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Lindqvist Y, Schreider G. Circular permutation of natural protein sequences: structural evidence. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 7:1997;422-427.
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Structure of the adenylyl cyclase catalytic core
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of outstanding interest. See annotation by Artymiuk et al. 1997 [8].
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Zhang G, Liu Y, Ruono AE, Hurley JH. Structure of the adenylyl cyclase catalytic core. of outstanding interest Nature. 386:1997;247-253 See annotation by Artymiuk et al. 1997 [8].
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Nature
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Zhang, G.1
Liu, Y.2
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A polymerase I palm in adenylyl cyclase?
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of outstanding interest. The authors describe a structural similarity between acenylyl cyclase [7] and the DNA polymerase palm domain. There is little sequence similarity between the two proteins, although a similar reaction mechanism and key residue conservation suggest that the cyclase contains only the palm domain (i.e. the catalytic centre) of polymerases. Additions to the fold seen in polymerases serve mostly to regulate binding and specificity; different domain additions (not insertions) to cyclases (such as a second catalytic domain and transmembrane regions) modify function and cellular location.
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Artymiuk PJ, Poirrette AR, Rice DW, Willet P. A polymerase I palm in adenylyl cyclase? of outstanding interest Nature. 388:1997;33-34 The authors describe a structural similarity between acenylyl cyclase [7] and the DNA polymerase palm domain. There is little sequence similarity between the two proteins, although a similar reaction mechanism and key residue conservation suggest that the cyclase contains only the palm domain (i.e. the catalytic centre) of polymerases. Additions to the fold seen in polymerases serve mostly to regulate binding and specificity; different domain additions (not insertions) to cyclases (such as a second catalytic domain and transmembrane regions) modify function and cellular location.
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Nature
, vol.388
, pp. 33-34
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Artymiuk, P.J.1
Poirrette, A.R.2
Rice, D.W.3
Willet, P.4
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9
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0032518398
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Crystal structure of a bacteriophage T7 DNA replication complex at 2.2 Å resolution
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of special interest. The relative orientations of domains in DNA polymerases appear to be crucial to their function. Bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase contains a 71 residue thioredoxin-binding domain, inserted into the tip of the thumb, that mediates a thioredoxin-dependent increase in processive DNA synthesis.
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Doublié S, Tabor S, Long AM, Richardson CC, Ebenberger T. Crystal structure of a bacteriophage T7 DNA replication complex at 2.2 Å resolution. of special interest Nature. 391:1997;251-258 The relative orientations of domains in DNA polymerases appear to be crucial to their function. Bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase contains a 71 residue thioredoxin-binding domain, inserted into the tip of the thumb, that mediates a thioredoxin-dependent increase in processive DNA synthesis.
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Nature
, vol.391
, pp. 251-258
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Doublié, S.1
Tabor, S.2
Long, A.M.3
Richardson, C.C.4
Ebenberger, T.5
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10
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0030934790
-
Crystal structure analysis of the activation of histidine by Thermus thermophilus histidyl-tRNA synthetase
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of special interest. In common with other class II synthetases. T. thermophilus histidyl-tRNA synthetase contains a domain insert that might assist in tRNA binding. The corresponding domain in the previously determined structure of E. coli histidyl-tRNA synthetase was completely disordered.
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Åberg A, Yaremchuk A, Tukalo M, Rasmussen B, Cusack S. Crystal structure analysis of the activation of histidine by Thermus thermophilus histidyl-tRNA synthetase. of special interest Biochemistry. 36:1997;3084-3094 In common with other class II synthetases. T. thermophilus histidyl-tRNA synthetase contains a domain insert that might assist in tRNA binding. The corresponding domain in the previously determined structure of E. coli histidyl-tRNA synthetase was completely disordered.
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Biochemistry
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Åberg, A.1
YareMcHuk, A.2
Tukalo, M.3
Rasmussen, B.4
Cusack, S.5
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11
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0031039664
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Crystal structure of phytase from Aspergillus ficuum at 2.5 Å resolution
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of special interest. Phytase is similar in both sequence and structure to rat acid phosphatase (PDB accession code 1RPA). The inserted domain in phytase, which is composed of several excursions from the α/β domain, contributes to an active site that is, however, larger than that of rat acid phosphatase as a result of its preference for larger substrates.
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Kostrewa D, Grüninger-Leitch F, D'Arcy A, Broger C, Mitchell D, van Loon APGM. Crystal structure of phytase from Aspergillus ficuum at 2.5 Å resolution. of special interest Nat Struct Biol. 4:1997;185-190 Phytase is similar in both sequence and structure to rat acid phosphatase (PDB accession code 1RPA). The inserted domain in phytase, which is composed of several excursions from the α/β domain, contributes to an active site that is, however, larger than that of rat acid phosphatase as a result of its preference for larger substrates.
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Nat Struct Biol
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Kostrewa, D.1
Grüninger-Leitch, F.2
D'Arcy, A.3
Broger, C.4
Mitchell, D.5
Van Loon, A.P.G.M.6
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12
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0030665841
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Molecular cloning, characterization and localization of PfPK4, an eIF-2α kinase-related enzyme from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum
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of special interest. The protozoan protein kinase PfPK4 is closely related to mammalian eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF-2α) kinases, both of which contain two inserts. The first of these is usually extended for mammalian elF-2α kinases, and is extremely long for PfPK4. No domain homologues have been detected within these inserts.
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Möhrle JJ, Zhao Y, Wernli B, Franklin RM, Kappes B. Molecular cloning, characterization and localization of PfPK4, an eIF-2α kinase-related enzyme from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. of special interest Biochem J. 328:1997;677-687 The protozoan protein kinase PfPK4 is closely related to mammalian eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF-2α) kinases, both of which contain two inserts. The first of these is usually extended for mammalian elF-2α kinases, and is extremely long for PfPK4. No domain homologues have been detected within these inserts.
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Biochem J
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Möhrle, J.J.1
Zhao, Y.2
Wernli, B.3
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Kappes, B.5
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Essen L-O1
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Williams, R.L.4
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0027183541
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The PH domain: A common piece in the structural patchwork of signalling proteins
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Musacchio A, Gibson T, Rice P, Thompson J, Saraste M. The PH domain: a common piece in the structural patchwork of signalling proteins. Trends Biochem Sci. 18:1993;343-348.
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Musacchio, A.1
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Ponting CP, Phillips C. DHR domains in syntrophins, neuronal NO synthases and other intracellular proteins. Trends Biochem Sci. 20:1995;102-103.
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The p160 RhoA-binding kinase ROK alpha is a member of the kinase family and is involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton
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The solution structure of the pleckstrin homology domain of human SOS1. A possible structural role for the sequential association of diffuse B cell lymphoma and pleckstrin homology domains
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of special interest. Dbl-homology (DH) domains that are contained in several proto-oncogene products are invariably followed in sequence by a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain whose probable role is to recruit the protein to the cell membrane. The attempts by Cowburn and co-workers to express in E. coli a recombinant PH domain from the DH-containing SOS1 protein using commonly used domain limits from sequence analysis failed due to protein insolubility. Extending the domain at its N terminus, however, resulted in a soluble product whose structure shows a well-defined N-terminal α helix packed against an interstrand loop that is predicted to modulate the binding of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.
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Zheng J, Chen R-H, Corblan-Garcia S, Cahill SM, Bar-Sagi D, Cowburn D. The solution structure of the pleckstrin homology domain of human SOS1. A possible structural role for the sequential association of diffuse B cell lymphoma and pleckstrin homology domains. of special interest J Biol Chem. 272:1997;30340-30344 Dbl-homology (DH) domains that are contained in several proto-oncogene products are invariably followed in sequence by a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain whose probable role is to recruit the protein to the cell membrane. The attempts by Cowburn and co-workers to express in E. coli a recombinant PH domain from the DH-containing SOS1 protein using commonly used domain limits from sequence analysis failed due to protein insolubility. Extending the domain at its N terminus, however, resulted in a soluble product whose structure shows a well-defined N-terminal α helix packed against an interstrand loop that is predicted to modulate the binding of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.
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Zheng, J.1
Chen R-H2
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Cahill, S.M.4
Bar-Sagi, D.5
Cowburn, D.6
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18
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Structure of the PH domain and Btk motif from Bruton's tyrosine kinase: Molecular explanations for X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
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of outstanding interest. A large number of mutations in the gene for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) have been found in patients suffering from X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. One of these mutations results in the substitution of a conserved cysteine that coordinates zinc binding in a C-terminal extension of the PH domains of Btk-like molecules. The fold of the Btk extension appears to require the presence of the associated PH domain since it packs closely against it in the crystal structure.
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Hyvönen M, Saraste M. Structure of the PH domain and Btk motif from Bruton's tyrosine kinase: molecular explanations for X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. of outstanding interest EMBO J. 16:1997;3396-3404 A large number of mutations in the gene for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) have been found in patients suffering from X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. One of these mutations results in the substitution of a conserved cysteine that coordinates zinc binding in a C-terminal extension of the PH domains of Btk-like molecules. The fold of the Btk extension appears to require the presence of the associated PH domain since it packs closely against it in the crystal structure.
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EMBO J
, vol.16
, pp. 3396-3404
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Hyvönen, M.1
Saraste, M.2
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Breast cancer gene product TSG101: A regulator of ubiquitination?
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of special interest. See annotation to Koonin and Abagyan 1997 [20].
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Ponting CP, Cai Y-D, Bork P. Breast cancer gene product TSG101: a regulator of ubiquitination? of special interest J Mol Med. 75:1997;467-469 See annotation to Koonin and Abagyan 1997 [20].
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J Mol Med
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Ponting, C.P.1
Cai Y-D2
Bork, P.3
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20
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0031201741
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TSG101 may be the prototype of a class of dominant negative ubiquitin regulators
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of special interest. TSG101 has been identified as a homologue of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. It appears to differ from the known structures of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, however, lacking their active-site cysteines and being truncated at its C terminus.
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Koonin EV, Abagyan RA. TSG101 may be the prototype of a class of dominant negative ubiquitin regulators. of special interest Nat Genet. 16:1997;330-331 TSG101 has been identified as a homologue of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. It appears to differ from the known structures of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, however, lacking their active-site cysteines and being truncated at its C terminus.
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Structure of the gene encoding concanavalin A from C. gladiata and its expression in E. coli cells
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Saposin fold revealed by the NMR structure of NK-lysin
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of special interest. The first structure determination of a saposin homologue. The novel fold shows how the previously reported sequence permutation [26] can be accommodated by the tertiary structure of saposins. It appears possible to relocate the N and C termini with minimal disruption to the overall structure.
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Liepinsh E, Andersson M, Ruysschaert JM, Otting G. Saposin fold revealed by the NMR structure of NK-lysin. of special interest Nat Struct Biol. 4:1997;793-795 The first structure determination of a saposin homologue. The novel fold shows how the previously reported sequence permutation [26] can be accommodated by the tertiary structure of saposins. It appears possible to relocate the N and C termini with minimal disruption to the overall structure.
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Liepinsh, E.1
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of special interest. A report of the structures xylanases from two strains of an anaerobic bacterium, in which the catalytic domain of one is interrupted by a domain that is distantly related to cellulose-binding domains, although permuted.
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Flint HJ, Whitehead TR, Martin JC, Gasparic A. Interrupted catalytic domain structure in xylanases from two distantly related strains of Prevotella ruminicola. of special interest Biochim Biophys Acta. 1337:1997;161-165 A report of the structures xylanases from two strains of an anaerobic bacterium, in which the catalytic domain of one is interrupted by a domain that is distantly related to cellulose-binding domains, although permuted.
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Flint, H.J.1
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Gasparic, A.4
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Probable circular permutation in the favin-binding domain
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of outstanding interest. The recently solved structure of the FMN-binding protein from Desulfovibrio vulgaris [31] was proposed to share an ancient common ancestor with domains from trypsin-like serine proteinases. Structural alignment after permutation, however, reveals a closer relationship with the ferredoxin reducatase superfamily of enzymes. Seven β strands forming the core β barrel structure, an α helix, and an equivalent FAD - FMN binding site were found following circular permutation and structure superimposition.
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Murzin AG. Probable circular permutation in the favin-binding domain. of outstanding interest Nat Struct Biol. 5:1998;101 The recently solved structure of the FMN-binding protein from Desulfovibrio vulgaris [31] was proposed to share an ancient common ancestor with domains from trypsin-like serine proteinases. Structural alignment after permutation, however, reveals a closer relationship with the ferredoxin reducatase superfamily of enzymes. Seven β strands forming the core β barrel structure, an α helix, and an equivalent FAD - FMN binding site were found following circular permutation and structure superimposition.
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The SH3 domain of Eps8 exists as a novel intertwined dimer
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of outstanding interest. The crystal structure of the Eps8 SH3 domain dimer shows that it is formed by β-strand exchange. The authors show using co-immunoprecipitation experiments that full length Eps8 is a dimer in vivo and that dimerisation is dependent on an intact SH3 domain. Since the SH3 domain polyproline-binding site is partially occluded in the dimer, the possibility remains that the regulation of Eps8 function may occur via SH3-mediated reversible dimerisation. Tandem domains can not always be considered to represent independent structural domains.
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Kishan KVR, Scita G, Wong WT, Di Fiore PP, Newcomer ME. The SH3 domain of Eps8 exists as a novel intertwined dimer. of outstanding interest Nat Struct Biol. 4:1997;739-743 The crystal structure of the Eps8 SH3 domain dimer shows that it is formed by β-strand exchange. The authors show using co-immunoprecipitation experiments that full length Eps8 is a dimer in vivo and that dimerisation is dependent on an intact SH3 domain. Since the SH3 domain polyproline-binding site is partially occluded in the dimer, the possibility remains that the regulation of Eps8 function may occur via SH3-mediated reversible dimerisation. Tandem domains can not always be considered to represent independent structural domains.
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Kishan, K.V.R.1
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Zimmermann GR, Legault P, Selsted ME, Pardi A. Solution structure of bovine neutrophil β-defensin-12: the peptide fold of the β-defensins is identical to that of the classical defensins. Biochemistry. 34:1995;13663-13671.
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Structure of the fifth EGF-like domain of thrombomodulin: An EGF-like domain with a novel disulfide-bonding pattern
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of outstanding interest. The NMR structure of thrombomodulin epidermal growth factor-like domain 5 (TMEGF5) shows a different disulphide-bonding pattern from that of EGF itself. In addition, a two-stranded β sheet that is common to most EGF homologues is lacking in TMEGF5. The TMEGF5 fragment with this novel disulphide-bonding pattern retains the thrombin-binding function of intact thrombomodulin.
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Benitez BAS, Hunter MJ, Meininger DP, Komives EA. Structure of the fifth EGF-like domain of thrombomodulin: an EGF-like domain with a novel disulfide-bonding pattern. of outstanding interest J Mol Biol. 273:1997;913-926 The NMR structure of thrombomodulin epidermal growth factor-like domain 5 (TMEGF5) shows a different disulphide-bonding pattern from that of EGF itself. In addition, a two-stranded β sheet that is common to most EGF homologues is lacking in TMEGF5. The TMEGF5 fragment with this novel disulphide-bonding pattern retains the thrombin-binding function of intact thrombomodulin.
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Perler FB, Davis EO, Dean GE, Gimble FS, Jack WE, Neff N, Noren CJ, Thorner J, Belfort M. Protein splicing elements: inteins and exteins - a definition of terms and recommended nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:1994;1125-1127.
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of outstanding interest. An excellent review discussing the recent advances in the understanding of the structure, function and evolution of inteins.
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Perler FB. Protein splicing of inteins and hedgehog autoproteolysis: structure, function, and evolution. of outstanding interest Cell. 9:1998;1-4 An excellent review discussing the recent advances in the understanding of the structure, function and evolution of inteins.
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Crystal structure of PI-SceI, a homing autoproteolysis:endonuclease with protein splicing activity
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of outstanding interest. The first view of the folds of the two domains commonly contained in inteins. Domain II is a core endonuclease that is inserted into domain I, whose fold is similar to that of the Hedgehog autoprocessing domain. Domain I also accommodates an insertion that mediates DNA recognition.
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Duan X, Gimble F, Quiocho F. Crystal structure of PI-SceI, a homing autoproteolysis:endonuclease with protein splicing activity. of outstanding interest Cell. 89:1997;555-564 The first view of the folds of the two domains commonly contained in inteins. Domain II is a core endonuclease that is inserted into domain I, whose fold is similar to that of the Hedgehog autoprocessing domain. Domain I also accommodates an insertion that mediates DNA recognition.
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Crystal structure of GyrA intein from Mycobacterium xenopi reveals structural basis of protein splicing
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of outstanding interest. The GyrA intein differs from most inteins in lacking both the endonuclease domain and the DNA recognition region. Its structure and function are strikingly similar to those of the Hedgehog autoprocessing domain.
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Klabunde T, Sharma S, Telenti A, Jacobs WR Jr, Sacchettini JC. Crystal structure of GyrA intein from Mycobacterium xenopi reveals structural basis of protein splicing. of outstanding interest Nat Struct Biol. 5:1998;31-36 The GyrA intein differs from most inteins in lacking both the endonuclease domain and the DNA recognition region. Its structure and function are strikingly similar to those of the Hedgehog autoprocessing domain.
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Nat Struct Biol
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Klabunde, T.1
Sharma, S.2
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Crystal structure of a Hedgehog autoprocessing domain: Homology between Hedgehog and self-splicing proteins
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of outstanding interest. The first reported three-dimensional structure of an autoprocessing domain that is homologous to domain I of inteins. The structure provides insights into the mechanism of these autocatalytic modules and, together with a wider family of homologues, provides examples of domain duplication, insertion, permutation and secondary structure exchange.
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Tanaka-Hall TM, Porter JA, Young KE, Koonin EV, Beachy PA, Leahy DJ. Crystal structure of a Hedgehog autoprocessing domain: homology between Hedgehog and self-splicing proteins. of outstanding interest Cell. 91:1997;85-97 The first reported three-dimensional structure of an autoprocessing domain that is homologous to domain I of inteins. The structure provides insights into the mechanism of these autocatalytic modules and, together with a wider family of homologues, provides examples of domain duplication, insertion, permutation and secondary structure exchange.
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Cell
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Tanaka-Hall, T.M.1
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Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs
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of outstanding interest. Modifications to BLAST have made the method more powerful. Gapped alignment now allows more continuous domains to be identified and iterative database searches, fined tuned by the construction of profiles that are specific to a protein family, make the method more sensitive. The central assumptions of short gaps and contiguous segments mean, however, that permutations and insertions are still difficult to detect without postprocessing.
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Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. of outstanding interest Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1997;3389-3402 Modifications to BLAST have made the method more powerful. Gapped alignment now allows more continuous domains to be identified and iterative database searches, fined tuned by the construction of profiles that are specific to a protein family, make the method more sensitive. The central assumptions of short gaps and contiguous segments mean, however, that permutations and insertions are still difficult to detect without postprocessing.
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Nucleic Acids Res
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Altschul, S.F.1
Madden, T.L.2
Schaffer, A.A.3
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Zhang, Z.5
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Lipman, D.J.7
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67
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Dynamite: A flexible code generating language for dynamic programming methods used in sequence comparison
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of special interest. This paper presents a method for generating a dynamic programming code that is specific to an application, given a fairly simple textural description of the problem that needs to be solved. It may not be able to detect insertions or permutations directly, although certainly the possibility exists for the construction of complex grammars specific to the task.
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Birney E, Durbin R. Dynamite: a flexible code generating language for dynamic programming methods used in sequence comparison. of special interest Ismb. 7:1997;56-64 This paper presents a method for generating a dynamic programming code that is specific to an application, given a fairly simple textural description of the problem that needs to be solved. It may not be able to detect insertions or permutations directly, although certainly the possibility exists for the construction of complex grammars specific to the task.
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Birney, E.1
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