Chlamydia immunology

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 37-41

  Rasmussen, Stephanie J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM ANTIBODY; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY;

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; BACTERIAL IMMUNITY; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CHLAMYDIASIS; HELPER CELL; SHORT SURVEY;

EID: 0031965335     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001432-199802000-00009     Document Type: Short Survey

References (39)

1. Paavonen J, Lehtinen M. Chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease. Hum Reprod Update 1996; 2:519-529.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections - United States, 1995. JAMA 1997; 277:952-953.
3. Perry LL, Feilzer K, Caldwell HD. Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis is • mediated by T helper 1 cells through IFN-γ-dependent and -independent pathways. J Immunol 1997; 158:3344-3352. This study is one of several demonstrating a protective role for Th 1 rather than Th2 cells. T cell receptor β-and δ-chain and IFN-γ knockout mice in addition to antibody-mediated cytokine depletion were used to define the roles in the clearance of primary infection. A further important observation was that IFN-γ was not required for early bacterial clearance in the genital mucosa, but that IFN-γ was important in preventing systemic dissemination.
4. Su H, Feilzer K, Caldwell HD, Morrison RP. Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection of antibody-deficient gene knockout mice. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1993-1999.
5. + cells. Significantly, it was found that although IFN-γ plays a role in resistance to reinfection, its presence is unnecessary.
6. Lampe MF, Wong KG, Kuehl LM, Stamm WE. Chlamydia trachomatis • major outer membrane protein variants escape neutralization by both monoclonal antibodies and human immune sera. Infect Immun 1997; 65:317-319. This paper demonstrates that within a C. trachomatis serovar, strains differing in a single major outer membrane protein amino acid can escape neutralization, reinforcing the need for vaccination strategies which do not rely on individual MOMP epitopes.
7. Fan J, Stephens RS. Antigen conformation dependence of Chlamydia • trachomatis infectivity neutralization. J Infect Dis 1997; 176:713-721. This paper unequivocally demonstrated for the first time that MOMP is the serovar-specific antigen responsible for the neutralizing capability of polyvalent sera, and that conformational epitopes are solely responsible for neutralization.
8. Pal S, Theodor I, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Monoclonal immunoglobulin A antibody to the major outer membrane protein of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis biovar protects mice against a chlamydial genital challenge. Vaccine 1997; 15:575-582.
9. Williams DM, Grubbs BG, Kelly K, Pack E, Rank RG. Role of gammadelta T cells in murine Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3916-3919.
10. Kelly KA, Robinson EA, Rank RG. Initial route of antigen administration • alters the T-cell cytokine profile produced in response to the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis following genital infection. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4976-4983. This paper also addresses the Th1/Th2 response, in the context of the route of injection. Subcutaneous administration of MoPn resulted in a Th2-like response, and a later vaginal challenge was resolved more slowly than that of mice primed at sites which resulted in Th1-like responses.
11. Bobo L, Novak N, Mkocha H, Vitale S, West S, QuinnTC. Evidence for a • predominant proinflammatory conjunctival cytokine response in individuals with trachoma. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3273-3279. This cross-sectional study of trachoma patients demonstrated increased mRNA transcripts for inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ) in inflammatory disease, and for IL-1β in scarring trachoma. Th1-associated cytokines were found only in the initial inflammatory category, but not with later disease stages. Th2-associated cytokines were not detected.
12. Van Voorhis WC, Barrett LK, Cosgrove Sweeney YT, Kuo C-C, Patton DL. Analysis of lymphocyte phenotype and cytokine activity in the inflammatory infiltrates of the upper genital tract of female macaques infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:647-650.
13. Darville T, Andrews CW, Laffoon KK, Shymasani W, Kishen LR, Rank •• RG. Mouse strain-dependent variation in the course and outcome of chlamydial genital tract infection is associated with differences in host response, Infect Immun 1997; 65:3065-3073. This study documented differences in duration, intensity and host response to infection of C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice with Chlamydia. Importantly, the differences in outcome were determined by differential nonspecific host responses, including the production of TNF-α.
14. Van Voorhis WC, Barrett LK, Cosgrove Sweeney YT, Kuo C-C, Pation DL. Repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection of Macaca nemestrina fallopian tubes produces a Th1-like cytokine response associated with fibrosis and scarring. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2175-2182.
15. Ortiz L, Demick KP, Petersen JW, Polka M, Rudersdorf RA, Van der Pol • B, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein (MOMP) epitopes that activate HLA class II-restricted T cells from infected humans. J Immunol 1996; 157:4554-4567. A very detailed paper examining the human HLA class II-restricted response to C. tracnomatis MOMP. This study is of interest because it identifies antigenic MOMP peptides in the context of specific HLA class II molecules recognized by T cells from infected donors, whereas the majority of work done previously has used animal models. The majority of patients recognized epitopes located within peptide 249-265.
16. Holland MJ, Conway DJ, Blanchard TJ, Mahdi OMS, Bailey RL, Whittle HC, Mabey DCW. Synthetic peptides based on Chlamydia trachomatis antigens identify cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in subjects from a trachoma-endemic population. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 107:44-49.
17. Beatty PR, Rasmussen SJ, Stephens RS. Cross-reactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated lysis of Chlamydia trachomatis- and Chlamydia psittaci-infected cells. Infect Immun 1997; 65:951-956.
18. Chalmers WSK, Simpson J, Lee SJ, Baxendale W. Use of a live chlamydial vaccine to prevent ovine enzootic abortion. Vet Record 1997; 141:63-67.
19. Pal S, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Intranasal immunization induces long-term protection in mice against a Chlamydia trachomatis genital challenge. Infect Immun 1996; 64:5341-5348.
20. Pal S, Theodor I, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Immunization with an acellular vaccine consisting of the outer membrane complex of Chlamydia trachomatis induces protection against a genital challenge. Infect Immun 1997; 65:3361-3369.
21. Whittum-Hudson JA, An L-L, Saltzman WM, Prendergast RA, MacDonald AB. Oral immunization with an anti-idiotypic antibody to the exoglycolipid antigen protects against experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Nature Med 1996; 2:1116-1121.
22. Bartaneva N, Theodor I, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Role of neutrophils in controlling early stages of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4830-4833.
23. Ault KA, Tawfik OW, Smith-King MM, Gunter J, Terranova PF. Tumor necrosis factor-α response to infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in human fallopian tube organ culture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175:1242-1245.
24. Heinemann M, Susa M, Simnacher U, Marre R, Essig A. Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae induces cytokine production and expression of CD 14 in a human monocytic cell line. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4872-4875.
25. Bianchi A, Dosquet C, Henry S, Couderc M-C, Ferchal F, Scieux C. Chlamydia trachomatis growth stimulates Interleukin 8 production by human monocytic U-937 cells. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2434-2436.
26. Rasmussen SJ, Eckmann L, Quayle AJ, Shen L, Zhang Y-X, Anderson DJ, •• et al. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to Chlamydia infection suggests a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:77-87. Infection of epithelial cells with Chlamydia was shown to induce secretion of the proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8 GROα and GM-CSF at high levels throughout the chlamydial life cycle. These findings provide an explanation for the influx of inflammatory cells during acute infection, and for the amplification of inflammation in repeated infections. Importantly, these findings point to the need for understanding the role in immunopathology of the epithelial cell and the innate immune response in designing immunoprophylaxis or treatment.
27. Rasmussen SJ, Eckmann L, Kagnoff MF, Stephens RS. The mechanism of IL-8 induction in infected epithelial cells differs between C. trachomatis and C. psittaci. Stary A (editor). Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research. Bologna: Societa Editrice Esculapio; 1996. p. 63.
28. Cotter TW, Ramsey KH, Miranpuri GS, Poulsen CE, Byrne GI. Dissemination of Chlamydia trachomatis chronic genital tract infection in gamma Interferon gene knockout mice. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2145-2152.
29. Johansson M, Schon K, Ward M, Lycke N. Genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis fails to induce protective immunity in gamma Interferon receptor-deficient mice despite a strong local immunoglobulin A response. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1032-1044.
30. Igielseme JU, Uriri IM, Chow M, Abe E, Rank RG. Inhibition of intracellular multiplication of human strains of Chlamydia trachomatis by nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 232:595-601.
31. Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Wolner-Hanssen P, Money DM, Peeling RW, Brunham RC, et al. Prevalence and correlates of antibody to chlamydial heat shock protein in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and women with confirmed pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1453-1458.
32. Money DM, Hawes SE, Eschenbach DA, Peeling RW, Brunham R, Wolner-Hanssen P, Stamm WE. Antibodies to the chlamydial 60 kD heat-shock protein are associated with laparoscopically confirmed perihepatitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:870-877.
33. Peeling RW, Kimani J, Plummer F, Maclean I, Cheang M, Bwayo J, Brunham RC. Antibody to chlamydial hsp60 predicts an increased risk for chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1153-1158.
34. Claman P, Jessamine P, Honey L, Toye B, Peeling RW. The presence of serum antibody to the chlamydial heat shock protein (CHSP60) as a diagnostic test for tubal factor infertility. Fertil Steril 1997; 67:501-504.
35. Horner PJ, Cain D, McClure M, Thomas BJ, Gilroy C, Ali M, et al. Association of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60 kD with chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:653-660.
36. Yi Y, Yang X, Brunham RC. Autoimmunity to heat shock protein 60 and • antigen-specific production of interleukin-10. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1669-1674. This paper proposes that cytokine-induced switching may overcome anergy to self-hsp60 and be responsible for the increased response to chlamydial hsp60 in chronic inflammatory conditions.
37. Conway DJ, Holland MJ, Campbell AE, Bailey RL, Krausa P, Peeling RW, •• et al. HLA class I and II polymorphisms and trachomatous scarring in a Chlamydia trachomatis-endemic population. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:643-646. HLA-A28 (A*6802) was shown to be significantly more common in patients with trachomatous scarring than in control subjects. No HLA type was found to be associated with protection from scarring.
38. Conway DJ, Holland MJ, Bailey RL, Campbell AE, Mahdi OSM, Jennings • R, et al. Scarring trachoma is associated with polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene promoter and with elevated TNF-α levels in tear fluid. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1003-1006. A similar study to Ref. 37, except that it examines non-HLA linked polymorphisms. This study found that the -308A allele of the TNF-α gene was associated with scarring trachoma.
39. Lichtenwalner AB, Patton DL, Cosgrove Sweeney YT, Gaur LK, Stamm WE. Evidence of genetic susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis-induced pelvic inflammatory disease in the pig-tailed macaque. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2250-2253.