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1
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Integration of direction signals of image motion in the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey
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Saito H-a, Yukie M, Tanaka K, Hikosaka K, Fukada Y, Iwai E. Integration of direction signals of image motion in the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey. J Neurosci. 6:1986;145-157.
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Saito, H.-A.1
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Underlying mechanisms of the response specificity of expansion/contraction and rotation cells in the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area of the macaque monkey
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Tanaka K, Fukada Y, Saito H-a. Underlying mechanisms of the response specificity of expansion/contraction and rotation cells in the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol. 62:1989;642-656.
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Duffy CJ, Wurtz RH. Sensitivity of MST neurons to optic flow stimuli. II. Mechanisms of response selectivity revealed by small field stimuli. J Neurophysiol. 65:1991;1346-1359.
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Duffy, C.J.1
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Duffy CJ, Wurtz RH. Sensitivity of MST neurons to optic flow stimuli. I. A continuum of response selectivity to large-field stimuli. J Neurophysiol. 65:1991;1329-1345.
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Orban GA, Lagae L, Verri A, Raiguel S, Xiao D, Maes H, Torre V. First-order analysis of optical flow in monkey brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;2595-2599.
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Orban, G.A.1
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8
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Analysis of local and wide-field movements in the superior temporal visual areas of the macaque monkey
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Tanaka K, Hikosaka K, Saito H, Yukie M, Fukada Y, Iwai E. Analysis of local and wide-field movements in the superior temporal visual areas of the macaque monkey. J Neurosci. 6:1986;134-144.
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Tanaka, K.1
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9
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Analysis of motion of the visual field by direction, expansion/contraction, and rotation cells clustered in the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area of the macaque monkey
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Tanaka K, Saito H. Analysis of motion of the visual field by direction, expansion/contraction, and rotation cells clustered in the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol. 62:1989;626-641.
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Wurtz RH, Duffy CJ. Neuronal correlates of optic flow stimulation. Ann NY Acad Sci. 656:1992;205-218.
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Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
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Andersen RA, Snowden RJ, Treue S, Graziano M. Hierarchical processing of motion. Proceedings of the Cold Springs Harbor Symposium on The Brain. 1990;741-748 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
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Proceedings of the Cold Springs Harbor Symposium on the Brain
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Andersen, R.A.1
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12
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0030975484
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Medial superior temporal areas respond to speed patterns in optic flow
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of outstanding interest. The authors studied the responses of MSTd neurones to the speed of optical flow stimuli. They report a range of response profiles to the mean speed of a stimulus, but found that nearly 90% of the cells studied preferred stimuli containing a speed gradient to those in which all the dots moved at the same speed. They conclude that the sensitivity of MSTd neurones to patterns of speed, as well as to patterns of direction, strengthens the view that MSTd is involved in the analysis of optical flow for representation of the structure of the three-dimensional visual environment.
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Duffy CJ, Wurtz RH. Medial superior temporal areas respond to speed patterns in optic flow. of outstanding interest J Neurosci. 17:1997;2839-2851 The authors studied the responses of MSTd neurones to the speed of optical flow stimuli. They report a range of response profiles to the mean speed of a stimulus, but found that nearly 90% of the cells studied preferred stimuli containing a speed gradient to those in which all the dots moved at the same speed. They conclude that the sensitivity of MSTd neurones to patterns of speed, as well as to patterns of direction, strengthens the view that MSTd is involved in the analysis of optical flow for representation of the structure of the three-dimensional visual environment.
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(1997)
J Neurosci
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Duffy, C.J.1
Wurtz, R.H.2
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13
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0032057296
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Electrical microstimulation of cortical area MST biases heading perception in monkeys
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Electrical microstimulation of MST neurones while trained monkeys performed a visual heading discrimination task induced a significant bias in the monkey's decision. This suggests that for forming heading judgements, monkeys use signals representing heading.
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Britten K, Van Wezel R. Electrical microstimulation of cortical area MST biases heading perception in monkeys. Nat Neurosci. 1:1998;59-64 Electrical microstimulation of MST neurones while trained monkeys performed a visual heading discrimination task induced a significant bias in the monkey's decision. This suggests that for forming heading judgements, monkeys use signals representing heading.
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Nat Neurosci
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Britten, K.1
Van Wezel, R.2
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14
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0029045417
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Response of monkey MST neurons to optic flow stimuli with shifted centers of motion
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of outstanding interest
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of outstanding interest Duffy CJ, Wurtz RH. Response of monkey MST neurons to optic flow stimuli with shifted centers of motion. J Neurosci. 15:1995;5192-5208.
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J Neurosci
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Duffy, C.J.1
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Clustering of responses selectivity in the medial superior temporal area of extrastriate cortex in the macaque monkey
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in press
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Britten KH. Clustering of responses selectivity in the medial superior temporal area of extrastriate cortex in the macaque monkey. Vis Neurosci. 1998;. in press.
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Vis Neurosci
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Britten, K.H.1
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Optic flow processing in monkey STS: A theoretical and experimental approach
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Lappe M, Bremmer F, Pekel M, Thiele A, Hoffmann KP. Optic flow processing in monkey STS: a theoretical and experimental approach. J Neurosci. 16:1996;6265-6285.
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Lappe, M.1
Bremmer, F.2
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Thiele, A.4
Hoffmann, K.P.5
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Bradley DC, Maxwell M, Andersen RA, Banks MS, Shenoy KV. Mechanisms of heading perception in primate visual cortex. Science. 273:1996;1544-1547.
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Bradley, D.C.1
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18
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0031918515
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Optokinetic eye movements elicited by radial optic flow in the macaque monkey
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of outstanding interest. This detailed and thorough neurophysiology paper investigates whether spontaneous eye movements in macaque monkeys are elicited by radial optic flow. The authors were interested to determine whether optic flow stimuli simulating self-movement would induce optokinetic eye movements and, if so, to characterise the attributes of these movements. The authors found strong evidence that an optokinetic system exists in the monkey. First, the experimental results suggest that, at least in part, eye movements are elicited passively by retinal slip occurring in optic flow fields, especially when the eyes deviate from the focus of expansion. Second, the deviation of the eye movements direction from the local direction on the fovea provides evidence for the integration of the surrounding motion vectors that is typical for the optokinetic system. Another important, although controversial, finding of this study is that the monkeys tend to shift
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Lappe M, Pekel M, Hoffmann KP. Optokinetic eye movements elicited by radial optic flow in the macaque monkey. of outstanding interest J Neurophysiol. 79:1998;1461-1480 This detailed and thorough neurophysiology paper investigates whether spontaneous eye movements in macaque monkeys are elicited by radial optic flow. The authors were interested to determine whether optic flow stimuli simulating self-movement would induce optokinetic eye movements and, if so, to characterise the attributes of these movements. The authors found strong evidence that an optokinetic system exists in the monkey. First, the experimental results suggest that, at least in part, eye movements are elicited passively by retinal slip occurring in optic flow fields, especially when the eyes deviate from the focus of expansion. Second, the deviation of the eye movements direction from the local direction on the fovea provides evidence for the integration of the surrounding motion vectors that is typical for the optokinetic system. Another important, although controversial, finding of this study is that the monkeys tend to shift the median eye position into the focus of expansion, but contraction stimuli produce shifts in the opposite direction. Furthermore, the median eye position was strongly affected by head position, suggesting that the reference of the median eye position is the naso-temporal axis. The authors also provide an elegant discussion of the properties of slow phase eye movements and their stimulus specificity. Of value is the comparison of their data with respect to eye movements occurring during real self-motion and the discussion of the retinal flow fields in the context of an ecological framework. This paper will be of lasting importance in the field.
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(1998)
J Neurophysiol.
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Lappe, M.1
Pekel, M.2
Hoffmann, K.P.3
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19
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Optic flow, posture, and the dorsal visual pathway
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T. Ono, B.L. McNaughton, S. Molotchnikoff, E.T. Rolls, Nishijo H. Oxford: Elsevier Science
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Duffy CJ, Wurtz RH. Optic flow, posture, and the dorsal visual pathway. Ono T, McNaughton BL, Molotchnikoff S, Rolls ET, Nishijo H. Perception, Memory and Emotion: Frontiers in Neuroscience. 1996;63-77 Elsevier Science, Oxford.
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Perception, Memory and Emotion: Frontiers in Neuroscience
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Duffy, C.J.1
Wurtz, R.H.2
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Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation
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Maunsell JH, Van Essen DC. Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation. J Neurophysiol. 49:1983;1127-1147.
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Maunsell, J.H.1
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Ungerleider LG, Desimone R. Cortical connections of visual area MT in the macaque. J Comp Neurol. 24:1986;190-222.
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Responses in ventral intraparietal area of awake macaque monkey to optic flow patterns corresponding to rotation of planes in depth can be explained by translation and expansion effects
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It is well known that MST neurones respond to rotation in depth. As MST projects to the ventral intraparietal area (VIP), these authors questioned whether neurones in VIP also respond to motion in depth. The authors recorded the responses to a fanning stimulus of 161 neurones in area VIP of two awake macaque monkeys, simulating the rotation of a plane in three-dimensional space. This stimulus activated many VIP neurones, suggesting that this area, also, responds to optic flow patterns portraying rotation of planes in depth.
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Schaafsma SJ, Duysens J, Gielen CCAM. Responses in ventral intraparietal area of awake macaque monkey to optic flow patterns corresponding to rotation of planes in depth can be explained by translation and expansion effects. Vis Neurosci. 14:1997;633-646 It is well known that MST neurones respond to rotation in depth. As MST projects to the ventral intraparietal area (VIP), these authors questioned whether neurones in VIP also respond to motion in depth. The authors recorded the responses to a fanning stimulus of 161 neurones in area VIP of two awake macaque monkeys, simulating the rotation of a plane in three-dimensional space. This stimulus activated many VIP neurones, suggesting that this area, also, responds to optic flow patterns portraying rotation of planes in depth.
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Vis Neurosci
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Schaafsma, S.J.1
Duysens, J.2
Gielen, C.C.A.M.3
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23
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0030666581
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Modulation of responses to optic flow in area 7a by retinotopic and oculomotor cues in monkeys
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of special interest. The paper elegantly demonstrates that neurones in area 7a strongly respond to optic flow and retinotopic stimulus position. The conclusion of the study is that as a result of this multiple selectivity and sensitivity, neurones in area 7a are in a position to provide an appropriate substrate for spatial representation while the animal is moving in its environment.
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of special interest Read HL, Siegel R. Modulation of responses to optic flow in area 7a by retinotopic and oculomotor cues in monkeys. Cereb Cortex. 7:1997;647-661 The paper elegantly demonstrates that neurones in area 7a strongly respond to optic flow and retinotopic stimulus position. The conclusion of the study is that as a result of this multiple selectivity and sensitivity, neurones in area 7a are in a position to provide an appropriate substrate for spatial representation while the animal is moving in its environment.
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(1997)
Cereb Cortex
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Read, H.L.1
Siegel, R.2
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24
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0031590407
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Multimodal integration for the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex
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of special interest. of outstanding interest. The paper concludes that although MSTd is particularly relevant for navigation and underlies the perceptual stability of motion signals, areas LIP and 7a are important for specifying the location of the targets for actions (i.e. reaching or eye movements).
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of special interest Andersen RA. Multimodal integration for the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex. of outstanding interest Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol]. 352:1997;1421-1428 The paper concludes that although MSTd is particularly relevant for navigation and underlies the perceptual stability of motion signals, areas LIP and 7a are important for specifying the location of the targets for actions (i.e. reaching or eye movements).
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(1997)
Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol]
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, pp. 1421-1428
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Andersen, R.A.1
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25
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Interocular transfer of expansion, rotation and translation motion aftereffects
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Steiner V, Blake R, Rose D. Interocular transfer of expansion, rotation and translation motion aftereffects. Perception. 23:1994;1197-1202.
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Perception
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Steiner, V.1
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Rose, D.3
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26
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0030878514
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Visual search of expansion and contraction
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The authors used a visual search paradigm task to examine the perception of radial motion in the human visual system. The time taken to find an expanding target among contracting distractors did not vary with the number of distractors; however, the search time for a contracting target among expanding distractors increased with the number of distractors. These results suggest that expansion and contraction are processed by higher-order units in the visual system that respond asymmetrically to exansion and contraction.
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Takeuchi T. Visual search of expansion and contraction. Vision Res. 37:1997;2083-2090 The authors used a visual search paradigm task to examine the perception of radial motion in the human visual system. The time taken to find an expanding target among contracting distractors did not vary with the number of distractors; however, the search time for a contracting target among expanding distractors increased with the number of distractors. These results suggest that expansion and contraction are processed by higher-order units in the visual system that respond asymmetrically to exansion and contraction.
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(1997)
Vision Res
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Takeuchi, T.1
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27
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0018191067
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Looming detectors in the human visual pathway
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of special interest
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of special interest Regan D, Beverley KI. Looming detectors in the human visual pathway. Vision Res. 18:1978;415-421.
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(1978)
Vision Res
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Regan, D.1
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Regan D. Visual processing of four kinds of relative motion. Vision Res. 26:1986;127-145.
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Vision Res
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Regan, D.1
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Human sensitivity to expanding and rotating motion: Effects of complementary masking and directional structure
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Freeman TC, Harris MG. Human sensitivity to expanding and rotating motion: effects of complementary masking and directional structure. Vision Res. 32:1992;81-87.
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Vision Res
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Freeman, T.C.1
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The detectability of geometric structure in rapidly changing optical patterns
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Lappin JS, Norman JF, Mowafy L. The detectability of geometric structure in rapidly changing optical patterns. Perception. 20:1991;513-528.
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Perception
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Lappin, J.S.1
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Snowden RJ, Milne AB. The effects of adapting to complex motions: position invariance and tuning to spiral motions. J Cogn Neurosci. 8:1996;412-429.
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J Cogn Neurosci
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Snowden, R.J.1
Milne, A.B.2
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32
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0030609093
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Phantom motion aftereffects - Evidence of detectors for the analysis of optic flow
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of special interest. The paper presents psychophysical evidence of specialised detectors for the analysis of optical flow patterns in the human visual system. The authors used adapting stimuli containing motion in two non-adjacent quadrants of a circular stimulus aperture, then tested using stimuli with elements in only the other two quadrants. Using a nulling technique, they found that adaptation to the two-quadrant stimuli gave rise to 'phantom' aftereffects in the other two quadrants. For example, adaptation to two segments that contained upwards and downwards motion induced the perception of leftwards and rightwards motion in other parts of the visual field, suggesting that mechanisms sensitive to complex motions were being adapted.
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Snowden RJ, Milne AB. Phantom motion aftereffects - evidence of detectors for the analysis of optic flow. of special interest Curr Biol. 7:1997;717-722 The paper presents psychophysical evidence of specialised detectors for the analysis of optical flow patterns in the human visual system. The authors used adapting stimuli containing motion in two non-adjacent quadrants of a circular stimulus aperture, then tested using stimuli with elements in only the other two quadrants. Using a nulling technique, they found that adaptation to the two-quadrant stimuli gave rise to 'phantom' aftereffects in the other two quadrants. For example, adaptation to two segments that contained upwards and downwards motion induced the perception of leftwards and rightwards motion in other parts of the visual field, suggesting that mechanisms sensitive to complex motions were being adapted.
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Curr Biol
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Snowden, R.J.1
Milne, A.B.2
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0029656136
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Detection of first-order structure in optic flow fields
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Te Pas S, Kappers A, Koenderink JJ. Detection of first-order structure in optic flow fields. Vision Res. 36:1996;259-270.
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Vision Res
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Te Pas, S.1
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Morrone C, Burr D, Vaina LM. Two stages of visual processing for radial and circular motion. Nature. 376:1995;507-509.
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Morrone, C.1
Burr, D.2
Vaina, L.M.3
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35
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Large receptive fields for optic flow detection in humans
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of outstanding interest. This paper provides further support for spatial integration of optic flow field in the human visual system. Further to to their previous study [34], the authors aimed to probe the limits of integration by obtaining an estimate size of the receptive fields of the mechanisms underlying optic flow detection in humans. The extent of the spatial summation observed was between 30° - 70°, suggesting very large receptive fields for circular, translational and radial motion. The size of the receptive fields determined psychophysically in this study is consistent with the receptive field size of MSTd neurones.
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Burr DC, Morrone MC, Vaina LM. Large receptive fields for optic flow detection in humans. of outstanding interest Vision Res. 38:1998;1731-1743 This paper provides further support for spatial integration of optic flow field in the human visual system. Further to to their previous study [34], the authors aimed to probe the limits of integration by obtaining an estimate size of the receptive fields of the mechanisms underlying optic flow detection in humans. The extent of the spatial summation observed was between 30° - 70°, suggesting very large receptive fields for circular, translational and radial motion. The size of the receptive fields determined psychophysically in this study is consistent with the receptive field size of MSTd neurones.
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Vision Res
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Burr, D.C.1
Morrone, M.C.2
Vaina, L.M.3
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Temporal and spatial integration in dynamic random-dot stimuli
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Vision Res
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Smith AT, Snowden RJ, Milne AB. Is global motion really based on spatial integration of local motion signals? Vision Res. 34:1994;2425-2430.
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Vision Res
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Smith, A.T.1
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39
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Motion assimilation for expansion/contraction and rotation and its spatial properties
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of special interest. This study demonstrates the existence and spatial limits of motion assimilation for complex motion stimuli. Motion was induced in a test grating by the presence of three other gratings that moved in a manner consistent with a single complex motion. Motion assimilation was found to extend beyond the limit of spatial summation to 14°-21° (of visual angle), suggesting that the perceived motion of the test grating was attributable to the interaction of local and global motion detectors.
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Ohtani Y, Tanigawa M, Ejima Y. Motion assimilation for expansion/contraction and rotation and its spatial properties. of special interest Vision Res. 38:1998;429-438 This study demonstrates the existence and spatial limits of motion assimilation for complex motion stimuli. Motion was induced in a test grating by the presence of three other gratings that moved in a manner consistent with a single complex motion. Motion assimilation was found to extend beyond the limit of spatial summation to 14°-21° (of visual angle), suggesting that the perceived motion of the test grating was attributable to the interaction of local and global motion detectors.
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Vision Res
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Ohtani, Y.1
Tanigawa, M.2
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Geesaman BJ, Qian N. A novel speed illusion involving expansion and rotation patterns. Vision Res. 36:1996;3281-3292.
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Geesaman BJ, Qian N. The effect of complex motion pattern on speed perception. Vision Res. 38:1998;1223-1231.
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