Is suckling behavior a useful predictor of milk intake? A review

Animal Behaviour

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 521-532

  Cameron, Elissa Z ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FEEDING BEHAVIOR; INGESTION RATE; MAMMAL; PARENT-OFFSPRING INTERACTION; PARENTAL INVESTMENT;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 0032168448     PISSN: 00033472     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1998.0793     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. Adler J., Linn L., Moore A. U. 'Pushing' in cattle: its relation to instinctive grasping in humans. Animal Behaviour. 1:1958;85-86.
2. Alley J. C., Fordham R. A., Minot E. O. Mother-offspring interactions in feral goats: a behavioural perspective of maternal investment. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 22:1995;17-23.
3. Altmann J. Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. Behaviour. 40:1974;765-773.
4. Anderson S. S., Fedak M. A. Grey seal,Halichoerus grypus. Journal of Zoology. 211:1987;667-679.
5. Arnould J. P. Y. Lactation and the cost of pup-rearing in Antarctic fur seals. Marine Mammal Science. 13:1997;516-526.
6. Arnould J. P. Y., Ramsay R. A. Milk production and milk composition in polar bears during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 72:1994;1365-1370.
7. Arnould J. P. Y., Boyd I. L., Socha D. G. Milk consumption and growth efficiency in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 74:1996;254-266.
8. Arthur P. G., Hartmann P. E., Smith M. Measurement of the milk intake of breast-fed infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastro-enterology and Nutrition. 6:1987;758-763.
9. Babbitt K. J., Packard J. M. Suckling behavior of the collared peccary (Tayassa tajacu. Ethology. 86:1990a;102-115.
10. Babbitt K. J., Packard J. M. Parent-offspring conflict relative to phase of lactation. Animal Behaviour. 40:1990b;765-773.
11. Becker C. D., Ginsberg J. R. Mother-infant behaviour of wild Grevy's zebra: adaptations for survival in semi-desert East Africa. Animal Behaviour. 40:1990;1111-1118.
12. Berger J. Weaning conflict in desert and mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 50:1979;188-200.
13. Berger J. Wild Horses of the Great Basin. 1986;University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
14. Birgersson B., Ekvall K. Suckling time and fawn growth in fallow deer (Dama dama. Journal of Zoology. 232:1994;641-650.
15. Birgersson B., Ekvall K. Early growth in male and female fallow deer. Behavioral Ecology. 8:1997;493-499.
16. Bocquier F., Thériez M., Brun J. P. Isotopic estimation of milk intake in suckling lambs with deuterium oxide space: effects of milk concentration and level of milk intake. Annales de Zootechnologie. 40:1991;181-189.
17. Bøe K., Jensen P. Individual differences in suckling and solid food intake by piglets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 42:1995;183-192.
18. Bowen W. D., Oftedal O. T., Boness D. J. Mass and energy transfer during lactation in a small phocid, the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina. Physiological Zoology. 65:1992;844-866.
19. Brake S. C., Sagar D. J., Sullivan R., Hofer M. The role of intraoral and gastrointestinal cues in the control of sucking and milk consumption in rat pups. Developmental Psychobiology. 15:1982a;529-541.
20. Brake S. C., Sullivan R., Sagar D. J., Hofer M. Short- and long-term effects of various milk-delivery contingencies on sucking and nipple attachment in rat pups. Developmental Psychobiology. 15:1982b;543-556.
21. Brown K. H., Black R. E., Robertson A. D., Akhtar N. A., Ahmed G., Becker S. Clinical and field studies of human lactation: methodological considerations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 35:1982;745-756.
22. Butte N. F., Garza C., Smith E. O., Nichols B. L. Evaluation of the deuterium oxide dilution technique against the test-weighing procedure for the determination of breast milk intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 37:1983;996-1003.
23. Butte N. F., Garza C., Smith E. O., Nichols B. L. Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. Journal of Pediatrics. 104:1984;187-195.
24. Butte N. F., Wills C., Jean C. A., O'Brian Smith E., Garza C. Feeding patterns of exclusively breast fed infants during the first four months of life. Early Human Development. 12:1985;291-300.
25. Butte N. F., Wong W. W., Patterson B. W., Garza C., Klein P. D. Human-milk intake measured by administration of deuterium oxide to the mother: a comparison with the test-weighing technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 47:1988;815-821.
26. Butte N. F., Wong W. W., Klein P. D., Garza C. Measurement of milk intake: tracer-to-infant deuterium dilution method. British Journal of Nutrition. 65:1991;3-14.
27. Butte N. F., Villalpando S., Wong W. W., Flores-Huerta S., de Jesus Hernandez-Beltran M., O'Brian Smith E., Garza C. Human milk intake and growth faltering of rural Mesoamerindian infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 55:1992;1109-1116.
28. Byers J. A., Bekoff M. Inference in social evolution theory: a case study. Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior. 1990;Westview Press. Boulder. p. 84-94.
29. Byers J. A., Moodie J. D. Sex-specific maternal investment in pronghorn, and the question of a limit on differential provisioning in ungulates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 26:1990;157-164.
30. Campagna C., Le Boeuf B. J., Lewis M., Bisioli C. Equal investment in male and female offspring in southern elephant seals. Journal of Zoology. 226:1992;551-561.
31. Carl G. R., Robbins C. T. The energetic cost of predator avoidance in neonatal ungulates: hiding versus following. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 66:1988;239-246.
32. Carson K., Wood-Gush D. G. M. Equine behaviour: I. A review of the literature on social and dam-foal behaviour. Applied Animal Ethology. 10:1983;165-178.
33. de Carvalho M., Robertson S., Merkatz R., Klaus M. Milk intake and frequency of feeding in breast fed infants. Early Human Development. 7:1982;155-163.
34. de Carvalho M., Robertson S., Friedman A., Klaus M. Effect of frequent breast-feeding on early milk production and infant weight gain. Pediatrics. 72:1983;307-311.
35. Cassinello J. High-ranking females bias their investment in favour of male calves in captiveAmmotragus lervia. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 38:1996;417-424.
36. Chilvers B. L., Wilson K.-J., Hickling G. J. Suckling behaviours and growth rates of New Zealand fur seals,Arctocephalus forsteri. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 22:1995;263-270.
37. Clutton-Brock T. H. The Evolution of Parental Care. 1991;Princeton University Press. Princeton.
38. Clutton-Brock T. H., Albon S. D., Guinness F. E. Parental investment in male and female offspring in polygynous mammals. Nature. 289:1981;487-489.
39. Clutton-Brock T. H., Guinness F. E., Albon S. D. Red Deer: Behavior and Ecology of Two Sexes. 1982;Chicago University Press. Chicago.
40. Clutton-Brock T. H., Albon S. D., Guinness F. E. Fitness costs of gestation and lactation in wild mammals. Nature. 337:1989;260-262.
41. Cork S. J., Dove H. Lactation in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii. Journal of Zoology. 219:1989;399-409.
42. Costa D. P., Gentry R. L. Free-ranging energetics of northern fur seals. Gentry R. L., Kooyman G. L. Fur Seals. Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea. 1986;79-101 Princeton University Press. Princeton.
43. Costa D. P., Le Boeuf B. J., Huntley A. C., Ortiz C. L. The energetics of lactation in the northern elephant seal,Mirounga angustirostris. Journal of Zoology. 209:1986;21-33.
44. Coward W. A. Measuring milk intake in breast-fed babies. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 3:1984;275-279.
45. Crowell-Davis S. L. Nursing behaviour and maternal aggression among Welsh ponies (Equus caballus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 14:1985;11-25.
46. Dewey K. G., Heinig M. J., Nommsen L. A., Lonnerdal B. Maternal versus infant factors related to breast milk intake and residual milk volume: the DARLING study. Pediatrics. 87:1991;829-837.
47. Dodd F. H. Factors affecting the rate of secretion of milk and lactation yields. Hammond J. Progress in the Physiology of Farm Animals. 1957;962-1004 Butterworths. London.
48. Doreau M., Dussap G. Estimation de la production de la jument allaitante par marquage de l'eau corperelle du poulain. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 20:1980;1883-1892.
49. Doreau M., Boulot S., Martin-Rosset W., Robelin J. Relationship between nutrient intake, growth and body compo-sition of the nursing foal. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 26:1986;683-690.
50. Doreau M., Boulot S., Barlet J.-P., Patureau-Mirana P. Yield and composition of milk from lactating mares: effect of lactation stage and individual differences. Journal of Dairy Research. 57:1990;449-454.
51. Dove H., Cork S. J. Lactation in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii. Journal of Zoology. 219:1989;385-397.
52. Dove H., Freer M. The accuracy of tritiated water turnover rate as an estimate of milk intake in lambs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 30:1979;725-739.
53. Drewett R. F., Woolridge M. Sucking patterns of human babies on the breast. Early Human Development. 3/4:1979;315-320.
54. Drewett R. F., Woolridge M. Milk intake by human babies from the first and second breast. Physiology and Behavior. 26:1981;327-329.
55. Drewett R. F., Statham C., Wakerley J. B. A quantitative analysis of the feeding behaviour of suckling rats. Animal Behaviour. 22:1974;907-913.
56. Drewett R. F., Woolridge M. W., Jackson D. A., Imong S. M., Mangklabruks A., Wongsawasdii L., Chiowanich P., Amatayakul K., Baum J. D. Relationships between nursing patterns, supplementary food intake and breast-milk intake in a rural Thai population. Early Human Development. 20:1989;13-23.
57. Duncan P., Harvey P. H., Wells S. M. On lactation and associated behaviour in a natural herd of horses. Animal Behaviour. 32:1984;255-263.
58. Evans R. M. The relationship between parental input and parental investment. Animal Behaviour. 39:1990;797-813.
59. Ewbank R. Observations of the suckling habits of twin lambs. Animal Behaviour. 12:1964;34-37.
60. Ewbank R. Nursing and suckling behaviour amongst Clun Forest ewes and lambs. Animal Behaviour. 15:1967;251-258.
61. Farley S. D., Robbins C. D. Lactation, hibernation and mass dynamics of American black bears and grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 73:1995;2216-2222.
62. Fedak M. A., Arnbom T., Boyd I. L. The influence of female size and body composition on the transfer of mass, energy and materials between southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina. Physiological Zoology. 69:1996;887-911.
63. Festa-Bianchet M. Nursing behaviour of bighorn sheep: correlates of ewe age, parasitism, lamb age, birthdate and sex. Animal Behaviour. 36:1988;1445-1454.
64. Fjeld C. R., Brown K. H., Schoeller D. A. Validation of the deuterium oxide method for measuring the daily milk intake in infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 48:1988;671-679.
65. Fletcher I. C. Relationships between frequency of suckling, lamb growth and post-partum oestrous behaviour in ewes. Animal Behaviour. 19:1971;108-111.
66. Gauthier D., Barrette C. Suckling and weaning in captive white-tailed and fallow deer. Behaviour. 94:1985;128-149.
67. Gittleman J. L., Oftedal O. T. Comparative growth and lactation energetics in carnivores. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 57:1987;41-77.
68. Glucksman M. Sexual Dimorphism in Human and Mammalian Biology and Pathology. 1981;Academic Press. New York.
69. Gomendio M. The influence of maternal rank and infant sex on maternal investment trends in rhesus macaques: birth sex ratios, inter-birth intervals and suckling patterns. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 27:1990;365-375.
70. 22. Journal of Mammalogy. 60:1979;556-559.
71. Green B., Griffiths M., Newgrain K. Intake of milk by suckling echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 81A:1985;441-444.
72. Green B., Merchant J., Newgrain K. Milk consumption and energetics of growth in pouch young of the tammar wallabyMacropus eugenii. Australian Journal of Zoology. 36:1988;217-227.
73. Green B., Fogerty A., Libke J., Newgrain K., Shaughnessy P. Aspects of lactation in the crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus. Australian Journal of Zoology. 41:1993;203-213.
74. Green B., Merchant J., Newgrain K. Lactational energetics of a marsupial carnivore, the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus. Australian Journal of Zoology. 45:1997;295-306.
75. Green W. C. H. Age-related differences in nursing behavior among American bison cows (Bison bison. Journal of Mammalogy. 67:1986;739-741.
76. Green W. C. H. Reproductive effort and associated costs in bison (Bison bison. Behavioral Ecology. 1:1990;148-160.
77. Hall R. D., Leahy J. P., Robertson W. M. The effects of protein malnutrition on the behavior of rats during the suckling period. Developmental Psychobiology. 12:1978;455-466.
78. Hass C. C. Alternative maternal-care patterns in two herds of bighorn sheep. Journal of Mammalogy. 71:1990;24-35.
79. Hedges L. V., Olkin I. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. 1985;Academic Press. Orlando.
80. Higgins L. V., Costa D. P., Huntley A. C., Le Boeuf B. J. Behavioral and physiological measurements of maternal investment in the Stellar sea lionEumetopias jubatus. Marine Mammal Science. 4:1988;44-58.
81. Hogg J. T., Hass C. C., Jenni D. A. Sex-biased maternal expenditure in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 31:1992;243-251.
82. Holleman D. F., White R. G., Luick J. R. New isotope methods for estimating milk intake and yield. Journal of Dairy Science. 58:1975;1814-1821.
83. Holleman D. F., White R. G., Lambert P. J. Analytical procedures for estimating milk intake and yield in steady-state and nonsteady-state systems. Journal of Dairy Science. 71:1988;1189-1197.
84. Hoogland J. L., Tamarin R. H., Levy C. K. Communal nursing in prairie dogs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 24:1989;91-95.
85. Imong S. M., Jackson D. A., Wong-Sawasdii L., Ruckphaophunt S., Tansuhaj A., Chiawanich P., Woolridge M. W., Drewett R. F., Baum J. D., Amatyakul K. Predictors of breast milk intake in rural northern Thailand. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 8:1989;359-370.
86. Infante C., Hutado J., Salaza G., Pollastri A., Aguirre E., Vio F. The dose-to-mother method to measure milk intake in infants by deuterium dilution: a validation study. Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 45:1991;121-130.
87. Iverson S. J., Oftedal O. T., Boness D. J. The effects of El Niño on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake. Trillmich F., Ono K. A. Pinnipeds and El Niño. Responses to Environmental Stress. 1991;180-184 Springer-Verlag. Berlin.
88. Iverson S. J., Bowen W. D., Boness D. J., Oftedal O. T. The effect of maternal age and milk energy output on pup growth in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus. Physiological Zoology. 66:1993;61-88.
89. Jain L., Sivieri E., Abbasi S., Bhutani V. K. Energetics and mechanics of nutritive sucking in the preterm and term neonate. Journal of Pediatrics. 111:1987;894-898.
90. Johansson I., Claesson O. Factors affecting the compo-sition of milk. Hammond J. Progress in the Physiology of Farm Animals. 1957;1005-1043 Butterworths, London.
91. Kelly R. W., Drew K. R. Shelter seeking and sucking behaviour of the red deer calf (Cervus elaphus. Applied Animal Ethology. 2:1976;101-111.
92. Knight C. H., Maltz E., Docherty A. H. Milk yield and composition in mice: effects of litter size and lactation number. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 84A:1986;127-133.
93. Koepke J. E., Pribram K. H. Effect of milk on the maintenance of sucking behavior in kittens from birth to six months. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 75:1971;363-373.
94. Kovacs K. M. Maternal behaviour and early behavioural ontogeny of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus. Journal of Zoology. 213:1987a;697-715.
95. Kovacs K. M. Maternal behaviour and early behavioural ontogeny of harp seals,Phoca groenlandica. Animal Behaviour. 35:1987b;844-855.
96. Kretzmann M. B., Costa D. P., Le Boeuf B. J. Maternal energy investment in elephant seal pups: evidence for sexual equality. American Naturalist. 141:1993;466-480.
97. Künkele J., Trillmich F. Are precocial young cheaper? Lacatation energetics in the guinea pig. Physiological Zoology. 70:1997;589-596.
98. Lavigueur L., Barrette C. Suckling, weaning, and growth in captive woodland caribou. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 70:1992;1753-1766.
99. Lea M.-A., Hindell M. A. Pup growth and maternal care in New Zealand fur seals,Arctocephalus forsteri. Wildlife Research. 24:1997;307-318.
100. Lee P. C. Ecological constraints on the social development of vervet monkeys. Behaviour. 91:1984;245-262.
101. Lee P. C. Nutrition, fertility and maternal investment in primates. Journal of Zoology. 213:1987;409-422.
102. Lee P. C., Moss C. J. Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves. Behavioral Ecology and Socio-biology. 18:1986;353-361.
103. Lent P. C. Mother-infant relationships in ungulates. Geist V., Walther F. The Behaviour of Ungulates and its Relation to Management. 1971;14-55 IUCN. Morges.
104. Lidfors L. M., Jensen P., Algers B. Suckling in free-ranging beef cattle: temporal patterning of suckling bouts and effects of age and sex. Ethology. 98:1994;321-332.
105. Loudon A. S. I., Kay R. N. B. Lactational constraints of a seasonally breeding mammal: the red deer. Peaker M., Vernon R. G., Knight C. H. Physiological Strategies in Lactation. 1984;233-252 Academic Press. London.
106. Loudon A. S. I., McNeilly A. S., Milne J. A. Nutrition and lactational control of fertility in red deer. Nature. 302:1983;145-147.
107. Loudon A. S. I., Darroch A. D., Milne J. A. The lactation performance of red deer on hill and improved species pastures. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge. 102:1984;149-158.
108. Lucas A., Ewing G., Roberts S. B., Coward W. A. Measurement of milk intake by deuterium dilution. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 62:1987;796-800.
109. Lydersen C., Hammill M. O. Activity, milk intake and energy consumption in free-living ringed seal (Phoca hispida. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 163:1993;433-438.
110. Lydersen C., Kovacs K. M. Energetics of lactation in harp seals (Phoca groenlandica. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 166:1996;295-304.
111. Lydersen C., Hammill M. O., Ryg M. S. Water flux and mass gain during lactation in free-living ringed seal (Phoca hispida. Journal of Zoology. 228:1992;361-369.
112. Lydersen C., Hammill M. O., Kovacs K. M. Milk intake, growth and energy consumption in pups of ice-breeding grey seals (Halichoerus grypus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 164:1995;585-592.
113. Lydersen C., Kovacs K. M., Hammill M. O., Gjertz I. Energy intake and utilisation by nursing bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 166:1996;405-411.
114. Lydersen C., Kovacs K. M., Hammill M. O. Energetics during nursing and early postweaning fasting in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 167:1997;81-88.
115. McEwan E. H., Whitehead P. E. Measurement of the milk intake of reindeer and caribou calves using tritiated water. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 49:1971;443-447.
116. MacFarlane W. V., Howard B., Siebert B. D. Tritiated water in the measurement of milk intake and tissue growth of ruminants in the field. Nature. 221:1969;578-579.
117. McVittie R. Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs. Applied Animal Ethology. 4:1978;159-168.
118. Maltz E., Scholnik A. Lactational strategies of desert ruminants: the bedouin goat, ibex and desert gazelle. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 51:1984;193-213.
119. Martin P. An experimental study of weaning in the cat. Behaviour. 99:1986;221-249.
120. Martin R. D. Scaling effects and adaptive strategies on mammalian lactation. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 51:1984;87-117.
121. Martin R. G., McMeniman N. P., Dowsett K. F. Effects of a protein deficient diet and urea supplementation on lactating mares. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement. 44:1991;543-550.
122. Martin R. G., McMeniman N. P., Dowsett K. F. Milk and water intake of foals sucking grazing mares. Equine Veterinary Journal. 24:1992;1295-1299.
123. Mendl M., Paul E. S. Observation of nursing and sucking behaviour as an indicator of milk transfer and parental investment. Animal Behaviour. 37:1989;513-515.
124. Merchant J. C., Libke J. A., Smith M. J. Lactation and energetics of growth in the brush-tailed bettong,Bettongia penicillata. Australian Journal of Zoology. 42:1994;267-277.
125. Merchant J. C., Libke J. A., Newgrain K. Milk consumption and estimates of growth energetics in pouch young of the northern brown bandicoot,Isodon macrourus. Journal of Zoology. 238:1996a;483-494.
126. Merchant J. C., Marsh H., Spencer P., De'ath G. Milk composition and production in free-living Allied rock-wallabies,Petrogale assimilis. Australian Journal of Zoology. 44:1996b;659-674.
127. Newberry R. C., Wood-Gush D. G. M. The suckling behaviour of domestic pigs in a semi-natural environment. Behaviour. 95:1985;11-25.
128. Oftedal O. T. Lactation in the dog: milk composition and intake by puppies. Journal of Nutrition. 144:1984;803-812.
129. Oftedal O. T. Pregnancy and lactation. Hudson R. J., White R. G. Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores. 1985;215-238.
130. Oftedal O. T., Hintz H. F., Schryver H. F. Lactation in the horse: milk composition and intake by foals. Journal of Nutrition. 113:1983;1196-2206.
131. Oftedal O. T., Iverson S. J., Boness D. J. Milk and energy intakes of suckling California sea lionZalophus californianus. Physiological Zoology. 60:1987;560-575.
132. Oftedal O. T., Alt G. L., Widdowson E. M., Jakubasz M. R. Nutrition and growth of suckling black bears (Ursus americanus. British Journal of Nutrition. 70:1993a;59-79.
133. Oftedal O. T., Bowen W. D., Boness D. J. Energy transfer by lactating hooded seals and nutrient deposition in their pups during the four days from birth to weaning. Physiological Zoology. 66:1993b;412-436.
134. Oftedal O. T., Bowen W. D., Boness D. J. Lactation performance and nutrient deposition in pups of the harp seal,Phoca groenlandica. Physiological Zoology. 69:1996;635-657.
135. Oldham J. D., Friggens N. C. Sources of variability in lactational performance. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 48:1989;33-43.
136. Ono K. A., Boness D. J. Sexual dimorphism in sea lion pups: differential maternal investment, or sex-specific differences in energy allocation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 38:1996;31-41.
137. Ono K. A., Boness D. J., Oftedal O. T. The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 21:1987;109-118.
138. Ortiz C. L., Le Boeuf B. J., Costa D. P. Milk intake of elephant seal pups: an index of parental investment. American Naturalist. 124:1984;416-422.
139. Pagan J. D., Hintz H. F. Composition of milk from pony mares fed various levels of digestible energy. Cornell Veterinarian. 76:1986;139-148.
140. Parker K. L., White R. G., Gillingham M. P., Holleman D. F. Comparison of energy metabolism in relation to daily activity and milk consumption by caribou and muskox neonates. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68:1990;106-114.
141. Pélabon C., Gaillard J.-M., Loison A., Portier C. Is sex-biased maternal care limited by total maternal expenditure in polygynous ungulates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 37:1995;311-319.
142. Pettigrew J. E., Sower A. F., Cornelius S. G., Moser R. L. A comparison of isotope dilution and weigh-suckle-weigh methods for estimating milk intake by pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 65:1985;989-992.
143. Pettigrew J. E., Cornelius S. G., Moser R. L., Sower A. F. A refinement and evaluation of the isotope dilution methods for estimating milk intake by piglets. Livestock Production Science. 16:1987;163-174.
144. Pfeifer S. Sex differences in social play of scimitar-horned oryx calves (Oryx dammah. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 69:1986;281-292.
145. Pickering, J. P. 1983, Aspects of the behavioural ecology of the feral goat (Capra domestic). University of Durham.
146. Pluske J. R., Williams I. H. Split weaning increases the growth of light piglets during lactation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 47:1996;513-523.
147. Pollitt E., Consolazio B., Goodkin F. Changes in nutritive sucking during a feed in two-day- and thirty-day-old infants. Early Human Development. 5:1981;201-210.
148. Pond C. M. The significance of lactation in the evolution of mammals. Evolution. 31:1977;177-179.
149. Pusey A. E., Packer C. Non-offspring nursing in social carnivores: minimizing the costs. Behavioral Ecology. 5:1994;362-374.
150. Rath E. A., Thenen S. W. Use of tritiated water for measurement of 24-hour milk in suckling lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. Journal of Nutrition. 109:1979;840-847.
151. Rattigan S., Ghisalberti A. V., Hartmann P. E. Breast-milk production in Australian women. British Journal of Nutrition. 45:1981;243-249.
152. Reese E. O., Robbins C. T. Characteristics of moose lactation and neonatal growth. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 72:1994;953-957.
153. Reilly J. J., Fedak M. A., Thomas D. H., Coward W. A. A., Anderson S. S. Water balance and the energetics of lactation in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus. Journal of Zoology. 238:1996;157-165.
154. Reinhardt V., Reinhardt A. Natural sucking performance and age of weaning in zebu cattle (Bos indicus. Journal of Agricultural Science. 96:1981;309-312.
155. Reiter J., Stinson N. L., Le Boeuf B. J. Northern elephant seal development: the transition from weaning to nutritional independence. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 3:1978;337-367.
156. Robbins C. T., Moen A. N. Milk consumption and weight gain of white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management. 39:1975;355-360.
157. Robbins C. T., Podbielaneik-Norman R. S., Wilson D. L., Mould E. D. Growth and nutrient consumption of elk calves compared to other ungulate species. Journal of Wildlife Management. 45:1981;172-186.
158. Robertson A., Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M., Albon S. D., Clutton-Brock T. H. Early growth and sucking behaviour of Soay sheep in a fluctuating population. Journal of Zoology. 227:1992;661-671.
159. Romero J. J., Cañas R., Baldwin R. L. A technique for estimating milk production in rats. Journal of Nutrition. 105:1979;413-420.
160. Rushen J., Fraser D. Nutritive and non-nutritive sucking and the temporal organization of the suckling behaviour of domestic piglets. Developmental Psychobiology. 22:1989;789-801.
161. Rushen J., de Pasillé A. M. The motivation of non-nutritive sucking in calves,Bos taurus. Animal Behaviour. 49:1995;1503-1510.
162. Sadlier R. M. F. S. Energy and protein intake in relation to growth of suckling black-tailed deer. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 58:1980;1347-1354.
163. Shackleton D. M., Haywood J. Early mother-young interactions in California bighorn sheep,Ovis canadensis californiana. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63:1985;868-875.
164. Sheridan M., Tamarin R. H. Kinships in a natural meadow vole population. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 19:1986;207-211.
165. Smiseth P. T., Lorentsen S.-H. Evidence of equal maternal investment in the sexes in the polygynous and sexually dimorphic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 36:1995;145-150.
166. Smith-Funk E., Crowell-Davis S. L. Maternal behavior of draft mares (Equus caballusEquus asinus×Equus caballus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 33:1992;93-119.
167. van der Steen H. A. M., de Groot P. N. Direct and maternal breed effects on growth and milk intake of piglets: Meishan versus Dutch breeds. Livestock Production Science. 30:1992;361-373.
168. Tamarin R. H., Sheridan M., Levy C. K. Determining matrilineal kinship in natural populations of rodents using radionuclides. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 61:1983;271-274.
169. Tanaka I. Three phases of lactation in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Animal Behaviour. 44:1992;129-139.
170. Tedman R. A., Bryden M. M. Cow-pup behaviour of the Weddell sealLeptonychotes weddelli. Australian Wildlife Research. 6:1979;19-37.
171. Tedman R., Green B. Water and sodium fluxes and lactational energetics in suckling pups of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii. Journal of Zoology. 212:1987;29-42.
172. 22. Antarctic Journal of the United States. 16:1981;152-153.
173. Thornburn C. C., Bailey C. J. Use of a γ- or hard-emitting radioisotope to assess milk intake in suckling mouse pups. Journal of Nutrition. 113:1983;803-812.
174. Trillmich F. Maternal investment and sex allocation in the Galapagos fur seal,Arctocephalus galapagoensis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 19:1986;157-160.
175. Trivers R. L. Parental investment and sexual selection. Campbell B. Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man. 1972;136-179 Aldine. Chicago.
176. Tyler S. J. The behaviour and social organisation of the New Forest ponies. Animal Behaviour Monographs. 5:1972;85-344.
177. Verme L. J. Maternal investment in white-tailed-deer. Journal of Mammalogy. 70:1989;438-442.
178. Villette Y., Theriez M. Quantités ingérées par des agneaux en allaitement maternel pendant la première semaine de vie. Annales de Zootechnologie. 32:1983;427-440.
179. Weaver L. T., Roberts S. B. The measurement of milk intake in the neonatal guinea pig. Growth, Development and Aging. 54:1990;45-50.
180. Weaver L. T., Landymore-Lim A. E. N., Hudson G. J. The guinea pig as a model for the study of the effects of milk and growth and development. Growth, Development and Aging. 52:1988;91-96.
181. Whittemore C. T. Lactation in the Dairy Cow. 1980;Longman. New York.
182. Wolff J. O. Maternal investment and sex ratio adjustment in American bison calves. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 23:1988;127-133.
183. Wolff P. H. Sucking patterns of infant mammals. Brain, Behaviour and Evolution. 1:1968a;354-367.
184. Wolff P. H. The serial organisation of sucking in the young infant. Pediatrics. 42:1968b;943-956.
185. Woolridge M. W., How T. V., Drewett R. F., Rolfe P., Baum J. D. The continuous measurement of milk intake at a feed in breast-fed babies. Early Human Development. 6:1982;365-373.
186. Woolridge M. W., Butte N., Dewey K. G., Ferris A. M., Garza C., Keller K. P. Methods for the measurement of milk volume intake of the breast-fed infant. Jensen R. C., Neville M. C. Human Lactation: Milk Components and Methodologies. 1985;5-21 Plenum. New York.
187. Wright D. E., Wolff J. E. Measuring milk intake of lambs suckling grazing ewes by a double isotope method. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 36:1976;99-102.
188. Yates N. G., MacFarlane W. V., Ellis R. The estimation of milk intake and growth of beef calves in the field using tritiated water. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 22:1971;291-306.