Protein tyrosine phosphatases in the developing nervous system

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 174-181

  Van Vactor, David ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL PROTEIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE;

ANIMAL CELL; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0032053706     PISSN: 09550674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-0674(98)80139-7     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. van der Geer P, Hunter T, Lindberg RA. Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and their signal transduction pathways. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 10:1994;251-337.
2. Saito H. Structural diversity of eukaryotic protein tyrosine phosphatases: functional and evolutionary implications. Semin Cell Biol. 4:1993;379-387.
3. Hunter T. Protein kinases and phosphatases: the yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling. Cell. 80:1995;225-236.
4. Brady-Kalnay SM, Tonks NK. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as adhesion receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 7:1995;650-657.
5. Van Vactor D, O'Reilly AM, Neel BG. Genetic analysis of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. of special interest Curr Opin Genet Dev. 8:1998;112-126 A useful and recent review of PTP function, with excellent coverage of nontransmemebrane phosphatases.
6. Mourey RJ, Dixon JE. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: characterization fo extracellular and intracellular domains. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 4:1994;31-39.
7. Denu JM, Stuckey JA, Saper MA, Dixon JE. Form and function in protein dephosphorylation. of special interest Cell. 87:1996;365-368 An excellent, compact review of PTP catalysis and structure.
8. Streuli M. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 8:1996;182-188.
9. Tonks NK, Neel BG. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in signal transduction. of special interest Curr Opin Cell Biol. 9:1997;193-204 A useful and general review of PTP signaling pathways.
10. Mizuno K, Hasegawa K, Katagiri T, Ogimoto M, Ichikawa T, Yakura H. MPTPδ, a putative murine homologue of HPTPδ, is expressed in specialized regions of the brain and in the B-cell lineage. Mol Cell Biol. 13:1993;5513-5523.
11. Sahin M, Slaugenhaupt SA, Gusella JF, Hockfoeld S. Expression of PTPH1, a rat protein tyrosine phosphatase, is restricted to the derivatives of a specific diencephalic segment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;7859-7863.
12. Reeves SA, Sinha UB, Difiglia M, Louis DN. Regional expression and subcellular localization of the tyrosine-specific phosphatase SH-PTP2 in the adult human nervous system. Neurosci. 71:1996;1037-1942.
13. Boulanger LM, Lombroso PJ, Raghunathan A, Wahle MJ, Naegele JR. Cellular and molecular characterization of a brain-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Neurosci. 15:1995;1532-1544.
14. Perkins LA, Larson I, Perrimon N. Corkscrew encodes a putative portein tyrosine phosphatase that functions to transduce the terminal signal from the receptor tyrosine kinase torso. Cell. 70:1992;225-236.
15. Clemens JC, Ursuliak Z, Clemens KK, Price JV, Dixon JE. A Drosophila protein-tyrosine phosphatase associates with an adapter protein required for axonal guidance. J Biol Chem. 2:1996;17002-17005.
16. Streuli M, Krueger NX, Hall LR, Schlossman SF, Saito H. A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that has a cytoplasmic region homologous to the leukocyte common antigen. J Exp Med. 168:1988;1523-1530.
17. Pulido R, Krueger NX, Serra-Pages C, Saito H, Streuli M. Molecular characterization of the human transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase δ J Biol Chem. 270:1994;6722-6728.
18. Pulido R, Serra-Pages C, Tang M, Streuli M. The LAR/PTPd/PTPs subfamily of transmembrane protein-tyrosine-phosphatases: Multiple human LAR, PTPd, and PTPs isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and associate with the LAR-interacting protein LIP1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;11686-11690.
19. Zhang JS, Longo FM. LAR tryosine phosphatase receptor: alternative splicing is preferential to the nervous system, coordinated with cell growth and generates novel isofroms containing extensive CAG repeats. J Cell Biol. 128:1995;415-431.
20. Stoker AW, Gehrig B, Haj F, Bay BH. Axonal localization of the CAM-like tyrosine phosphatase CRYPa: a signalling molecule of embryonic growth cones. Development. 121:1995;1833-1844.
21. Gershon TR, Baker MW, Nitabach M, Macagno ER. The leech receptor tyrosine phosphatase HmLAR2 is concentrated in growth cones and is involved in process outgrowth. of special interest Development. 125:1998;1183-1190 This paper describes the localization of a LAR family member to the surface of the growth cone, and antibody purturbation experiments that suggest a role in direction guidance.
22. Streuli M, Krueger NX, Tsai AYM, Saito H. A family of receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatases in humans and Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:1989;8698-8702.
23. Tian SS, Tsoulfas P, Zinn K. Three receptor-linked protein-tyrosine phosphatases are selectively expressed on central nervous system axons in the Drosophila embryo. Cell. 67:1991;675-685.
24. Longo FM, Martignette JA, LeBeau JM, Zhang JS, Barnes JP, Broius J. Leukocyte common antigen-related receptor-linked tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;26503-26511.
25. Sommer L, Rao M, Anderson DJ. RPTPδ and the novel protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPψ are expressed in restricted regions of the developing central nervous system. of special interest Dev Dyn. 208:1997;48-61 Detailed developmental expression data of high quality are presented in this paper on members of two distinct RPTP subfamilies.
26. Krueger NX, van Vactor D, Wan HI, Gelbart WM, Goodman CS, Saito H. The transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase DLAR control motor axons guidance in Drosophila. of outstanding interest Cell. 84:1996;611-622 One of the two papers providing the first genetic analysis of RPTP function during axon guidance.
27. Yan H, Grossman A, Wang H, D'Eustachio P, Mossie K, Musacchio JM, Silvennoinen O, Schlessinger J. A novel receptor tyrosine phosphatase-σ that is highly expressed in the nervous system. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;24880-24886.
28. Sahin M, Hockfield S. Protein tyrosine phosphatases expressed in the developing rat brain. J Neurosci. 13:1993;4968-4978.
29. Sahin M, Dowling JJ, Hockfield S. Seven protein tyrosine phosphatases are differentially expressed in the developing rat brain. J Comp Neurol. 351:1995;617-631.
30. Wang H, Yan H, Canoll PD, Silvennoinen O, Schlessinger J, Musacchio JM. Expression if receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-σ (RPTP-σ) in the nervous system of the developing and adult rat. J Neurosci Res. 41:1995;297-310.
31. Yang XH, Seow KT, Bahri SM, Oon SH, Chia W. Two Drosophila receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase genes are expressed in a subset of developing axons and pioneer neurons in the embryonic CNS. Cell. 67:1991;661-673.
32. Hariharan IK, Chuang PT, Rubin GM. Cloning and characterization of a receptor-class phosphotvrosine phosphatase gene expressed on central nervous system axons in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88:1991;11266-11270.
33. Bodden K, Bixby JL. CRYP-2: a receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase selectively expressed by devloping vertebrate neurons. J Neurobiol. 31:1996;309-324.
34. Tagawa M, Shirasawa T, Yahagi Y, Tomoda T, Kuroyanagi H, Fujimora S, Sakiyama S, Maruyama N. Identification of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed in postmitotic maturing neurons: its structure and expression in the central nervous system. Biochem J. 321:1997;865-871.
35. Yahagi Y, Tagawa M, Tomoda T, Shirasawa T. Binary expression of olfactory bulb-protein tyrosine phosphatase in rat central nervous system: developmental gene regulation in neonate cerebral cortex and constitutive expression in olfactory-rhinencephalon. Neurosci Lett. 211:1996;125-128.
36. Cheng J, Wu K, Armanini M, O'Rourke N, Dowbenko D, Laskey LA. A novel protein-tyrosine phosphatase related to the homophillically adhering κ and μ receptors. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;7264-7277.
37. Wang H, Lian Z, Lerch MM, Chen Z, Xie W, Ullrich A. Characterization of PCP-2, a novel receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase of the MAM domain family. Oncogene. 12:1996;2555-2562.
38. Smith PD, Barker KT, Wang J, Lu YJ, Shipley J, Crompton MR. ICAAR, a novel member of a new family of transmembrane, tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 229:1996;402-411.
39. Chiang MK, Flanagan JG. PTP-NP, a new member fo the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family, implicated in development of nervous system and pancreatic endocrine cells. Development. 122:1996;2239-2250.
40. Fang KS, Martins-Green M, Williams LT, Hanafusa H. Characterization of chicken protein tyrosine phosphatase α and its expression in the central nervous system. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 37:1996;1-14.
41. den Hertog J, Overvoode J, de Laat SW. Expression of receptor protein-tyrosine phophatase α mRNA and protein during mouse embryogenesis. Mech Dev. 58:1996;89-101.
42. Krueger NX, Saito H. A human transmembrane protein-tyrosine-phosphatase, PTPζ, is expressed in brain and has an N-terminal receptor domain homologous to carbonic anhydrases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;7417-7421.
43. Barnea G, Silvannoinen O, Shaanan B, Honegger AM, Canoll PD, D'Eustachio P, Morse B, Levy JB, Laforgia S, Huebner K, et al. Identification of a carbonic anhydrase-like domain in the extracellular region of RPTPγ defines a new subfamily of receptor tyrosine phosphatases. Mol Cell Biol. 13:1993;1497-1506.
44. Margolis RK, Rauch U, Maurel P, Margolis RU. Neurocan and phosphacan: two major nervous tissue-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. of special interest Perspectives Dev Neurobiol. 3:1996;273-290 This review, like its companion below, provides a broad overview with considerable factual detail pn phosphacan expression, biochemistry and function.
45. Grumet M, Friedlander DR, Sakurai T. Functions of brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans during development interactions with adhesion molecules. of special interest Perspectives Dev Neurobiol. 3:1996;319-330 See annotation to [44].
46. Boulanger LM, Lombroso PJ, Raghunathan A, During MJ, Wahle P, Naegele JR. Cellular and molecular characterization of a brain-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Neurosci. 15:1995;1532-1544.
47. Bult A, Zhao F, Dirkx R, Raghunathan A, Solimena M, Lombroso PJ. STEP: a family of brain-enriched PTPs. Alternative splicing produces transmembrane, cytosolic and truncated isoforms. Eur J Cell Biol. 72:1997;337-344.
48. Bult A, Zhao F, Dirkx R, Sharma E, Lukacsi E, Solimena M, Naegele JR, Lombroso PJ. STEP61: a member of a family of brain-enriched PTPs is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Neurosci. 16:1996;7821-7831.
49. Roger MV, Buensuceso C, Montague F, Mahadevan L. Vanadate stimulates differentiation and neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and neurite extension in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroscience. 60:1994;479-494.
50. Zipursky SL, Rubin G. Determination of neuronal cell fate: lessons from the R7 neuron of Drosophila. Annu Rev Neurosci. 17:1994;373-397.
51. Freeman RM Jr, Plutzky J, Neel BG. Identification of a human src homology 2-containing protein-tyrosine-phosphatase: a putative homolog of Drosophila corkscrew. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;11239-11243.
52. Simon MA, Bowtell DD, Dodson GS, Laverty TR, Rubin GM. Ras1 and a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor perform crucial steps in signaling by the sevenless protein tyrosine kinase. Cell. 67:1991;701-716.
53. Allard JD, Chang HC, Herbst R, McNeill H, Simon M. The SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase corkscrew is required during signaling by sevenless, Ras1 and Raf. of special interest Development. 122:1996;1137-1146 Analysis of loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations in Corkscrew reveals its role in the sevenless RTK signaling pathway, and its genetic relationship with Ras and Raf.
54. Cooper JA, Simon MA, Kussick SJ. Signaling by ectopically expressed Drosophila Src64 requires the protein-tyrosine phosphatase Corkscrew and the adapter downstream of receptor kinases. Cell Growth Differ. 7:1996;1435-1441.
55. Perkins LA, Johnson MR, Melnick MB, Perrimon N. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase corkscrew functions in multiple receptor tyrosine kinase pathways in Drosophila. of special interest Dev Biol. 180:1996;63-81 Genetic analysis reveals that corkscrew acts downstream of DER (EGF receptor) and breathless (FGF receptor), in addition to other RTKs. Vertebrate Shp-2 is shown to substitute functionally for corkscrew in Drosophila.
56. Herbst R, Carroll PM, Allard JD, Schilling J, Raabe T, Simon MA. Daughter of sevenless is a substrate of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase corkscrew and functions during seveless signaling. of outstanding interest Cell. 85:1996;899-909 This and a companion paper [57] demonstrate that Corkscrew functions through interactions with daughter of sevenless (DOS), a phosphoprotein PTP substrate that is required for R7 cell fate in the Drosophila compound eye. Dos is one of very few relevant PTP substrates.
57. Raabe T, Riesgo-Escovar J, Liu X, Bausenwein BS, Deak P, Maroy P, Hafen E. DOS, a novel pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein required for signal transduction between sevenless and Ras1 in Drosophila. of outstanding interest Cell. 85:1996;911-920 See annotation to [56].
58. Saxton TM, Henkemeyer M, Gasca S, Shen R, Rossi DJ, Shalaby F, Feng GS, Pawson T. Abnormal mesoderm patterning in mouse embryos mutant for the SH2 tyrosine phosphatase Shp-2. of outstanding interest EMBO J. 16:1997;2352-2364 Genetic analysis of murine Shp-2 reveals multiple phenotypes during embryogenesis, including malformation of the nervous system.
59. c-src and is involved in neuronal differentiation. EMBO J. 12:1993;3789-3798.
60. Alema S, Casalbore P, Agostini E, Tato F. Differential of PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells induced by v-src oncogene. Nature. 316:1985;557-559.
61. Haltmeier H, Rohrer H. Distinct and different effects of the oncogenes v-myc and v-src on avian sympathetic neurons: retroviral transfer of v-myc stimulates neuronal proliferation whereas v-src transfer enhances neuronal differentiation. J Cell Biol. 110:1990;2087-2098.
62. Chein CB. PY in the fly: receptor-like tyrosine phosphatases in axonal pathfinding. Neuron. 16:1996;1065-1068.
63. Desai CJ, Sun Q, Zinn K. Tyrosine phosphorlation and axon guidance: of mice and flies. of special interest Curr Opin Neurobiol. 7:1997;70-74 A useful review of Drosophila RPTP function during axon guidance.
64. Desai CJ, Gindhart JG, Goldstein LSB, Zinn K. Receptor tyrosine phosphatases are required for motor axon guidnace in the Drosophila embryo. of outstanding interest Cell. 84:1996;599-609 This, and a companion paper in Dlar, provide the first evidence that Drosophila RPTPs control distinct aspects of axon defasciculation and guidance.
65. Desai CJ, Krueger NX, Saito H, Zinn K. Competition and cooperation among receptor tyrosine phosphatases control growth cone guidance in Drosophila. of special interest Development. 124:1997;1941-1952 Genetic interactions between Drosophila RPTPs reveal complexity and context-dependance in the signaling that controls both axonal fasciculation and guidance.
66. Yeo TT, Yang T, Massa SM, Zhang JS, Honkaniemi J, Butcher LL, Longo FM. Deficient LAR expression decreases basal forbrain cholinergic size and hippocampal cholinergic innervation. J Neurosci Res. 47:1997;348-360.
67. Uetani N, Asano M, Mizuno K, Yakura H, Iwakura Y. Targeted disruption fo the murine protein tyrosine phosphatase d (MPTPd) gene results in growth retardation and behavioral abnormalities. Yakura H. Kinases and Phosphatases in Lymphocyte and Neuronal Signaling. 1997;313-314 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
68. Milev P, Maurel P, Haring M, Margolis RK, Margolis RU. TAG-1/axonin-1 is a high affinity ligand of neurocan, phosphacan/protein-tyrosine phosphatase-ζ/β, and N-CAM. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;15716-15723.
69. Sakurai T, Lustig M, Nativ M, Hemperly JJ, Schlessinger J, Peles E, Grumet M. Induction if neurite outgrowth through contactin and Nr-CAM by extracellular regions of glial receptor tyrosine phosphatase β of outstanding interest J Cell Biol. 136:1997;907-918 Analysis of PTPζ/β extracellular domain function in vitro reveals that interactions between multiple axonal receptors promote axon outgrowth, in contrast to the growth inhibitory effects of phosphacan that been observed in other assays.
70. Milev P, Friedlander DR, Sakurai T, Karthikeyan L, Flad M, Margolis RK, Grumet M, Margolis RU. Interactions of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan phosphacan, the extracellular domain of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, with neurons, glia and neural cell adhesion molecules. J Cell Biol. 127:1994;1703-1715.
71. Canoll PD, Petancesk S, Schlessinger J, Musacchio JM. Three forms of RPTP-β are differentially expressed during gliogenesis in the developing rat brain and during glial cell differentiation in culture. J Neurosci Res. 44:1996;199-215.
72. Brady-Kalnay SM, Flint AJ, Tonks NK. Homophilic binding of PTP mu, a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, can mediate cell-cell aggregation. J Cell Biol. 122:1993;72-961.
73. Gebbink MF, Zondag GC, Wubbolts RW, Beijersberger RL, van Etten I, Moolenaar WH. Cell-cell adhesion mediated by a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;16101-16104.
74. Streuli M, Krueger NX, Ariniello PD, Tamg M, Munro JM, Blattler WA, Adler DA, Dsiteche CM, Saito H. Expression of the receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR: proteolytic cleavage and shedding of the CAM-like extracellular region. EMBO J. 11:1992;897-907.
75. Aicher B, Lerch MM, Muller T, Schilling J, Ullrich A. Cellular redistribution of protein tyrosine phosphatases LAR and PTPs by inducible proteolytic processing. of special interest J Cell Biol. 138:1997;681-696 Although many RPTPs are proceed, this paper suggests an active role for processing in the induction of alterations in subcellular localization.
76. Bilwes AM, Hertog J, Hunter T, Noel JP. Structural basis of inhibition of receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase-α by dimerization. of outstanding interest Nature. 1996:1996;555-559 The cyrstal structure determination of PTPα D1 PTP domain suggests a possible role for dimerization in the inactivation fo catalytic activity.
77. Desai DM, Sap J, Schlessinger J, Weiss A. Ligand-mediated negative regulation of a chimeric transmembrane receptor tyrosine phosphatase. Cell. 73:1993;541-554.
78. Majeti R, Bilwes AM, Noel JP, Hunter T, Weiss A. Dimerization-induced inhibition of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase function through an inhibitory wedge. of outstanding interest Science. 279:1998;88-91 Site-directed mutatgenesis of this PTP supports the model that a loop region in the D1 domain can inactivate PTP activity when PTPs dimerize.
79. Hoffmann KMV, Tonks NK, Barford D. The crystal structure of domain 1 of receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase μ of outstanding interest J Biol Chem. 272:1997;27505-27508 In contrast to PTPα, the D1 domain dimer structure for PTPμ suggests that cross-inactivation of PTP active sites via loop insertion is not a general rule.
80. Balsamo J, Leung TC, Ernst H, Zanin MKB, Hoffman S, Lilien J. Regulated binding of a PTP1B-like phosphatase to N-cadherin: control of cadherin-mediated adhesion by dephosphorylation of β-catenin. J Cell Biol. 134:1996;801-813.
81. Iwai Y, Usui T, Hirano S, Steward R, Takeichi M, Uemura T. Axon patterning requires DN-cadherin a novel neuronal adhesion receptor, in the Drosophila CNS. Neuron. 19:1997;77-89.
82. Fuchs M, Muller T, Lerch MM, Ullrich A. Association of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase κ with members of the armadillo family. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;16712-16719.
83. Kypta RM, Su H, Reichardt LF. Association between a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase and the cadherin-catenin complex. J Cell Biol. 134:1996;1519-1529.
84. Brady-Kalnay SM, Rimm DL, Tonks NK. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPmu associates with cadherins and catenins in vivo. J Cell Biol. 130:1995;977-986.
85. Zondag GCM, Moolenaar WH, Gebbink MFBG. Lack of association between receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPμ and cadherins. J Cell Biol. 134:1996;1513-1517.
86. Serra-Pages C, Kedersha NL, Fazikas L, Medley Q, Debant A, Streuli M. The LAR transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase and a coiled-coil LAR interacting protein colocalize at focal adhesions. EMBO J. 14:1995;2827-2838.
87. Debant A, Serra-Pages C, Seipel K, O'Brien S, Tang M, Park S, Streuli M. The multidomain protein Trio binds the LAR transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, contains a protein kinase domain, and has separate rac-specific and rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;5466-5471 Yeast interaction trap assays using LAR cytoplasmic domain identified a large protein that may recruit and activate Rac and Rho to the site of RPTP engagement.
88. Kaufmann N, Wills Z, Van Vactor D. Drosophila Rac1 controls motor axon guidance. of special interest Development. 125:1998;453-461 Genetic analysis of Rac function during motor axon guidance demonstrates a Rac phenotype identical to loss of Dlar. Genetic interactions between Rac and Dlar suggest that both protein function in a comon pathway, as suggested by the identification of human Trio.
89. Mustelin T, Coggeshall KM, Altman A. Rapid activation of the T-cell tyrosine protein kinase pp56lck and CD45 phosphotyrosine phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:1989;6302-6306.
90. Mustelin T, Pessa-Morikawa T, Autero M, Gassmann M, Andersson LC, Gahmberg GC, Burn P. Regulation of the p59fyn protein tyrosine kinase by the CD45 phosphotyrosine phosphatase. Eur J Immunol. 22:1992;1173-1178.
91. Fashena SJ, Zinn K. Transmemebrane glycoprotein gp150 is a substrate fot receptor tyrosine phosphatase DPTP10D in Drosophila cells. of special interest Mol Cell Biol. 17:1997;6859-6867 This study demonstates that gp150 is an in vivo substrate/binding partner for DPTP10D, and reveals its specificity as a substrate for particular TKs and PTPs.
92. Tian S, Zinn K. An adhesion molecule-like protein that interacts with and is a substrate for a Drosophila receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;28478-28486.
93. Beggs HE, Soriano P, Maness PF. NCAM-dependent neurite outgrowth is inhibited in neurons from Fyn-minus mice. J Cell Biol. 127:1994;825-833.
94. Ignelzi MA, Miller DR, Soriano P, Maness PF. Impared neurite outgrowth of src-minus cerebellar neurons on the cell adhesion molecule L1. Neuron. 12:1994;873-884.
95. den Hertog J, Hunter T. Tight association of GRB2 with receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase α is mediated by the SH2 and C-trminal SH3 domains. EMBO J. 15:1996;3016-3027.