Large-scale recirculation of air over Southern Africa

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volumn 35, Issue 12, 1996, Pages 2218-2236

  Tyson, P D ^a   Garstang, M ^b   Swap, R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; AIR; ATMOSPHERE; CIRCULATION;

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC RECIRCULATION; TRACE GAS;

AFRICA, (SOUTHERN);

EID: 0030417694     PISSN: 08948763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<2218:LSROAO>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Annegarn, H. J., M. A. Kneen, S. J. Piketh, A. J. Home, H. S. P. Hlapolosa, and G. A. Kirkman, 1993: Evidence for large-scale circulation of sulphur over South Africa. Proc. National Association for Clean Air Annual Conf., Dikhololo, South Africa, Nat. Assoc. for Clean Air.
2. Balkanski, Y. J., D. J. Jacob, G. M. Gardiner, W. G. Graustein, and K. K. Turekian, 1993: Transport and residence times of tropospheric aerosols inferred from a global three-dimensional simulation of 210 Pb. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20 573-20 586.
3. Benkovitz, C. M., C. M. Berkowitz, R. C. Easter, S. Nemesure, R. Wagenerand, and S. E. Schwartz, 1994: Sulfate over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions: Evaluation for October and November 1986 using a three-dimensional model driven by observation-derived meteorology. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20725-20756.
4. Benson, L. V., 1981: Paleoclimatic significance of lake level fluctuations in the Lahontan Basin. Quat. Res., 16, 390-403.
5. Browell, E. V., 1993: TRACE-A airborne DIAL ozone and aerosol data. NASA/Langley Research Center Rep.
6. Cambray, R. S., P. A. Cawse, J. A. Garland, J. A. B. Gibson, P. Johnson, G. N. J. Lewis, D. Newton, L. Salmon, and B. O. Wade, 1987: Observations on radioactivity from the Chernobyl accident. Nucl. Energy, 26, 77-101.
7. Carlson, T. N., and J. M. Prospero, 1972: The long-range movement of Saharan air outbreaks over the northern equatorial Atlantic. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 283-297.
8. Chamberlain, A. C., 1991: Radioactive Aerosols. Cambridge University Press, 255 pp.
9. Cosijn, C., and P. D. Tyson, 1996: Stable discontinuities in the atmosphere over South Africa. S. Afri. J. Sci., in press.
10. D'Almeida, G. A., 1987: Desert aerosol characteristics and effects on climate. Palaeoclimatology and Palaeometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 311-338.
11. Fishman, J., 1991: Probing planetary pollution from space. Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 612-621.
12. Garstang, M., and P. D. Tyson, 1996: Atmospheric circulation, vertical structure and transport. Fire in Southern African Savannas: Ecological and Atmospheric Perspectives, B. W. van Wilgen, M. O. Andreae, J. G. Goldammer, and J. A. Lindesay, Eds., Witwatersrand University Press, in press.
13. _, _, H. Cachier, and L. Radke, 1996a: Atmospheric transports of particulate and gaseous products by fire. Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change, J. Clark, Ed., Springer-Verlag, in press.
14. _, _, E. Browell, and R. Swap, 1996b: Large scale transports of biogenic and biomass burning products. Biomass Burning and Global Change, J. Levine, Ed., MIT Press, in press.
15. _, _, R. Swap, M. Edwards, P. Kållberg, and J. A. Lindesay, 1996c: Horizontal and vertical transport of air over southern Africa. J. Geophys. Res., in press.
16. Harrison, M. S. J., 1993: Elevated inversions over southern Africa: Climatological properties, formation, processes and relationships with rainfall. S. Afr. J. Sci., 75, 1-8.
17. Hastenrath, S. L., and J. E. Kutzbach, 1984: Paleo-climate and water budget of East African lakes. Quat. Res., 19, 141-153.
18. Held, G., H. Scheifinger, and G. M. Snyman, 1994: Recirculation of pollutants in the atmosphere of the South African highveld. S. Afr. J. Sci.. 90, 91-97.
19. Junge, C. E., 1963: Air Chemistry and Radioactivity. Academic Press, 382 pp.
20. Kållberg, P., 1984: Air parcel trajectories from analyzed or forecast windfields. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Research and Development Note 37, 84 pp.
21. Krishnamurti, T. N., H. E. Fuelberg, M. C. Sinha, D. Oosterhof, E. L. Bensman, and V. B. Kumai. 1993: The meteorological environment of the tropospheric ozone maximum over the tropical South Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 621-10 641.
22. Kutzbach, J. E., 1980: Estimate of past climate at paleolake Chad, North Africa, based on a hydrological and energy balance model. Quat. Res., 14, 210-223.
23. Lancaster, I. N., 1979: Evidence for a widespread late Pleistocene humid period in the Kalahari. Nature, 279, 145-148.
24. _, 1981: Palaeoenvironmental implications of fixed dune systems in southern Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, Vol. 33, 327-346.
25. _, 1988: Development of linear dunes in the southwestern Kalahari. J. Arid Environ., 14, 233-244.
26. LeCanut, P., M. O. Andreae, G. W. Harris, F. G. Wienhold, and T. Zenker, 1996: Aerosol optical properties over southern Africa during SAFARI-92. Biomass Burning and Global Change, J. Levine, Ed., MIT Press, in press.
27. Maenhaut, W., I. Salma, M. Garstang, and F. Meixner, 1993: Size-fractionated atmospheric aerosol composition and aerosol sources at Etosha, Namibia and Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Proc. AGU Fall Meeting (suppl.), San Francisco, CA, Amer. Geophys. Union, 104.
28. _, _, H. J. Annegarn, and M. O. Andreae, 1996: Regional atmospheric composition and sources in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa and the impact of biomass burning. J. Geophys. Res., in press.
29. Mather, G. K., 1995: Some possible influences of aerosols on cloud microstructure in sub-Saharan Africa. Int. Symp. on Drought in Africa, Trieste, Italy, Int. Centre for Theor. Phys., 53.
30. Mitchell, J. F. B., T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. F. B. Tett, 1995a: Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Nature, 376, 501-504.
31. _, R. A. Davis, W. J. Ingram, and C. A. Senior, 1995b: On surface temperature, greenhouse gases, and aerosols: Models and observations. J. Climate, 8, 2364-2386.
32. Moody, J. L., and Coauthors, 1996: Meteorological mechanisms for transporting ozone over the WNAO (western North Atlantic Ocean) - A case study, August 24-August 1993. J. Geophys. Res., in press.
33. Newell, R. E., J. W. Kidson, D. G. Vincent, and G. J. Boer, 1972: The General Circulation of the Tropical Atmosphere and Interactions with Extratropical Latitudes. Vol. 1. MIT Press, 258 pp.
34. Pickering, K. E., A. M. Thompson, D. P. McNamara, M. R. Schoeberl, L. R. Lait, P. A. Newman, C. O. Justice, and J. D. Kendall, 1994: A trajectory modeling investigation of the biomass burning tropical ozone relationship. Proc. Quad. Ozone Symp., NASA, 101-104.
35. Piketh, S. J., 1995: Generation and transportation characteristics of suspended particles in the eastern Transvaal. M.S. dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, 148 pp.
36. Preston-Whyte, R. A., and P. D. Tyson, 1973: Note on pressure oscillations over South Africa. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 650-653.
37. _, and _, 1989: The Atmosphere and Weather of Southern Africa. Oxford University Press, 374 pp.
38. _, R. D. Diab, and P. D. Tyson, 1977: Towards an inversion climatology of southern Africa: Part II, Non-surface inversions in the lower atmosphere. S. Afr. Geogr. J., 59, 47-59.
39. Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, 1980: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. D. Reidel, 714 pp.
40. Rorich, R. P., and C. R. Turner, 1994: Ambient monitoring network annual data report for 1993 and regional trend analysis. Rep. TRR/S94/059/rw, TR1, ESKOM.
41. Schulze, B. R., 1965: Climate of South Africa. Part 8: General survey. WB 28, South African Weather Bureau, Pretoria, South Africa, 330 pp.
42. Swap, R. J., 1996: Transport and impact of southern African aerosols. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 311 pp.
43. _, M. Garstang, S. Greco, R. Talbot, and P. Kållberg, 1992: Saharan dust in the Amazon Basin. Tellus, 44, 133-149.
44. Talbot, R. W., R. C. Harriss, E. V. Browell, G. L. Gregory, D. I. Sebacher, and S. M. Beck, 1986: Distribution and geochemistry of aerosols in the tropical North Atlantic troposphere: Relation to Saharan dust. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5153-5182.
45. _, M. O. Andreae, H. Berreesheim, P. Artaxo, M. Garstang, R. C. Harriss, K. M. Beecher, and S. M. Li, 1990: Aerosol chemistry during the wet season in central Amazonia: The influence of long-range transport. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16955-16969.
46. Taljaard, J. J., 1953: The mean circulation in the lower troposphere over southern Africa. S. Afr. Geogr. J., 35, 33-45.
47. _, 1955: Stable stratification in the atmosphere over southern Africa. Notos, 4, 217-230.
48. _, and M. Zunckel, 1992: Comparative Study of Pollutants in the Eastern Transvaal. EMATEK, CSIR, 190 pp.
49. Tyson, P. D., 1967: Some characteristics of the mountain wind over Pietermaritzburg. Proc. Jubilee Conf. South African Geographic Society, Durban, South Africa, S. Afr. Geogr. Soc., 103-128.
50. _, and R. A. Preston-Whyte, 1972: Observations of regional topographically induced wind systems in Natal. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 643-650.
51. _, _, and R. D. Diab, 1976: Towards an inversion climatology of southern Africa: Part I, Surface inversions. S. Afr. Geogr. J., 58, 151-163.
52. _, F. J. Kruger, and C. W. Louw, 1988: Atmospheric pollution and its implications in the eastern Transvaal Highveld. S.A. National Scientific Progress Rep. 150, Foundation for Research Development, Pretoria, South Africa, 114 pp.
53. _, M. Garstang, R. Swap, P. Kållberg, and M. Edwards, 1996a: An air transport climatology for subtropical southern Africa. Int. J. Climatol., 16, 265-291.
54. _, _, _, E. V. Browell, R. D. Diab, and A. M. Thompson, 1996b: Transport and vertical structure of ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africa. Biomass Burning and Global Change, J. S. Levine, Ed., MIT Press, in press.
55. Wells, R. B., G. M. Snyman, G. Held, and A. Dos Santos, 1987: Air pollution on the eastern Transvaal Highveld. Foundation for Research Development Rep. CSIR Atmos/87/23, Atmospheric Sciences Division, NPRL, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa, 147 pp.