Structure and function of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 235-253

  Sepp Lorenzino, Laura ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

IGF I receptor; Insulin receptor; Insulin like growth factors (IGFs); Regulation; Signal transduction; Structure

Indexed keywords

GROWTH HORMONE; INSULIN RECEPTOR; MITOGENIC AGENT; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN C RECEPTOR;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CELL SURVIVAL; CELL TRANSFORMATION; HUMAN; MITOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN STRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; RECEPTOR, IGF TYPE 1; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 0031965186     PISSN: 01676806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1005955017615     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Zapf J, Froesch VR: Insulin-like growth factors/ somatomedins:structure, secretion, biological actions and physiological roles. Hormone Res 24:121-130, 1986
2. LeRoith D, Werner H, Beitner-Johnson D, Roberts CT Jr: Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Endocr Rev 16:143-163, 1995
3. Rubin R, Baserga R: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Its role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenicity. Lab Invest 73:311-331, 1995
4. Werner H, LeRoith D: The role of the insulin-like growth factor system in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 68:183-223, 1996
5. Baserga R, Resnicoff M, D'Ambrosio C, Valentinis B: The role of the IGF-I receptor in apoptosis. Vitam Horm 53:65-98, 1997
6. Baserga R: The insulin-like growth factor I receptor: a key to tumor growth? Cancer Res 55:249-252, 1995
7. Baserga R, Hongo A, Rubini M, Prisco M, Valentinis B: The IGF-I receptor in cell growth, transformation and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1332: F105-126, 1997
8. Rechler MM, Nissley SP: The nature and regulation of the receptors for insulin-like growth factors. Ann Rev Physiol 47:425-442, 1985
9. Moxham C, Jacobs S: Insulin-like growth factor receptors. In: Schofield PN (ed) The Insulin-like Growth Factors. Structure and Biological Functions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, pp 80-111
10. Furlanetto RW, DiCarlo JN, Wisehart C: The type II insulin-like growth factor receptor does not mediate deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in human fibroblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:1142-1149, 1987
11. Kiess W, Haskell JF, Lee L, Greenstein LA, Miller, BE, Aarons AL, Rechler MM, Nissley SP: An anti-body that blocks insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding to the type II receptor is neither an agonist nor an inhibitor of IGF-stimulated biological responses in L6 myoblasts. J Biol Chem 262:12745-12751, 1987
12. Morrione A, Valentinis B, Xu SQ, Yumet G, Louvi A, Efstratiadis A, Baserga R: Insulin-like growth factor II stimulates cell proliferation through the insulin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3777-3782, 1997
13. Lau MMH, Stewart CEH, Liu Z, Bhatt H, Rotwein P, Stewart CL: Loss of imprinted IGF2/cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor results in fetal overgrowth and perinatal lethality. Genes Dev 8: 2953-2963, 1994
14. Ludwig T, Eggenschwiler J, Fisher P, D'Ercole AJ, Davenport ML, Efstratiadis A: Mouse mutants lacking the type 2 IGF receptor (IGF2R) are rescued from perinatal lethality in Igf2 and Igf1r null backgrounds. Dev Biol 177:517-535, 1996
15. Ludwig T, LeBorgne R, Hoflack B: Roles for mannose 6-phosphate receptors in lysosomal enzyme sorting, IGF-II binding and clathrin-coat assembly. Trends Cell Biol 5:202-206, 1995
16. Liu JP, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A: Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and type I IGF receptor (IGFr). Cell 75:59-72, 1993
17. Backer J, Liu JP, Robertson E, Efstratiadis A: Role of insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and postnatal growth. Cell 75:73-82, 1993
18. Ullric A, Schlessinger J: Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. Cell 61:203-212, 1990
19. Hanks SK, Quinn AM, Hunter T: The protein kinase family: conserved features and deduced phytogeny of the catalytic domains. Science 241:42-52, 1988
20. Bhaumick B, Bala RM, Hollenberg MD: Somatomedin receptor of human placenta: solubilization, photolabeling, partial purification and comparison with insulin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 4279-4283, 1981
21. Ullrich A, Gray A, Tam AW, Yang-Feng T, Tsubokawa M, Collins C, Henzel W, Le Bon T, Kathuria S, Chen E, Jacobs S, Francke U, Ramachandran J, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y: Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin receptor suggests determinants that define functional specificity. EMBO J 5:2503-2512, 1986
22. Abbot AM, Bueno R, Pedrini MT, Murray JM, Smith RJ: Insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene structure. J Biol Chem 267:10759-10763, 1992
23. Chernausek SJ, Jacobs S, Van Wyk JJ: Structural similarities between human receptors for somatomedin C and insulin: Analysis by affinity labeling. Biochemistry 20:7345-7350, 1981
24. Kasuga M, Van Obberghen E, Nissley SP, Rechler MM: Demonstration of two subtypes of insulin-like growth factor receptors by affinity crosslinking. J Biol Chem 256:5305-5308, 1981
25. Massagué J, Czech MP: The subunit structure of two distinct receptors for insulin-like growth factors I and II and their relationships to insulin receptor. J Biol Chem 257:5038-5045, 1982
26. Werner H, Stannard B, Bach MA, LeRoith D, Roberts CT Jr: Cloning and characterization of the proximal promoter region of the rat insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 169:1021-1027, 1990
27. Pedrini MT, Giorgino F, Smith RJ: cDNA cloning of the rat IGF I receptors: structural analysis of rat and human IGF I and insulin receptors reveals differences in alternative splicing and receptor-specific domain conservation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 202:1038-1046, 1994
28. Werner H, Woloschak M, Adamo M, Shen OZ, Roberts CJ Jr, LeRoith D: Developmental regulation of the rat insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7451-7455, 1989
29. Bondy C, Werner H, Roberts CJ Jr, LeRoith D: Cellular pattern of type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor gene expression during maturation of the rat brain: comparison with insulin-like growth factors I and II. Neuroscience 46:909-923, 1992
30. Lowe WJ, Adamo M, Werner H, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Regulation by fasting of rat insulin-like growth factor I and its receptor. Effects on gene expression and binding. J Clin Invest 84:619-626, 1989
31. Olchovsky D, Song J, Gelato MC, Sherwood J, Spatola E, Bruno JF, Berelowitz M: Pituitary and hypothalamic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor expression in food-deprived rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 93:193-198, 1993
32. Matsumura Y, Domeki M, Sugahara K, Kubo T, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D, Kato H: Nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mRNA levels in growing chickens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60:979-982, 1996
33. Ziegler TR, Almahfouz A, Pedrini MT, Smith RJ: A comparison of rat small intestinal insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors during fasting and refeeding. Endocrinology 136:5148-5154, 1995
34. LeRoith D, Werner H, Neuenschwander S, Kalebic T, Helman LJ: The role of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 766: 402-408, 1995
35. Werner H, Shen Orr Z, Stannard B, Burguera B, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Experimental diabetes increases insulin-like growth factor I and II receptor concentration and gene expression in kidney. Diabetes 39:1490-1497, 1990
36. Bornfeldt KE, Skottner A, Arnqvist HJ: In vivo regulation of messenger RNA encoding insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its receptor by diabetes, insulin and IGF-I in rat muscle. J Endocrinol 135: 203-211, 1992
37. Adashi EY, Resnick CE, Hernandez ER, Svoboda ME, van Wyck JJ: In vivo regulation of granulosa cell somatomedin C/insulin-like growth factor I receptors. Endocrinology 122:1383-1389,1988
38. Lin T, Blaisdell J, Haskell JF: Hormonal regulation of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptors of Leydig cells in hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 123:134-139, 1988
39. Goldfine ID, Papa V, Vigneri R, Siiteri P, Rosenthal S: Progestin regulation of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors in cultured human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 22:69-79, 1992
40. Hernandez ER: Regulation of the genes for insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and II and their receptors by steroids and gonadotropins in the ovary. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:219-221, 1995
41. Daws MR, Westley BR, May FE: Paradoxical effects of overexpression of the type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor on the responsiveness of human breast cancer cells to IGFs and estradiol. Endocrinology 137:1177-1186, 1996
42. van der Berg HW, Claffie D, Boylan M, McKillen J, Lynch M, McKibben B: Expression of receptors for epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I by ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell variants is inversely related: the effect of steroid hormones on insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression. Br J Cancer 73:477-482, 1996
43. Clarke RB, Howell A, Anderson E: Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor gene expression in normal human breast tissue treated with oestrogen and progesterone. Br J Cancer 75:251-257, 1997
44. Moreno B, Rodriguez MJ, Perez CA, Santos A: Thyroid hormone controls the expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene at different levels in lung and heart of developing and adult rats. Endocrinology 138:1194-1203, 1997
45. Du J, Meng XP, Delafontaine P: Transcriptional regulation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene: evidence for protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways. Endocrinology 137:1378-1384, 1996
46. Hernandez Sanchez C, Werner H, Roberts CT Jr, Woo EJ, Hum DW, Rosenthal SM, LeRoith D: Differential regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor gene expression by IGF-I and basic fibroblastic growth factor. J Biol Chem 272:4663-4670, 1997
47. Rosenthal SM, Brown EJ, Brunetti A, Goldfine ID: Fibroblast growth factor inhibits insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) gene expression and increases IGF-I receptor abundance in BC3H-1 muscle cells. Mol Endocrinol 5:678-684, 1991
48. Travali S, Reiss K, Ferber A, Petralia S, Mercer WE, Calabretta B, Baserga R: Constitutively expressed c-myb abrogates the requirement for insulin-like growth factor 1 in 3T3 fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 11:731-736, 1991
49. Michalovitz D, Halevy O, Oren M: Conditional inhibition of transformation and of cell proliferation by a temperature-sensitive mutant of p53. Cell 62: 671-680, 1990
50. Reiss K, Ferber A, Travali S, Porcu P, Phillips PD, Baserga, R: The protooncogene c-myb increases the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor messenger RNAs by a transcriptional mechanism. Cancer Res 51:5997-6000, 1991
51. Kim SO, Park JG, Lee YI: Increased expression of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines: implications of IGF-I receptor gene activation by hepatitis B virus X gene product. Cancer Res 56:3831-3836, 1996
52. Porcu P, Ferber A, Pietrzkowski Z, Roberts CT Jr, Adamo M, LeRoith D, Baserga R: The growth-stimulatory effect of simian virus 40 T antigen requires the interaction of insulin-like growth factor 1 with its receptor. Mol Cell Biol 12:5069-5077, 1992
53. Porcu P, Grana X, Li S, Swantek J, De LA, Giordano A, Baserga R: An E2F binding sequence negatively regulates the response of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) promoter to simian virus 40T antigen and to serum. Oncogene 9:2125-2134, 1994
54. Werner H, Shen OZ, Rauscher FJ III, Morris JF, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Inhibition of cellular proliferation by the Wilms' tumor suppressor WT1 is associated with suppression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 15: 3516-3522, 1995
55. Werner H, Roberts CT Jr, Rauscher FJ III, LeRoith D: Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene expression by the Wilms' tumor suppressor WT1. J Mol Neurosci 7:111-123, 1996
56. Werner H, Karnieli E, Rauscher FJ III, LeRoith D: Wild-type and mutant p53 differentially regulate transcription of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:8318-8323, 1996
57. Kim SW, Lajara R, Rotwein P: Structure and function of a human insulin-like growth factor-I gene promoter. Mol Endocrinol 5:1964-1972, 1991
58. Werner H, Bach MA, Stannard B, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Structural and functional analysis of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene promoter. Mol Endocrinol 6:1545-1558, 1992
59. Werner H, Hernandez SC, Karnieli E, LeRoith D: The regulation of IGF-I receptor gene expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 27:987-994, 1995
60. Werner H, Stannard B, Bach MA, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene expression in normal and pathological states. Adv Exp Med Biol 293:263-272, 1991
61. Cooke DW, Bankert LA, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D, Casella SJ: Analysis of the human type I insulin-like growth factor receptor promoter region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177:1113-1120, 1991
62. Mamula PW, Goldfine ID: Cloning and characterization of the human insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene 5' flanking region. DNA Cell Biol 11: 43-50, 1992
63. Beitner JD, Werner H, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene expression by Sp1: physical and functional interactions of Sp1 at GC boxes and at a CT element. Mol Endocrinol 9:1147-1156, 1995
64. Werner H, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: The regulation of IGF-I receptor gene expression by positive and negative zinc-finger transcription factors. Adv Exp Med Biol 343:91-103, 1993
65. Rubini M, Werner H, Gandini E, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D, Baserga R: Platelet-derived growth factor increases the activity of the promoter of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor gene. Exp Cell Res 211:374-379, 1994
66. Zhang L, Kashanchi F, Zhan Q, Zhan S, Brady JN, Fornace AJ, Seth P, Helman LJ: Regulation of insulin-like growth factor II P3 promotor by p53: a potential mechanism for tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 56:1367-1373, 1996
67. Webster NJ, Resnik JL, Reichart DB, Strauss B, Haas M, Seely BL: Repression of the insulin receptor promoter by the tumor suppressor gene product p53: a possible mechanism for receptor overexpression in breast cancer. Cancer Res 56:2781-2788, 1996
68. Buckbinder L, Talbott R, Velasco-Miguel S, Takenaka I, Faha B, Seizinger BR, Kley N: Induction of the growth inhibitor IGF-binding protein 3 by p53. Nature 377:646-649, 1995
69. Werner H, Rauscher FJ III, Sukhatme VP, Drummond IA, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Transcriptional repression of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-I-R) gene by the tumor suppressor WT1 involves binding to sequences both upstream and downstream of the IGF-I-R gene transcription start site. J Biol Chem 269:12577-12582, 1994
70. Rauscher FJ III: The WT1 Wilms tumor gene product: a developmentally regulated transcription factor in the kidney that functions as a tumor suppressor. Faseb J 7:896-903, 1993
71. Rauscher FJ III: Chromosome translocation-mediated conversion of a tumor suppressor gene into a dominant oncogene: fusion of EWS1 to WT1 in desmoplastic small round cell tumors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 220:151-162, 1997
72. Karnieli E, Werner H, Rauscher FJ III, Benjamin LE, LeRoith D: The IGF-I receptor gene promoter is a molecular target for the Ewing's sarcoma-Wilms' tumor 1 fusion protein. J Biol Chem 271: 19304-19309, 1996
73. Dong G, Rajah R, Vu T, Hoffman AR, Rosenfeld RG, Roberts CT Jr, Peehl DM, Cohen P: Decreased expression of Wilms' tumor gene WT-1 and elevated expression of insulin growth factor-II (IGF-II) and type 1 IGF receptor genes in prostatic stromal cells from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2198-2203, 1997
74. Jacobs S, Kull FSV, Cuatrecasas P: Monensin blocks the maturation of receptors for insulin and somatomedin C: identification of receptor precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:1128-1131, 1983
75. Duronio V, Jacobs S, Romero PA, Herscovics A: Effects of inhibitors of N-linked oligosaccharide processing on the biosynthesis and function of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptors. J Biol Chem 263:5436-5445, 1988
76. Schumacher R, Mosthaf L, Schlessinger J, Brandenburg D, Ullrich A: Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 binding specificity is determined by distinct regions of their cognate receptors. J Biol Chem 266: 19288-19295, 1991
77. Kjeldsen T, Andersen AS, Wiberg FC, Rasmussen JS, Schaffer L, Balschmidt P, Moller KB, Moller NP: The ligand specificities of the insulin receptor and the insulin-like growth factor I receptor reside in different regions of a common binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4404-4408, 1991
78. Zhang B, Roth RA: Binding properties of chimeric insulin receptors containing the cysteine-rich domain of either the insulin-like growth factor I receptor or the insulin receptor related receptor. Biochemistry 30:5113-5117, 1991
79. Gustafson TA, Rutter WJ: The cysteine-rich domains of the insulin-like growth factor I receptors are primary determinants of hormone binding specificity. Evidence from receptor chimeras. J Biol Chem 265:18663-18667, 1990
80. Andersen AS, Kjeldsen T, Wiberg FC, Christensen PM, Rasmussen JS, Norris K, Moller KB, Moller NP: Changing the insulin receptor to possess insulin-like growth factor I ligand specificity. Biochemistry 29:7363-7366, 1990
81. Kato H, Faria TN, Stannard B, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Role of tyrosine kinase activity in signal transduction by the insulin-like growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 268:2655-2661, 1992
82. Yee D, Lebovic GS, Marcus RR, Rosen N: Identification of an alternate type I insulin-like growth factor receptor beta subunit mRNA transcript. J Biol Chem 264:21439-21441, 1989
83. Condorelli G, Bueno R, Smith RJ: Two alternatively spliced forms of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor have distinct biological activities and internalization kinetics. J Biol Chem 269:8510-8516, 1994
84. Ota A, Wilson GL, LeRoith D: Insulin-like growth factor receptors in neuroblastoma cells: two β-subunits are derived from differences in glycosylation. Eur J Biochem 174:521-530, 1988
85. Gammeltoft S, Ballotti R, Kowalski A, Westermark B, Van Obberghen E: Expression of two types of receptors for insulin-like growth factors in human malignant glioma. Cancer Res 48:1233-1237, 1988
86. Burgess SK, Jacobs S, Cuatrecasas P, Sahyoun N: Characterization of a neuronal subtype of insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J Biol Chem 262:1618-1622, 1987
87. Alexandrides TK, Chen J-H, Bueno R, Giorgino F, Smith RJ: Evidence for two insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors with distinct primary structure that are differentially expressed during development. Reg Peptides 48:279-290, 1993
88. Gammeltoft S, Ballotti R, Nielsen FC, Kowalski A, Van Obberghen E: Receptors for insulin-like growth factors in the central nervous system: structure and function. Horm Metab Res 20:436-442, 1988
89. Moss AM, Livingston JN: Distinct beta subunits are present in hybrid insulin-like growth factor I receptors in the central nervous system. Biochem J 294:685-692, 1993
90. Mascotti F, Caceres A, Pfenninger KH, Quiroga S: Expression and distribution of IGF-1 receptors containing a beta-subunit variant (betagc) in developing neurons. J Neurosci 17:1447-1459, 1997
91. Burant CF, Treutelaar MK, Aleen KD, Sens DA, Buse MG: Comparison of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors from rat skeletal muscle and L6 myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 147:100-107, 1987
92. Kellere M, Obermaier-Kusser B, Ermel B, Wallner U, Haring HU, Petrides PE: An altered IGF-I receptor is present in human leukemic cells. J Biol Chem 265:9340-9345, 1990
93. Garofalo RS, Barenton B: Functional and immunological distinction between insulin-like growth factor I receptor subtypes in KB cells. J Biol Chem 267: 11470-11475, 1992
94. Siddle K, Soos MA, Field CE, Nave BT: Hybrid and atypical insulin/insulin-like growth factor I receptors. Horm Res 41:56-65, 1994
95. Federici M, Porzio O, Zucaro L, Fusco A, Borboni P, Lauro D, Sesti G: Distribution of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I hybrid receptors in human tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 129:121-126, 1997
96. Bailyes EM, Naveacute BT, Soos MA, Orr SR, Hayward AC, Siddle K: Insulin receptor/IGF-I receptor hybrids are widely distributed in mammalian tissues: quantification of individual receptor species by selective immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Biochem J 327:209-215, 1997
97. Garrouste FL, Remacle BM, Lehmann MM, Marvaldi JL, Pommier GJ: Up-regulation of insulin/ insulin-like growth factor-I hybrid receptors during differentiation of HT29-D4 human colonie carcinoma cells. Endocrinology 138:2021-2032, 1997
98. Gual P, Baron V, Alengrin F, Van Obberghen E: A conformational change in the beta-subunit of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor identified by antipeptide antibodies. Endocrinology 136:5298-5304, 1995
99. Takahashi K, Yonezawa K, Nishimoto I: Insulin-like growth factor I receptor activated by a transmembrane mutation. J Biol Chem 270:19041-19045, 1995
100. Ikari N, Yoshino H, Moses AC, Flier JS: Evidence that receptor aggregation may play a role in transmembrane signaling through the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2:831-837, 1988
101. Sasaki N, Rees-Jones RW, Zick Y, Nissley SP, Rachler MM: Characterization of insulin-like growth factor stimulated tyrosine kinase activity associated with the β subunit of type I insulin-like growth factor receptors of rat liver cells. J Biol Chem 260:9793-9804, 1985
102. Feltz SM, Swanson ML, Wemmie JA, Pessin JE: Functional properties of an isolated alpha-beta heterodimeric human placenta insulin-like growth factor I receptor complex. Biochemistry 27:3234-3242, 1988
103. Tollefsen SE, Thompson K, Petersen DJ: Separation of the high affinity insulin-like growth factor I receptor from low-affinity binding sites by affinity chromatography. J Biol Chem 262:16461-16469, 1987
104. Treadway JL, Morrison BD, Soos MA, Siddle K, Olefsky J, Ullrich A, McClain DA, Pessin JE: Trans-dominant inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity in mutant insulin/insulin-like growth factor I hybrid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Svi USA 88:214-218, 1991
105. Treadway JL, Frattali AL, Pessin JE: Intramolecular subunit interactions between insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 alpha beta half-receptors induced by ligand and Mn/MgATP binding. Biochemistry 31: 11801-11805, 1992
106. Langlois WJ, Sasaoka T, Yip CC, Olefsky JM: Functional characterization of hybrid receptors composed of a truncated insulin receptor and wild type insulin-like growth factor I or insulin receptors. Endocrinology 136:1978-1986, 1995
107. Takata Y, Kobayashi M: Insulin-like growth factor I signalling through heterodimers of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors. Diabetes Metab 20:31-36, 1994
108. Myers MJ Jr, Sun XJ, White MF: The IRS-1 signaling system. Trends Biochem Sci 19:289-293, 1994
109. Myers MJ Jr, White MF: Insulin signal transduction and the IRS proteins. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36:615-658, 1996
110. Kadowaki T, Tobe K, Honda YR, Tamemoto H, Kaburagi Y, Momomura K, Ueki K, Takahashi Y, Yamauchi T, Akanuma Y, Yazaki Y: Signal transduction mechanism of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1. Endocr J S33-41, 1996
111. Sun XJ, Rothenberg P, Kahn CR, Backer JM, Araki E, Wilden PA, Cahill DA, Goldstein BJ, White MF: Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 defines a unique signal transduction protein. Nature 352:73-77, 1991
112. Araki E, Lipes MA, Patti ME, Bruning JC, Haag BR, Johnson RS, Kahn CR: Alternative pathway of insulin signalling in mice with targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene. Nature 372:186-190, 1994
113. Sun XJ, Wang LM, Zhang Y, Yenush L, Myers MJ Jr, Glasheen E, Lane WS, Pierce JH, White MF: Role of IRS-2 in insulin and cytokine signalling. Nature 377:173-177, 1995
114. Lowenstein EJ, Daly RJ, Batzer AG, Li W, Margolis B, Lammers R, Ullrich A, Skolnik EY, Bar-Sagi D, Schlessinger J: The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB 2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell 70:431-442, 1992
115. Li N, Batzer A, Daly R, Yajnik V, Skolnik E, Chardin P, Bar-Saji D, Margolis B, Schlessinger J: Guanine nucleotide releasing factor hSos1 binds to GRB 2 and links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signalling. Nature 363:88-92, 1993
116. Skolnik EY, Batzer A, Li N, Lee CN, Lowenstein E, Mohammadi M, Margolis B, Schlessinger J: The function of GRB2 in linking the insulin receptor to ras signalling pathways. Science 260:1953-1955, 1993
117. Medema RH, Bos JL: The role of p21ras in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Crit Rev Oncog 4:615-661, 1993
118. Margolis B: The GRB family of SH2 domain proteins. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 62:223-244, 1994
119. Yamauchi K, Pessin JE: Insulin receptor substrate-I (IRS1) and SHC compete for a limited pool of GRB2 in mediating insulin downstream signaling. J Biol Chem 269:31107-31114, 1994
120. Giorgetti S, Pelicci PG, Pelicci G, Van Obberghen E: Involvement of Src-homology/collagen (SHC) proteins in signaling through the insulin receptor and the insulin-like-growth-factor-I receptor. Eur J Biochem 223:195-202, 1994
121. Uddin S, Yetter A, Katzav S, Hofmann C, White MF, Platanias LC: Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the vav proto-oncogene product. Exp Hematol 24:622-627, 1996
122. Beitner JD, LeRoith D: Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous c-Crk. J Biol Chem 270:5187-5190, 1995
123. Hansen H, Svensson U, Zhu J, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Wolf G, Smith RJ, Riedel H: Interaction between the Grb10 SH2 domain and the insulin receptor carboxyl terminus. J Biol Chem 271:8882-8886, 1996
124. Dey BR, Frick K, Lopaczynski W, Nissley SP, Furlanetto RW: Evidence for the direct interaction of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor with IRS-1, Shc, and Grb10. Mol Endocrinol 10:631-641, 1996
125. Laviola L, Giorgino F, Chow JC, Baquero JA, Hansen H, Ooi J, Zhu J, Riedel H, Smith RJ: The adapter protein Grb10 associates preferentially with the insulin receptor as compared with the IGF-I receptor in mouse fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 99:830-837, 1997
126. Tartare DS, Murdaca J, Sawka VD, Holt KH, Pessin JE, Van Obberghen E: Interaction of the molecular weight 85 kDa regulatory subunit of the phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase with the insulin receptor and the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) receptor: comparative study using the yeast two-hybrid system. Endocrinology 137:1019-1024, 1996
127. Rocchi S, Tartare Deckert S, Sawka Verhelle D, Gamha A, van Obberghen E: Interaction of SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 with the insulin receptor and the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor: studies of the domains involved using the yeast two-hybrid system. Endocrinology 137:4944-4952, 1996
128. Gronborg M, Wulff BS, Rasmussen JS, Kjeldsen T, Gammeltoft S: Structure-function relationship of the insulin-like growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 268:23435-23451, 1990
129. Kato H, Faria TN, Stannard B, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Essential role of tyrosine residues 1131, 1135 and 1136 of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor in IGF-I action. Mol Endocrinol 8:40-50, 1994
130. Hernandez-Sanchez C, Blakesley V, Kalebic T, Helman L, LeRoith D: The role of the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in intracellular signaling, cellular proliferation, and tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 270:29176-29181, 1995
131. Yamasaki H, Prager D, Gebremedhin S, Melmed S: Human insulin-like growth factor I receptor 950 tyrosine is required for somatotroph growth factor signal transduction. J Biol Chem 267:20953-20958, 1992
132. Kaliman P, Baron V, Gautier N, Van Obberghen E: Antipeptide antibody to the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor sequence 1232-1246 inhibits the receptor kinase activity. J Biol Chem 267:10645-10651, 1992
133. Backer JM, Shoelson SE, Haring E, White MF: Insulin receptors internalize by a rapid, saturable pathway requiring receptor autophosphorylation and an intact juxtamembrane region. J Cell Biol 115: 1535-1545, 1991
134. Backer JM, Schroeder GG, Cahill DA, Ullrich A, Siddle K, White MF: Cytoplasmic juxtamembrane region of the insulin receptor: a critical role in ATP binding, endogenous substrate phosphorylation, and insulin-stimulated bioeffects in CHO cells. Biochemistry 30:6366-6372, 1991
135. Gronborg M, Wulff BS, Rasmussen JS, Kjeldsen T, Gammeltoft S: Structure-function relationship of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 268:23435-23440, 1993
136. Yamasaki H, Prager D, Melmed S: Structure-function of the human insulin-like growth factor-I receptor: a discordance of somatotroph internalization and signaling. Mol Endocrinol 7:681-685, 1993
137. Stannard B, Blakesley V, Kato H, Roberts CJ Jr, LeRoith D: Single tyrosine substitution in the insulin-like growth factor I receptor inhibits ligand-induced receptor autophosphorylation and internalization, but not mitogenesis. Endocrinology 136: 4918-4924, 1995
138. Prager D, Li HL, Yamasaki H, Melmed S: Human insulin-like growth factor I receptor internalization. Role of the juxtamembrane domain. J Biol Chem 269:11934-11937, 1994
139. Hsu D, Knudson PE, Zapf A, Rolband G, Olefsky JM: NPXY motif in the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor is required for efficient ligand-mediated receptor internalization and biological signaling. Endocrinology 134:744-750, 1994
140. Thies RS, Webster NJ, McClain DA: A domain of the insulin receptor required for endocytosis in rat fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 265:10132-10137, 1990
141. Backer JM, Kahn CR, Cahill DA, Ullrich A, White MF: Receptor-mediated internalization of insulin requires a 12-amino acid sequence in the juxta-membrane region of the insulin receptor beta-subunit. J Biol Chem 265:16450-16454, 1990
142. Rajagopalan M, Neidigh JL, McClain DA: Amino acid sequences Gly-Pro-Leu-Tyr and Asn-Pro-Glu-Tyr in the submembranous domain of the insulin receptor are required for normal endocytosis. J Biol Chem 266:23068-23073, 1991
143. Poggi C, Le M, Brustel Y, Zapf J, Froesch ER, Freychet P: Effects and binding of insulin-like growth factor I in the isolated soleus muscle of lean and obese mice: comparison with insulin. Endocrinology 105:723-730, 1979
144. Mamounas M, Gervin D, Englesberg E: The insulin receptor as a transmitter of a mitogenic signal in Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9294-9298, 1989
145. Flier JS, Usher P, Moses AC: Monoclonal antibody to the type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) receptor blocks IGF-I receptor-mediated DNA synthesis: clarification of the mitogenic mechanisms of IGF-I and insulin in human skin fibroblast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:664-668, 1986
146. Verspohl EJ, Maddux BA, Goldfine ID: Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I regulate the same biological functions in HepG2 cells via their own specific receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:169-174, 1988
147. Blakesley VA, Scrimgeour A, Esposito D, LeRoith D: Signaling via the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor: does it differ from insulin receptor signaling? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 7:153-159, 1996
148. LeRoith D, Sampson PC, Roberts CT Jr: How does the mitogenic insulin-like growth factor differ from the metabolic insulin receptor? Horm Res 41:74-78, 1994
149. Kaleko M, Rutter WJ, Miller AD: Overexpression of the human insulin-like growth factor I receptor promotes ligand-dependent neoplastic transformation. Mol Cell Biol 10:464-473, 1990
150. Sell C, Dumenil G, Deveaud C, Miura M, Coppola D, DeAngelis T, Rubin R, Efstratiadis A, Baserga R: Effect of a null mutation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene on growth and transformation of mouse embryo fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 14: 3604-3612, 1994
151. Coppola D, Ferber A, Miura M, Sell C, D'Ambrosio C, Rubin RA, Baserga R: A functional IGF-receptor is required for the mitogenic and transforming activities of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mol Cell Biol 14:4588-4595, 1994
152. McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Mayo MW, Algate PA, Dellow RA, Kaleko M: Growth-promoting effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on hematopoietic cells: overexpression of introduced IGF-I receptor abrogates interleukin-2 dependency of murine factor-dependent cells by a ligand-dependent mechanism. Blood 78:921-929, 1991
153. Pietrzkowski Z, Lammers R, Carpenter G, Soderquist AM, Limardo M, Philips PD, Ullrich A, Baserga R: Constitutive expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor abrogates all requirements for exogenous growth factors. Cell Growth Diff 3:199-205, 1992
154. Liu D, Zong CS, Wang LH: Distinctive effects of the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor on its signaling functions. J Virol 67:6835-6840, 1993
155. Surmacz E, Sell C, Swantek J, Kato H, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D, Baserga, R: Dissociation of mitogenesis and transforming activity by C-terminal truncation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Exp Cell Res 218:370-380, 1995
156. Morrione A, DeAngelis T, Baserga R: Failure of the bovine papillomavirus to transform mouse embryo fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor genes. J Virol 69:5300-5303, 1995
157. DeAngelis T, Ferber A, Baserga R: Insulin-like growth factor I receptor is required for the mitogenic and transforming activities of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. J Cell Physiol 164:214-221, 1995
158. Tartare S, Mothe I, Kowalski CA, Breittmayer JP, Ballotti R, Van Obberghen E: Signal transduction by a chimeric insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor having the carboxyl-terminal domain of the insulin receptor. J Biol Chem 269:11449-11455, 1994
159. Lammers R, Gray A, Schlessinger J, Ullrich A: Differential signalling potential of insulin-and IGF-I-receptorcytoplasmic domains. EMBO J 8:1369-1375, 1989
160. Faria TN, Blakesley VA, Kato H, Stannard B, LeRoith D, Roberts CT Jr: Role of the carboxyl-terminal domains of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors in receptor function. J Biol Chem 269:13922-13928, 1994
161. Mothe I, Tartare S, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Kaliman P, Van Obberghen E, Ballotti R: Tyrosine kinase activity of a chimeric insulin-like-growth-factor-1 receptor containing the insulin receptor C-terminal domain. Comparison with the tyrosine kinase activities of the insulin and insulin-like-growth-factor-1 receptors using a cell-free system. Eur J Biochem 228:842-848, 1995
162. Kato H, Faria TN, Stannard B, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Role of tyrosine kinase activity in signal transduction by the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor. Characterization of kinase-deficient IGF-I receptors and the action of an IGF-I-mimetic antibody (alpha IR-3). J Biol Chem 268:2655-2661, 1993
163. Li S, Ferber A, Miura M, Baserga R: Mitogenicity and transforming activity of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor with mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain. J Biol Chem 269:32558-32564, 1994
164. Jiang Y, Chan JL, Zong CS, Wang LH: Effect of tyrosine mutations on the kinase activity and transforming potential of an oncogenic human insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J Biol Chem 271:160-167, 1996
165. Miura M, Li S, Baserga R: Effect of a mutation at tyrosine 950 of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor on the growth and transformation of cells. Cancer Res 55:663-667, 1995
166. O'Connor R, Kauffmann ZA, Liu Y, Lehar S, Evan GI, Baserga R, Blattler WA: Identification of domains of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor that are required for protection from apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 17:427-435, 1997
167. Blakesley VA, Kalebic T, Helman LJ, Stannard B, Faria TN, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Tumorigenic and mitogenic capacities are reduced in transfected fibroblasts expressing mutant insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors. The role of tyrosine residues 1250, 1251, and 1316 in the carboxy-terminus of the IGF-I receptor. Endocrinology 137: 410-417, 1996
168. Esposito DL, Blakesley VA, Koval AP, Scrimgeour AG, LeRoith D: Tyrosine residues in the C-terminal domain of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mediate mitogenic and tumorigenic signals. Endocrinology 138:2979-2988, 1997
169. Miura M, Surmacz E, Burgaud JL, Baserga R: Different effects on mitogenesis and transformation of a mutation at tyrosine 1251 of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J Biol Chem 270:22639-22644, 1995
170. Li S, Resnicoff M, Baserga R: Effect of mutations at serines 1280-1283 on the mitogenic and transforming activities of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J Biol Chem 271:12254-12260, 1996
171. Hongo A, D'Ambrosio C, Miura M, Morrione A, Baserga R: Mutational analysis of the mitogenic and transforming activities of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Oncogene 12:1231-1238, 1996
172. Craparo A, Freund R, Gustafson TA: 14-3-3 (epsilon) interacts with the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and insulin receptor substrate I in a phosphoserine-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 272: 11663-11669, 1997
173. Blakesley VA, Kato H, Roberts CJ Jr, LeRoith D: Mutation of a conserved amino acid residue (tryptophan 1173) in the tyrosine kinase domain of the IGF-I receptor abolishes autophosphorylation but does not eliminate biologic function. J Biol Chem 270: 2764-2769, 1995
174. Prager D, Li HL, Asa S, Melmed S: Dominant negative inhibition of tumorigenesis in vivo by human insulin-like growth factor I receptor mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2181-2185, 1994.