathology? Paper presented at: International Business Communications workshop; May 28, 1998; Boston, Mass.
107. Robel O, Baulieu EE. DHEA is a neuroactive neurosteroid. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995;774:82-110.
108. Diamond DM, Branch BJ, Fleshner M. The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA) enhances hippocampal primed burst, but not long-term potentiation. Neuroscience. 1996;202:204-208.
109. Rhodes ME, Li PK, Flood JF, Johnson DA. Enhancement of hippocampal acetylcholine release by the neurosteroid. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res. 1996;733:284-286.
110. Sunderland T, Merril CR, Harringron MG, et al. Reduced plasma dehydroepiandrosterone concentration in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1989;28:570.
111. Flood JF, Morley JE, Roberts E. Memory-enhancing effects in male mice of pregnenolone and steroids metabolically derived from it. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(5):1567-1571.
112. Regelson W. The Superhormone Promise. New York, OT: Simon and Shuster; 1997.
113. Khalsa DS. Integrated approach for prevention and reversal of Alzheimer's disease. Paper presented at: Anti-Aging Medicine for the Office Physician; 1998; Meadowlands, NJ.
114. Stewart WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, Meter JE. Risk of AD and duration of NSAID use. Neurology. 1997;48(3):626-623.
115. Aldert M. Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. J Gerontol Psychol Sci. 1997; 52B(1):15-27.
116. Larson DB. Scientific research on spirituality and health: the consensus report. Rockville, Md: National Institute for Healthcare Research; 1998.
117. Levin J. Religion and health: is there an association? Soc Sci Med. 1994;38:1475-1484.
118. Glynn P. God the Evidence. Rockland, Calif: Prima Publishing; 1997.
119. Matthews DA, Clark C. The Faith Factor. New York, NY: Penguin Group: 1998.
120. Breteler MMB. Cognitive Decline in the Elderly: Epidemiological Studies on Cognitive Function and Dementia. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Breteler; 1993.
121. Evans DA. Estimated prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States. Milbank Q. 1990;68(2):267-289.