Milk consumption and growth efficiency in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 74, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 254-266

  Arnould, J P Y ^a   Boyd, I L ^a   Socha, D G ^a  

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTARCTIC FUR SEAL; EFFICIENCY; GROWTH; GROWTH EFFICIENCY; LACTATION; MILK CONSUMPTION; PUPS;

ANTARCTICA, SOUTH GEORGIA, BIRD ISLAND;

ARCTOCEPHALUS GAZELLA;

EID: 0029667234     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/z96-032     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Adams, S.H., and Costa, D.P. 1993. Water conservation and protein metabolism in northern elephant seal pups during the postweaning fast. J. Comp. Physiol. B, 163: 367-373.
2. Allaye Chan-McLeod, A.C., White, R.G., and Holleman, D.F. 1994. Effects of protein and energy intake, body condition, and season on nutrient partitioning and milk production in caribou and reindeer. Can. J. Zool. 72: 938-947.
3. Anderson, S.S., and Fedak, M.A. 1987. Grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, energetics: females invest more in male offspring. J. Zool. (Lond.), 211: 667-679.
4. Arnould, J.P.Y., and Boyd, I.L. 1995. Temporal patterns of milk production in Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). J. Zool. (Lond.). 237: 1-12.
5. Arnould, J.P.Y., and Boyd, I.L. 1996. Inter- and intra-annual variation in milk composition in Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Physiol. Zool. In press.
6. Arnould, J.P.Y., Boyd, I.L., and Clarke, A. 1995. A simplified method for determining the gross chemical composition of pinniped milk samples. Can. J. Zool. 73: 404-410.
7. Arnould, J.P.Y., Boyd, I.L., and Speakman, J.R. 1996. Measuring the body composition of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella): validation of hydrogen isotope dilution. Physiol. Zool. In press.
8. Baker, J.D., and Fowler, C.W. 1992. Pup weight and survival of northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus. J. Zool. (Lond.), 227: 231-238.
9. Baverstock, P., and Green, B. 1975. Water recycling in lactation. Science (Washington, D.C.), 187: 657-658.
10. Boness, D.J., Oftedal, O.T., and Ono, K.A. 1991. The effect of El Niño on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). I. Early postnatal growth. In Pinnipeds and El Niño: responses to environmental stress. Edited by F. Trillmich and K.A. Ono. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 173-179.
11. Bonner, W.N. 1981. Southern fur seals Arctocephalus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Cuvier, 1826). In Handbook of marine mammals. Edited by S.H. Ridgway and R. J. Harrison. Academic Press, New York. pp. 161-208.
12. Bonner, W.N. 1984. Lactation strategies in pinnipeds: problems for a marine mammalian group. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 51. pp. 253-272.
13. Boyd, I.L. 1993. Pup production and distribution of breeding Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) at South Georgia. Antarct. Sci. 5: 17-24.
14. Boyd, I.L., and McCann, T.S. 1989. Pre-natal investment in reproduction by female Antarctic fur seals. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 24: 377-385.
15. Boyd, I.L., Lunn, N.J., and Barton, T. 1991. Time budgets and foraging characteristics of lactating Antarctic fur seals. J. Anim. Ecol. 60: 577-592.
16. Campagna, C., Le Boeuf, B.J., Lewis, M., and Bisioli, C. 1992. Equal investment in male and female offspring in southern elephant seals. J. Zool. (Lond.), 226: 551-561.
17. Carl, G.R., and Robbins, C.T. 1988. The energetic cost of predator avoidance in neonatal ungulates: hiding versus following. Can. J. Zool. 661: 239-246.
18. Costa, D.P. 1987. Isotopic methods for quantifying material and energy intake of free-ranging marine mammals. In Approaches to marine mammal energetics. Edited by A.C. Huntley, D.P. Costa, G.A.J. Worthy, and M.A. Castellini. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kans. pp. 43-66.
19. Costa, D.P. 1991. Reproductive and foraging energetics of pinnipeds: implications for life history patterns. In Behaviour of pinnipeds. Edited by D. Renouf. Chapman and Hall, New York. pp. 300-344.
20. Costa, D.P., and Gentry, R.L. 1986. Free-ranging energetics of northern fur seals. In Fur seals: maternal strategies on land and at sea. Edited by R.L. Gentry and G.L. Kooyman. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. pp. 79-101.
21. Costa, D.P., Trillmich, F., and Croxall, J.P. 1988. Intraspecific allometry of neonatal size in the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 22: 361-364.
22. Croxall, J.P., and Pilcher, M.N. 1984. Characteristics of krill Euphausia superba eaten by Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella at South Georgia. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. No. 63. pp. 117-125.
23. Depocas, F., Hart, J.S., and Fisher, H.D. 1971. Sea water drinking and water flux in starved and fed harbor seals. Can J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 49: 53-62.
24. Doidge, D.W., and Croxall, J.P. 1985. Diet and energy budget of the Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus gazella, at South Georgia. In Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Edited by W.R. Siegfried, P.R. Condy, and R.M. Laws. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 543-550.
25. Doidge, D.W., and Croxall, LP. 1989. Factors affecting weaning weight in Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella at South Georgia. Polar Biol. 9: 155-160.
26. Doidge, D.W., Croxall, J.P., and Ricketts, C. 1984. Growth rates of Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella pups at South Georgia. J. Zool. (1965-1984), 203: 87-93.
27. Doidge, D.W., McCann, T.S., and Croxall, J.P. 1986. Attendance behavior of Antarctic fur seals. In Fur seals: maternal strategies on land and at sea. Edited by R.L. Gentry and G.L. Kooyman. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. pp. 102-114.
28. Fisher, R.A. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
29. Francis, J.M., and Heath, C.B. 1991. The effects of El Niño on the frequency and sex ratio of suckling yearlings in the California sea lion. In Pinnipeds and El Niño: responses to environmental stress. Edited by F. Trillmich and K.A. Ono. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 193-201.
30. Galef, B.G. 1981. The ecology of weaning: parasitism and the achievement of independence by altricial mammals. In Parental care in mammals. Edited by D.J. Gubernick and P.H. Klopfer. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 211-241.
31. 22Na for estimating food, energy and water intake in Little penguins, Eudyptula minor. Physiol. Zool. 62: 147-169.
32. Gentry, R.L., and Holt, J.R. 1986. Attendance behavior of northern fur seals. In Fur seals: maternal strategies on land and at sea. Edited by R.L. Gentry and G.L. Kooyman. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. pp. 41-60.
33. Gentry, R.L., and Kooyman, G.L. 1986. Fur seals: maternal strategies on land and at sea. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
34. Gittleman, J.L., and Thompson, S.D. 1988. Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. Am. Zool. 28: 863-875.
35. Goldsworthy, S.D. 1995. Differential expenditure of maternal resources in Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, at Heard Island, southern Indian Ocean. Behav. Ecol. 6: 218-228.
36. Higgins, L.V., Costa, D.P., Huntley, A.C., and Le Boeuf, B.J. 1988. Behavioural and physiological measurements of maternal investment in the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus. Mar. Mammal. Sci. 4: 44-58.
37. Kerley, G.I.H. 1985. Pup growth in the fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis and A. gazella on Marion Island. J. Zool. Ser. A, 205: 315-324.
38. King, J.E. 1983. Seals of the world. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
39. Kock, K.-H., Everson, I., Campbell, S., Parkes, G., Cielniaszek, D., and Szlakowski, J. 1992. Food and feeding of the mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) around South Georgia in January/February 1991. In Scientific Committee for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources - 1991 Selected Scientific Papers. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Australia, pp. 15-23.
40. Kretzmann, M.B., Costa, D.P., Higgins, L.V., and Needham, D.J. 1991. Milk composition of Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea: variability in lipid content. Can. J. Zool. 69: 2556-2561.
41. Kretzmann, M.B., Costa, D.P., and Le Boeuf, B.J. 1993. Maternal energy investment in elephant seal pups: evidence for sexual equality? Am. Nat. 141: 446-480.
42. Lifson, N., and McClintock, R. 1966. Theory and use of the turnover rates of body water for measuring energy and material balance. J. Theor. Biol. 12: 46-74.
43. Lunn, N.J. 1993. The reproductive ecology of female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) during lactation. Ph.D. thesis, Open University, Milton Keynes, U.K.
44. Lunn, N.J., and Boyd, I.L. 1991. Pupping-site fidelity of Antarctic fur seals at Bird Island, South Georgia. J. Mammal. 72: 202-206.
45. Lunn, N.J., and Boyd, I.L. 1993a. Effects of maternal age and condition on parturition and the perinatal period of female Antarctic fur seals. J. Zool. (Lond.), 229: 55-67.
46. Lunn, N.J., and Boyd, I.L. 1993b. Influence of maternal characteristics and environmental variation on reproduction in Antarctic fur seals. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 66. pp. 115-129.
47. Lunn, N.J., Boyd, I.L., Barton, T., and Croxall, J.P. 1993. Factors affecting the growth rate and weaning mass of Antarctic fur seal pups at Bird Island, South Georgia. J. Mammal. 74: 908-919.
48. Macfarlane, W.V., Howard, B., and Siebert, B.D. 1969. Tritiated water in the measurement of milk intake and tissue growth of ruminants in the field. Nature (Lond.), 221: 578-579.
49. Martin, P. 1984. The meaning of weaning. Anim. Behav. 32: 1257-1259.
50. Mattlin, R.H. 1981. Pup growth of the New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri on the Open Bay Islands, New Zealand. J. Zool. (1965-1984), 193: 305-314.
51. Maynard-Smith, J. 1980. A new theory of sexual investment. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 7: 247-251.
52. McCann, T.S. 1980. Territoriality and breeding behaviour of adult male Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella. J. Zool. (1965-1984), 192: 295-310.
53. McCann, T.S., Fedak, M.A., and Harwood, J. 1989. Parental investment in southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25: 81-87.
54. McEwan, E.H., and Whitehead, P.E. 1971. Measurement of milk intake of reindeer and caribou calves using tritiated water. Can. J. Zool. 49: 443-447.
55. Nagy, K.A., and Costa, D.P. 1980. Water flux in animals: analysis of potential errors in the tritiated water method. Am. J. Physiol. 238: R454-R465.
56. Oftedal, O.T. 1981. Milk, protein and energy intakes of suckling mammalian young: a comparative study. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
57. Oftedal, O.T. 1984. Milk consumption, milk yield and energy output at peak lactation: a comparative review. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 51. pp. 33-85.
58. Oftedal, O.T., and Iverson, S.J. 1987. Hydrogen isotope methodology for measurement of milk intake and energetics of growth in suckling young. In Approaches to marine mammal energetics. Edited by A.C. Huntley, D.P. Costa, G.A.J. Worthy, and M.A. Castellini. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kans. pp. 67-96.
59. Oftedal, O.T., Iverson, S.J., and Boness, DJ. 1987. Milk and energy intakes of suckling California sea lion Zalophus californianus pups in relation to sex, growth, and predicted maintenance requirements. Physiol. Zool. 60: 560-575.
60. Oftedal, O.T., Bowen, W.D., and Boness, D.J. 1993. Energy transfer by lactating hooded seals and nutrient deposition in their pups during the four days from birth to weaning. Physiol. Zool. 66: 412-436.
61. Ortiz, C.L., Costa, D.P., and Le Boeuf, BJ. 1978. Water and energy flux in elephant seal pups fasting under natural conditions. Physiol. Zool. 51: 166-178.
62. Ortiz, C.L., Le Boeuf, B.J., and Costa, D.P. 1984. Milk intake in elephant seal pups: an index of parental investment. Am. Nat. 124: 416-422.
63. Payne, M.R. 1979. Growth in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella. J. Zool. (1965-1984), 187: 1-20.
64. Price, M.A., and White, R.G. 1985. Growth and development. In Bioenergetics of wild herbivores. Edited by R.J. Hudson and R.G. White. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 183-213.
65. Robbins, C.T. 1983. Wildife feeding and nutrition. Academic Press, New York.
66. Scheffer, V.B., and Wilke, F. 1953. Relative growth in the northern fur seal. Growth, 17: 129-145.
67. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1983. Animal physiology: adaptation and environment. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
68. Sokal, R.R., and Rohlf, FJ. 1981. Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
69. 2 production do not always covary with dilution space estimate. J. Theor. Biol. 141: 547-556.
70. Tedman, R.A., and Green, B. 1987. Water and sodium fluxes and lactational energetics in suckling pups of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). J. Zool. (Lond.), 212: 29-42.
71. Thompson, S.D., Ono, K.A., Oftedal, O.T., and Boness, D.J. 1987. Thermoregulation and resting metabolic rate of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups. Physiol. Zool. 60: 730-736.
72. Trites, A.W. 1991. Fetal growth of northern fur seals: life-history strategy and sources of variation. Can. J. Zool. 69: 2608-2617.
73. Wood, A.J., and Groves, T.D.D. 1965. Body composition studies on the suckling pig. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 45: 8-13.
74. Worthy, G.A.J., and Lavigne, D.M. 1983. Changes in energy stores during postnatal development of the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica. J. Mammal. 64: 89-96.
75. Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical analysis. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.