Genetic control of plant development

Current Opinion in Biotechnology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 189-195

  McSteen, Paula ^a   Hake, Sarah ^a  

^a WESTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENE FUNCTION; GENETIC REGULATION; GROWTH INHIBITION; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; ORGANOGENESIS; PLANT; PLANT GROWTH; PLANT LEAF; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0031898168     PISSN: 09581669     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0958-1669(98)80114-6     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Steeves T, Sussex I. Patterns in Plant Development. 1989;Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
2. Nougarede A. Chrysanthemum segetum. Halevy AH. CRC Handbook of Flowering. 6:1989;196-227 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
3. Weigel D. The genetics of flower development: from floral induction to ovule morphogenesis. Annu Rev Genet. 29:1995;19-39.
4. Yanofsky MF. Floral meristems to floral organs - genes controlling early events in Arabidopsis flower development. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 46:1995;167-188.
5. Clark SE, Williams RW, Meyerowitz EM. The CLAVATA1 gene encodes a putative receptor kinase that controls shoot and floral meristem size in Arabidopsis. of outstanding interest Cell. 89:1997;575-585 CLV1 is a major player in the control of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in shoot and floral meristems. In this paper, CLV1 was cloned by chromosome walking and shown to encode a putative receptor kinase of the LRR class. This is the first molecular evidence that kinase signaling is required for the balance in meristem functions.
6. Clark SE, Running MP, Meyerowitz EM. CLAVATA1, a regulator of meristem and flower development in Arabidopsis. Development. 119:1993;397-418.
7. Williams RW, Wilson JM, Meyerowitz EM. A possible role for kinase-associated protein phosphatase in the Arabidopsis CLAVATA1 signaling pathway. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;10467-10472 This paper provides the first biochemical evidence that CLV1 acts as a kinase and, furthermore, identifies a phosphatase (KAPP) which may be involved in negative regulation of CLV1 signaling.
8. Walker JC. Receptor-like protein kinase genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 3:1993;451-456.
9. Laux T, Mayer KFX, Berger J, Jurgens G. The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis. Development. 122:1996;87-96.
10. Clark SE, Running MP, Meyerowitz EM. CLAVATA3 is a specific regulator of shoot and floral meristem development affecting the same processes as CLAVATA1. Development. 121:1995;2057-2067.
11. Long JA, Moan EI, Medford JI, Barton MK. A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the STM gene of Arabidopsis. Nature. 379:1996;66-69.
12. Barton MK, Poethig RS. Formation of the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana: an analysis of the development in the wild-type and in the shoot meristemless mutant. Development. 119:1993;823-831.
13. Clark SE, Jacobsen SE, Levin JZ, Meyerowitz EM. The CLAVATA and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS loci competitively regulate meristem activity in Arabidopsis. of special interest Development. 122:1996;1567-1575 Double mutant analysis which shows that CLV1 and STM play opposing roles in the balance between maintenance and organogenesis in shoot and floral meristems.
14. Endrizzi K, Moussian B, Haecker A, Levin JZ, Laux T. The SHOOT MERISTEMLESS gene is required for maintenace of undifferentiated cells in Arabidopsis shoot and floral meristems and acts at a different regulatory level than the meristem genes WUSCHEL and ZWILLE. of special interest Plant J. 10:1996;101-103 A nice description of weak and intermediate alleles of stm which emphasize the role of STM in meristem maintenance.
15. Kerstetter RA, Laudencia-Chingcuanco D, Smith LG, Hake S. Loss of function mutations in the maize homeobox gene, knotted1, are defective in shoot meristem maintenance. of outstanding interest Development. 124:1997;3045-3054 Loss of function alleles of knotted1 were isolated by EMS mutagenesis of a dominant transposon-induced allele. The phenotype of fewer branches in the tassel and fewer spikelets in the tassel and ear implies that kn1 is required for inflorescence meristem maintenance. This paper is of interest as it clarifies the role of kn1 which had previously been inferred only from gain of function experiments.
16. Hake S, Vollbrecht E, Freeling M. Cloning Knotted, the dominant morphological mutant in maize using Ds2 as a transposon tag. EMBO J. 8:1989;15-22.
17. Vollbrecht E, Veit B, Sinha N, Hake S. The developmental gene Knotted-1 is a member of a maize homeobox gene family. Nature. 350:1991;241-243.
18. Mena M, Ambrose BA, Meeley RB, Briggs SP, Yanofsky MF, Schmidt RJ. Diversification of C-function activity in maize flower development. of special interest Science. 274:1996;1537-1540 The maize TUSC system (a PCR based screen for transposon induced mutants) was used to isolate mutants in zag1, the maize homologue of AGAMOUS. Surprisingly, the phenotype was only visible in the female inflorescence and was less severe than the phenotype of ag in Arabidopsis. It is proposed that this is due to redundancy with a related gene, zmm2.
19. Yanofsky MF, Ma H, Bowman JL, Drews GN, Feldmann KA, Meyerowitz EM. The protein encoded by the Arabidopsis homeotic gene agamous resembles transcription factors. Nature. 346:1990;35-39.
20. Sieburth LE, Running MP, Meyerowitz EM. Genetic separation of third and fourth whorl functions of AGAMOUS. Plant Cell. 7:1995;1249-1258.
21. Mizukami Y, Ma H. Separation of AG function in floral meristem determinacy from that in reproductive identity by expressing antisense AG RNA. Plant Mol Biol. 28:1995;767-784.
22. Goodrich J, Puangsomlee P, Martin M, Long D, Meyerowitz EM, Coupland G. A Polycomb-group gene regulates homeotic gene expression in Arabidopsis. of outstanding interest Nature. 386:1997;44-51 CURLY LEAF is a negative regulator of AGAMOUS in Arabidopsis vegetative and reproductive development. In this paper, CLF was cloned by transposon tagging and shown to share homology with Polycomb group genes of Drosophila who also function to maintain transcriptional repression of homeotic genes. This is the first example of a Polycomb group gene from plants and further demonstrates that conserved mechanisms of gene regulation operate during development in both plants and animals.
23. Coen ES, Nugent JM. Evolution of flowers and inflorescences. Development. 120:1994;107-116. (suppl).
24. Bradley D, Carpenter R, Copsey L, Vincent C, Rothstein S, Coen E. Control of inflorescence architecture in Antirrhinum. of outstanding interest Nature. 379:1996;791-797 centroradialis (cen) plays an important role in inflorescence architecture as in its absence the normally indeterminate inflorescence is terminated prematurely with a terminal flower. In this paper, cen was cloned by transposon tagging and shown to have homology with proteins that interact with lipids and GTP-binding proteins. cen is expressed subapically in the inflorescence meristem where it prevents the formation of a terminal flower by negatively regulating the expression of floral meristem identity genes. A model for the complex non-autonomous interaction of cen with the floral meristem identity gene, floricaula, is presented.
25. Bradley D, Ratcliffe O, Vincent C, Carpenter R, Coen E. Inflorescence commitment and architecture in Arabidopsis. of special interest Science. 275:1997;80-83 In the terminal flower 1 mutant of Arabidopsis the inflorescence terminates prematurely with the production of a terminal flower. This paper describes the cloning to TFL1 based on its homology to the Antirrhinum cen gene and, furthermore, shows that the expression of TFL1 in the vegetative shoot apical meristem delays commitment to flowering.
26. Oshima S, Murata M, Sakamoto W, Ogura Y, Motoyoshi F. Cloning and molecular analysis of the Arabidopsis gene TERMINAL FLOWER 1. Mol Gen Genet. 254:1997;186-194.
27. Stebbins GL. Flowering Plants, Evolution Above the Species Level. 1974;Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
28. Aida M, Ishida T, Fukaki H, Fujisawa H, Tasaka M. Genes ivolved in organ separation in Arabidopsis: an analysis of the cup-shaped cotyledon mutant. of special interest Plant Cell. 9:1997;841-857 cuc1:cuc2 double mutants have fused organs and lack a shoot apical meristem. The cloning of CUC2 by transposon tagging shows that it encodes a protein with 56% amino acid identity to nam of Petunia implying that it has a similar mechanism of action in organ separation.
29. Souer E, van Houwelingen A, Kloos D, Mol J, Koes R. The no apical meristem gene of Petunia is required for pattern formation in embryos and flowers and is expressed at meristem and primordia boundaries. of outstanding interest Cell. 85:1996;159-170 This paper describes the cloning of nam by transposon tagging. The phenotype and expression pattern imply that nam prevents intervening cells from becoming incorporated into primordia and, furthermore, that proliferation of peripheral zone cells causes consumption of the apical meristem.
30. Simon R, Carpenter R, Doyle S, Coen E. fimbriata controls flower development by mediating between meristem and organ identity genes. Cell. 78:1994;99-107.
31. Ingram GC, Doyle S, Carpenter R, Schultz EA, Simon R, Coen ES. Dual role for fimbriata in regulating floral homeotic genes and cell division in Antirrhinum. of special interest EMBO J. 16:1997;6521-6534 In this paper, null alleles of fim were isolated (using a screen by PCR for deletion derivatives of a transposon-induced allele) and used to clarify the role of fim in positively regulating the expression of class b and c homeotic genes and in defining the boundaries between organ primordia in the floral meristem. Using the yeast two hybrid system, FAPs were isolated and found to be homologous to SKP1 proteins of human and yeast, implying that fim may regulate gene expression and cell division by selective degradation of proteins.
32. Tsuge T, Tsukaya H, Uchimiya H. Two independent and polarized processes of cell elongation regulate leaf blade expression in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Development. 122:1996;1589-1600.
33. Scanlon MJ, Schneeberger RG, Freeling M. The maize mutant narrow sheath fails to establish leaf margin identity in a meristematic domain. Development. 122:1996;1683-1691.
34. Chuck G, Lincoln C, Hake S. KNAT1 induces lobed leaves with ectopic meristems when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 8:1996;1277-1289.
35. Hareven D, Gutfinger T, Parnis A, Eshed Y, Lifschitz E. The making of a compound leaf: genetic manipulation of leaf architecture in tomato. of special interest Cell. 84:1996;735-744 Expression of the tomato homologue of kn1 in leaf primordia is proposed to be responsible for the formation of compound leaves. Overexpression of kn1 causes increased dissection of compound leaves.
36. Chen JJ, Janssen BJ, Williams A, Sinha N. A gene fusion at a homeobox locus: alterations in leaf shape and implications for morphological evolution. of special interest Plant Cell. 9:1997;1289-1304 The dominant Mouse ears mutant of tomato is caused by a mutation of the LeT6 homeobox gene in which LeT6 is fused to and brought under the control of a constitutively expressed metabolic enzyme, pyrophosphate fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase.
37. Parnis A, Cohen O, Gutfinger T, Hareven D, Zamir D, Lifschitz E. The dominant developmental mutants of tomato, Mouse-ear and Curl, are associated with distinct modes of abnormal transcriptional regulation of a Knotted1 gene. Plant Cell. 9:1997;2143-2158.
38. Hofer J, Turner L, Hellens R, Ambrose M, Matthews P, Michael A, Ellis N. unifoliata regulates leaf and flower development in pea. of special interest Curr Biol. 7:1997;581-587 unifoliata (uni) mutants of pea have proliferative flowers and simple leaves. In this paper, uni was cloned by homology to the floral meristem identity gene floricaula of Antirrhinum. This is the first indication of a floral meristem identity gene also playing a role in compound leaf development.
39. Sinha NR, Williams RE, Hake S. Overexpression of the maize homeobox gene, knotted-1, causes a switch from determinate to indeterminate cell fates. Gen Dev. 7:1993;787-795.
40. Lincoln C, Long J, Yamaguchi J, Serikawa K, Hake S. A knotted1-like homeobox gene in Arabidopsis is expressed in the vegetative meristem and dramatically alters leaf morphology when overexpressed in transgenic plants. Plant Cell. 6:1994;1859-1876.
41. Williams-Carrier RE, Lie YS, Hake S, Lemaux PG. Ectopic expression of the maize kn1 gene phenocopies the Hooded mutant of barley. of special interest Development. 124:1997;3737-3745 Constitutive expression of kn1 under the control of the ubiquitin promoter phenocopies the Hooded mutant of barley, causing the formation of inflorescence meristems on the awn.
42. Müller K, Romano N, Gerstner O, Garcia-Maroto F, Pozzi C, Salamini F, Rohde W. The barley Hooded mutation is caused by a duplication in a homeobox gene intron. Nature. 374:1995;727-730.
43. Marx GA. A suite of mutants that modify pattern formation in pea leaves. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 5:1987;311-335.
44. Lu B, Villani PJ, Watson JC, DeMason DA, Cooke TJ. The control of pinna morphology in wildtype and mutant leaves of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). Int J Plant Sci. 157:1996;659-673.
45. Coen ES, Romero JM, Doyle S, Elliot R, Murphy G, Carpenter R. floricaula: a homeotic gene required for flower development in Antirrhinum majus. Cell. 63:1990;1311-1322.
46. Doebley J, Stec A, Gustas C. teosinte branched 1 and the origin of maize: evidence for epistasis and the evolution of dominance. Genetics. 141:1995;333-346.
47. Doebley J, Stec A, Hubbard L. The evolution of apical dominance in maize. of outstanding interest Nature. 386:1997;485-488 Loss of function of teosinte branched 1 (tb1) of maize releases axillary buds from repression (apical dominance) and is also involved in sex determination. This paper describes the cloning of tb1 by transposon tagging and shows that an increase in its expression is correlated with the increase in apical dominance that occurred during the evolution of maize from its ancestor teosinte. Furthermore, tb1 is shown to share homology with cyc of Antirrhinum implying that its mechanism of action is growth suppression in axillary meristems.
48. Luo D, Carpenter R, Vincent C, Copsey L, Coen E. Origin of floral asymmetry in Antirrhinum. of outstanding interest Nature. 383:1996;794-799 Wild-type Antirrhinum flowers have dorsoventral asymmetry while cyc mutants have an almost radially symmetrical phenotype implying that cyc confers dorsoventral asymmetry. cyc is the first floral asymmetry gene to be cloned. It is proposed that cyc functions by retarding growth in the dorsal region of the floral meristem.
49. Almeida J, Rocheta M, Galego L. Genetic control of flower shape in Antirrhinum majus. of outstanding interest Development. 124:1997;1387-1392 Divaricata (div) is a semi-dominant mutant in which the ventral petals assume lateral identity implying that div encodes a ventralizing function in the development of dorsoventral flowers. Double mutant analysis shows that div is negatively regulated by cycloidea and dichotama which encode dorsalizing functions.
50. Carr SM, Irish VF. Floral homeotic gene expression defines developmental arrest stages in Brassica oleracea L. vars. botrytis and italica. of special interest Planta. 201:1997;179-188 A combination of SEM, histology and RNA in situ hybridization with AP1, CAL and AP3 homologues were used to show that cauliflower arrests with the reiteration of inflorescence and floral meristems while broccoli arrests at stage eight of flower development. Broccoli has some amino acid changes in AP1 and CAL homologues but it is not known if this is the reason for developmental arrest.
51. Anthony RG, James PE, Jordan BR. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) curd development: the expression of meristem identity genes. J Exp Bot. 47:1996;181-188.
52. Kempin SA, Savidge B, Yanofsky MF. Molecular basis of the Cauliflower phenotype in Arabidopsis. Science. 267:1995;522-525.