The cold plate as a test of nociceptive behaviors: Description and application to the study of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain models

Pain

Volumn 75, Issue 2-3, 1998, Pages 367-382

  Jasmin, Luc ^a   Kohan, Lynn ^a   Franssen, Michelle ^a   Janni, Gabriella ^a   Goff, Jonathan R ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Clonidine; Inflammation; Lidocaine; Morphine; Nerve injury; Thermal stimuli

Indexed keywords

CLONIDINE; FREUND ADJUVANT; LIDOCAINE; MORPHINE; NALTREXONE;

ALLODYNIA; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; APPARATUS; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; HYPERALGESIA; INFLAMMATION; NERVE INJURY; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SCIATIC NERVE; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ANALGESICS, OPIOID; ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLONIDINE; COLD; HEAT; HINDLIMB; INFLAMMATION; LIDOCAINE; MORPHINE; NOCICEPTORS; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SCIATIC NERVE; SKIN TEMPERATURE; STRESS, MECHANICAL; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 0031895862     PISSN: 03043959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00017-7     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Abbadie C., Brown J.L., Mantyh P.W., Basbaum A.I. Spinal cord substance P receptor immunoreactivity increases in both inflammatory and nerve injury models of persistent pain. Neuroscience. 70:1996;201-209.
2. Abbadie C., Honoré P., Besson J.M. Intense cold noxious stimulation of the rat hindpaw induces c-fos expression in lumbar spinal cord neurons. Neuroscience. 59:1994;457-468.
3. Abbadie C., Taylor B.K., Peterson M.A., Basbaum A.I. Differential contribution of the two phases of the formalin test to the pattern of c-fos expression in the rat spinal cord: studies with remifentanil and lidocaine. Pain. 69:1997;101-110.
4. 2+ channels in axotomized rat sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;1633-1641.
5. Abram S.E., Yaksh T.L. Systemic lidocaine blocks nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia and nociceptor-driven spinal sensitization in the rat. Anesthesiology. 80:1994;383-391.
6. Attal N., Jazat F., Kayser V., Guilbaud G. Further evidence for 'pain-related' behaviours in a model of unilateral peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain. 41:1990;235-251.
7. Basbaum A.I., Gautron M., Jazat F., Mayes M., Guilbaud G. The spectrum of fiber loss in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat: an electron microscopic study. Pain. 47:1991;359-367.
8. Bennett G.J., Ochoa J.L. Thermographic observations on rats with experimental neuropathic pain. Pain. 45:1991;61-67.
9. Bennett G.J., Xie Y.K. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain. 33:1988;87-107.
10. Besse D., Lombard M.C., Perrot S., Besson J.M. Regulation of opioid binding sites in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord following loose ligation of the sciatic nerve: comparison with sciatic nerve section and lumbar dorsal rhizotomy. Neuroscience. 50:1992;921-933.
11. Blenk K.H., Jänig W., Michaelis M., Vogel C. Prolonged injury discharge in unmyelinated nerve fibres following transection of the sural nerve in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 215:1996;185-188.
12. Butler S.H., Godefroy F., Besson J.M., Weil-Fugazza J. A limited arthritic model for chronic pain studies in the rat. Pain. 48:1992;73-81.
13. Butterworth J., Cole L., Marlow G. Inhibition of brain cell excitability by lidocaine, QX314, and tetrodotoxin. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 37:1993;516-523.
14. Calvino B., Crepon-Bernard M.O., Le Bars D. Parallel clinical and behavioural studies of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat: possible relationship with 'chronic pain'. Behav. Brain Res. 24:1987;11-29.
15. Campbell, J.N., Raja, S.N., Selig, D.K., Belzberg, A.J. and Meyer, R.A., Diagnosis of sympathetically maintained pain. In: H.L. Fields and J.C. Liebeskind (Eds.), Progress in Pain Research and Management, Vol. 1. IASP Press, Seattle, WA, 1994, pp. 85-100.
16. Carlton S.M., Lekan H.A., Kim S.H., Chung J.M. Behavioral manifestations of an experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by spinal nerve ligation in the primate. Pain. 56:1994;155-166.
17. Chabal C., Russell L.C., Burchiel K.J. The effect of intravenous lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine on spontaneously active fibers originating in rat sciatic neuromas. Pain. 38:1989;333-338.
18. Chen, C.C., Rainville, P. and Bushnell, M.C., Noxious and innocuous cold discrimination in humans: evidence for separate afferent channels, Pain, 68 (1996a) 33-43.
19. Chen, Y., Michaelis, M., Jänig, W. and Devor, M., Adrenoreceptor subtype mediating sympathetic-sensory coupling in injured sensory neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 76 (1996b) 3721-3739.
20. Chery-Croze S. Relationship between noxious cold stimuli and the magnitude of pain sensation in man. Pain. 15:1983;256-269.
21. Choi Y., Yoon Y.W., Na H.S., Kim S.H., Chung J.M. Behavioral signs of ongoing pain and cold allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 59:1994;369-376.
22. Clatworthy A.L., Illich P.A., Castro G.A., Walters E.T. Role of peri-axonal inflammation in the development of thermal hyperalgesia and guarding behavior in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Lett. 184:1995;5-8.
23. Coderre T.J., Katz J., Vaccarino A.L., Melzack R. Contribution of central neural plasticity to pathological pain: review of clinical and experimental evidence. Pain. 52:1993;259-285.
24. Colvin L.A., Mark M.A., Duggan A.W. Bilaterally enhanced dorsal horn postsynaptic currents in a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy. Neurosci. Lett. 207:1996;29-32.
25. Craig A.D., Bushnell M.C., Zhang E.T., Blomqvist A. A thalamic nucleus specific for pain and temperature sensation. Nature. 372:1994;770-773.
26. Craig A.D., Hunsley S.J. Morphine enhances the activity of thermoreceptive cold-specific lamina I spinothalamic neurons in the cat. Brain Res. 558:1991;93-97.
27. Curkovic B., Vitulic V., Babic-Naglic D., Durrigl T. The influence of heat and cold on the pain threshold in rheumatoid arthritis. Z. Rheumatol. 52:1993;289-291.
28. Dennis S.G., Melzack R., Gutman S., Boucher F. Pain modulation by adrenergic agents and morphine as measured by three pain tests. Life Sci. 26:1980;1247-1259.
29. Desmeules, J.A., Kayser, V., Weil-Fugazza, J., Bertrand, A. and Guilbaud, G., Major role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of pain-related behavior in rats with sciatic nerve constriction used as a model of neuropathic pain, 7th Congress on Pain, Abstr. No. 980, IASP Publications, Seattle, WA, 1993.
30. + channel immunolocalization in peripheral mammalian axons and changes following nerve injury and neuroma formation. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;1976-1992.
31. Devor M., Shinder V., Govrin-Lippman R. Sympathetic sprouting in axotomized rat DRG: Ultrastructure. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21:1995;849.
32. Devor M., Wall P.D., Catalan N. Systemic lidocaine silences ectopic neuroma and DRG discharge without blocking nerve conduction. Pain. 48:1992;261-268.
33. Dostrovsky J., Craig A. Cooling-specific spinothalamic neurons in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 76:1996;3656-3665.
34. Dubner, R. and Basbaum, A.I., Spinal dorsal horn plasticity following tissue or nerve injury. In: P.D. Wall and R. Melzack (Eds.), Textbook of Pain, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1994, pp. 225-241.
35. Dubuisson D., Dennis S.G. The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain. 4:1977;161-174.
36. Eaton M.J., Santiago D.I., Dancausse H.A., Whittemore S.R. Lumbar transplants of immortalized serotonergic neurons alleviate chronic neuropathic pain. Pain. 72:1997;59-69.
37. Engkvist O., Wahren L.K., Wallin G., Torebjörk E., Nystrom B. Effects of regional intravenous guanethidine block in posttraumatic cold intolerance in hand amputees. J. Hand Surg. (GBR). 10:1985;145-150.
38. Ernst E., Fialka V. Ice freezes pain? A review of the clinical effectiveness of analgesic cold therapy. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 9:1994;56-59.
39. Exton D.R., Fenner P.J., Williamson J.A. Cold packs: effective topical analgesia in the treatment of painful stings by Physalia and other jellyfish. Med. J. Aust. 151:1989;625-626.
40. Frazier D.T., Narahashi T., Yamada M. The site of action and active form of local anesthetics. II. Experiments with quaternary compounds. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 171:1970;45-51.
41. Frost, S.A., Raja, S.N., Campbell, J.N., Meyer, R.A. and Khan, A.A., Does hyperalgesia to cooling stimuli characterize patients with sympathetically maintained pain (reflex sympathetic dystrophy)? In: R. Dubner, G.F. Gebhart, M.R. Bond (Eds.), Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998, pp. 151-156.
42. Fruhstorfer, H., Lindblom, U., Sensibility abnormalities in neuralgic patients studied by thermal and tactile pulse stimulation. In: C. von Euler, O. Franzen, U. Lindblom and D. Ottoson (Eds.), Somatosensory Mechanisms, Vol. 41, Macmillan, London, 1984, pp. 353-361.
43. Fuchs P.N., Melzack R. Repeated cold water swim produces delayed nociceptive responses, but not analgesia, for tonic pain in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 145:1997;303-307.
44. Goff J.R., Burkey A.R., Goff D.J., Jasmin L. Reorganization of the spinal dorsal horn in models of chronic pain: correlation with behavior. Neuroscience. 82:1998;559-574.
45. Gonzalez-Darder J.M., Segura-Pastor D. Skin perfusion changes in experimental neuropathic pain: sciatic nerve constriction. Neurol. Res. 16:1994;187-190.
46. Gracely R.H., Lynch S.A., Bennett G.J. Painful neuropathy: Altered central processing maintained dynamically by peripheral input. Pain. 51:1992;175-194.
47. Hama A.T., Sagen J. Reduced pain-related behavior by adrenal medullary transplants in rats with experimental painful peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 52:1993;223-231.
48. Handwerker H.O., Anton F., Kocher L., Reeh P.W. Nociceptor functions in intact skin and in neurogenic or non-neurogenic inflammation. Acta Physiol. Hung. 69:1987;333-342.
49. Hao, J.X., Yu, W., Xu, X.J. and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Capsaicin-sensitive afferents mediate chronic cold, but not mechanical, allodynia-like behavior in spinally injured rats, Brain Res., 722 (1996a) 177-180.
50. Hao, J.X., Yu, W., Xu, X.J. and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Effects of intrathecal vs. systemic clonidine in treating chronic allodynia-like response in spinally injured rats, Brain Res., 736 (1996b) 28-34.
51. Hardy J.D. Thresholds of pain and reflex contraction as related to noxious stimulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 5:1953;725-739.
52. Hardy J.D., Goodell H., Wolff H.G. The influence of skin temperature upon the pain threshold as evoked by thermal stimulation. Science. 114:1951;149-150.
53. Hardy, J.D., Wolff, H.G. and Goodell, H., Pain Sensation and Reactions, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1952.
54. Hargreaves K.M., Dubner R., Brown F., Flores C., Joris J. A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia. Pain. 32:1988;77-88.
55. Harris J.A., Corsi M., Quartaroli M., Arban R., Bentivoglio M. Upregulation of spinal glutamate receptors in chronic pain. Neuroscience. 74:1996;7-12.
56. Harrison J.K., D'Angelo D.D., Zeng D.W., Lynch K.R. Pharmacological characterization of rat alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 40:1991;407-412.
57. Hartung, H.-P., Stoll, G. and Toyka, K.V., Immune reactions in the peripheral nervous system. In: P.J. Dyck and P.K. Thomas (Eds.), Peripheral Neuropathy, Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp. 418-444.
58. Hole K., Tjølsen A. The tail-flick and formalin tests in rodents: changes in skin temperature as a confounding factor. Pain. 53:1993;247-254.
59. Hylden J., Thomas D.A., Iadarola M.J., Nahin R.L., Dubner R. Spinal opioid analgesic effects are enhanced in a model of unilateral inflammation/hyperalgesia: Possible involvement of noradrenergic mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 194:1991;135-143.
60. Iadarola M.J., Brady L.S., Draisci G., Dubner R. Enhancement of dynorphin gene expression in spinal cord following experimental inflammation: stimulus specificity, behavioral parameters and opioid receptor binding. Pain. 35:1988;313-326.
61. Jasmin L., Wang H., Tarczy-Hornoch K., Levine J.D., Basbaum A.I. Differential effects of morphine on noxious stimulus-evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity in subpopulations of spinoparabrachial neurons. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;7252-7260.
62. Jazat F., Guilbaud G. The 'tonic' pain-related behaviour seen in mononeuropathic rats is modulated by morphine and naloxone. Pain. 44:1991;97-102.
63. Jia J.P., Pollock M. The pathogenesis of non-freezing cold nerve injury - observations in the rat. Brain. 120:1997;631-646.
64. Kajander K.C., Xu J. Quantitative evaluation of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P levels in rat spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci. Lett. 186:1995;184-188.
65. Kayser V., Desmeules J., Guilbaud G. Systemic clonidine differentially modulates the abnormal reactions to mechanical and thermal stimuli in rats with peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain. 60:1995;275-285.
66. Kayser V., Guilbaud G., Besson J.M. Potent antinociceptive effects of clonidine systemically administered in an experimental model of clinical pain, the arthritic rat. Brain Res. 593:1992;7-13.
67. Kidd B.L., Cruwys S.C., Garrett N.E., Mapp P.I., Jolliffe V.A., Blake D.R. Neurogenic influences on contralateral responses during experimental rat monoarthritis. Brain Res. 688:1995;72-76.
68. Kim K.J., Yoon Y.W., Chung J.M. Comparison of three rodent neuropathic pain models. Exp. Brain Res. 113:1997;200-206.
69. Kingery W.S., Lu J.D., Roffers J.A., Kell D.R. The resolution of neuropathic hyperalgesia following motor and sensory functional recovery in sciatic axonometic mononeuropathies. Pain. 58:1994;157-168.
70. Kurumaji A., Takashima M., Shibuya H. Cold and immobilization stress-induced changes in pain responsiveness and brain met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the rat. Peptides. 8:1987;355-359.
71. Kurvers H.A.M., Tangelder G.J., De Mey J.G.R., Slaaf D.W., Van den Wildenberg F.A.M., Kitslaar P., Reneman R.S., Rouwet E.V., Jacobs M.J.H.M. Skin blood flow disturbances in the contralateral limb in a peripheral mononeuropathy in the rat. Neuroscience. 74:1996;935-943.
72. Lee S.H., Kayser V., Desmeules J., Guilbaud G. Differential action of morphine and various opioid agonists on thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia in mononeuropathic rats. Pain. 57:1994;233-240.
73. Leem J.W., Willis W.D., Chung J.M. Cutaneous sensory receptors in the rat foot. J. Neurophysiol. 69:1993;1684-1699.
74. Levine J.D., Dardick S.J., Basbaum A.I., Scipio E. Reflex neurogenic inflammation. I. Contribution of the peripheral nervous system to spatially remote inflammatory responses that follow injury. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;1380-1386.
75. Lindblom U., Verrillo R.T. Sensory functions in chronic neuralgia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 42:1979;422-435.
76. 14C]-2-deoxyglucose metabolic activity in a rat model of painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain. 50:1992;89-100.
77. McLachlan E.M., Jänig W., Devor M., Michaelis M. Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia. Nature. 363:1993;543-546.
78. Meeusen R., Lievens P. The use of cryotherapy in sports injuries. Sports Med. 3:1986;398-414.
79. Menendez L., Bester H., Besson J.M., Bernard J.F. Parabrachial area: Electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in cold nociception. J. Neurophysiol. 75:1996;2099-2116.
80. Mosconi T., Kruger L. Fixed-diameter polyethylene cuffs applied to the rat sciatic nerve induce a painful neuropathy: Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of axonal alterations. Pain. 64:1996;37-57.
81. Munglani R., Harrison S.M., Smith G.D., Bountra C., Birch P.J., Elliot P.J., Hunt S.P. Neuropeptide changes persist in spinal cord despite resolving hyperalgesia in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Brain Res. 743:1996;102-108.
82. Nahin R.L., Hylden J.L.K., Iadarola M.J., Dubner R. Peripheral inflammation is associated with increased dynorphin immunoreactivity in both projection and local circuit neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 96:1989;247-252.
83. Neil A., Attal N., Guilbaud G. Effects of guanethidine on sensitization to natural stimuli and self-mutilating behaviour in rats with a peripheral neuropathy. Brain Res. 565:1991;237-246.
84. Nicholas A.P., Pieribone V., Hokfelt T. Distributions of mRNAs for alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol. 328:1993;575-594.
85. Ochoa J.L., Yarnitsky D. The triple cold syndrome. Cold hyperalgesia, cold hypoaesthesia and cold skin in peripheral nerve disease. Brain. 117:1994;185-197.
86. Parris W.C., Janicki P.K., Johnson B. Jr., Horn J.L. Intrathecal ketorolac tromethamine produces analgesia after chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve in rat. Can. J. Anaesth. 43:1996;867-870.
87. Perl, E.R., A reevaluation of mechanisms leading to sympathetically related pain. In: H.L. Fields and J.C. Liebeskind (Eds.), Progress in Pain Research Management, Vol. 1, Chp. 9, IASP Press, Seattle, WA, 1994.
88. Perrot S., Attal N., Ardid D., Guilbaud G. Are mechanical and cold allodynia in mononeuropathic and arthritic rats relieved by systemic treatment with calcitonin or guanethidine? Pain. 52:1993;41-47.
89. Pizziketti R.J., Pressman N.S., Geller E.B., Cowan A., Adler M.W. Rat cold water tail-flick: a novel analgesic test that distinguishes opioid agonists from mixed agonist-antagonists. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 119:1985;23-29.
90. Puig S., Sorkin L.S. Formalin-evoked activity in identified primary afferent fibers: Systemic lidocaine suppresses phase-2 activity. Pain. 64:1996;345-355.
91. Ramer M.S., Bisby M.A. Rapid sprouting of sympathetic axons in dorsal root ganglia of rats with a chronic constriction injury. Pain. 70:1997;237-244.
92. Ro L.S., Jacobs J.M. The role of the saphenous nerve in experimental sciatic nerve mononeuropathy produced by loose ligatures: A behavioural study. Pain. 52:1993;359-369.
93. Sato J., Suzuki S., Tamura R., Kumazawa T. Norepinephrine excitation of cutaneous nociceptors in adjuvant-induced inflamed rats does not depend on sympathetic neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 177:1994;135-138.
94. Schmidt K.L., Ott V.R., Rocher G., Schaller H. Heat, cold and inflammation. Z. Rheumatol. 38:1979;391-404.
95. Sherman S.E., Loomis C.W. Morphine insensitive allodynia is produced by intrathecal strychnine in the lightly anesthetized rat. Pain. 56:1994;17-29.
96. Simone D.A., Kajander K.C. Excitation of rat cutaneous nociceptors by noxious cold. Neurosci. Lett. 213:1996;53-56.
97. A and glycine receptors to central sensitization: disinhibition and touch-evoked allodynia in the spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;169-179.
98. Sommer C., Lalonde A., Heckman H.M., Rodriguez M., Myers R.R. Quantitative neuropathology of a focal nerve injury causing hyperalgesia. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54:1995;635-643.
99. Sommer C., Myers R.R. Neurotransmitters in the spinal cord dorsal horn in a model of painful neuropathy and in nerve crush. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.). 90:1995;478-485.
100. Sparrow J.R., Kiernan J.A. Endoneurial vascular permeability in degenerating and regenerating peripheral nerves. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.). 53:1981;181-188.
101. Stanfa L.C., Sullivan A.F., Dickenson A.H. Alterations in neuronal excitability and the potency of spinal mu, delta and kappa opioids after carrageenan-induced inflammation. Pain. 50:1992;345-354.
102. Stevens C.W., Kajander K.C., Bennett G.J., Seybold V.S. Bilateral and differential changes in spinal mu, delta and kappa opioid binding in rats with a painful, unilateral neuropathy. Pain. 46:1991;315-326.
103. Tanck E.N., Kroin J.S., McCarthy R.J., Penn R.D., Ivankovich A.D. Effects of age and size on development of allodynia in a chronic pain model produced by sciatic nerve ligation in rats. Pain. 51:1992;313-316.
104. Tanelian D.L., Brose W.G. Neuropathic pain can be relieved by drugs that are use-dependent sodium channel blockers: Lidocaine, carbamazepine, and mexiletine. Anesthesiology. 74:1991;949-951.
105. Taylor B.K., Peterson M.A., Basbaum A.I. Persistent cardiovascular and behavioral nociceptive responses to subcutaneous formalin require peripheral nerve input. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;7575-7584.
106. Tjølsen A., Lund A., Hole K. The role of descending noradrenergic systems in regulation of nociception: the effects of intrathecally administered alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and clonidine. Pain. 43:1990;113-120.
107. 3H]-MK 912 binding delineates two alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtypes in rat CNS one of which is identical with the cloned pA2d alpha 2-adrenoceptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 106:1992;986-995.
108. Vestergaard K., Nielsen J., Andersen G., Ingeman-Nielsen M., Arendt-Nielsen L., Jensen T.S. Sensory abnormalities in consecutive, unselected patients with central post-stroke pain. Pain. 61:1995;177-186.
109. Wahren L.K., Gordh T. Jr., Torebjörk E. Effects of regional intravenous guanethidine in patients with neuralgia in the hand; a follow-up study over a decade. Pain. 62:1995;379-385.
110. Wahren L.K., Torebjörk E. Quantitative sensory tests in patients with neuralgia 11 to 25 years after injury. Pain. 48:1992;237-244.
111. Wahren L.K., Torebjörk E., Jörum E. Central suppression of cold-induced C fibre pain by myelinated fibre input. Pain. 38:1989;313-319.
112. Wahren L.K., Torebjörk E., Nyström B. Quantitative sensory testing before and after regional guanethidine block in patients with neuralgia in the hand. Pain. 46:1991;23-30.
113. Wakisaka S., Kajander K.C., Bennett G.J. Abnormal skin temperature and abnormal sympathetic vasomotor innervation in an experimental painful peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 46:1991;299-313.
114. Wang G.K., Quan C., Vladimirov M., Mok W.M., Thalhammer J.G. Quaternary ammonium derivative of lidocaine as a long-acting local anesthetic. Anesthesiology. 83:1995;1293-1301.
115. Widy-Tyszkiewicz E., Mierzejewski P., Kohutnicka M., Czlonkowski A. Cold water stress induced analgesia in unilateral inflammation of the hindpaw in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 47:1995;313-320.
116. Willenbring S., De Leo J.A., Coombs D.W. Sciatic cryoneurolysis in rats: a model of sympathetically independent pain. Part 2: Adrenergic pharmacology. Anesth. Analg. 81:1995;549-554.
117. Willis, W.D.J. and Coggeshall, R.E., Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord, Plenum Press, New York, 1991, 575 pp.
118. Wolf S., Hardy J.D. Observations on pain due to local cooling and on factors involved in the 'cold pressor' effect. J. Clin. Invest. 20:1941;521-533.
119. Xie Y., Zhang J., Petersen M., LaMotte R.H. Functional changes in dorsal root ganglion cells after chronic nerve constriction in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 73:1995;1811-1820.
120. Yaksh T.L. Behavioral and autonomic correlates of the tactile evoked allodynia produced by spinal glycine inhibition: effects of modulatory receptor systems and excitatory amino acid antagonists. Pain. 37:1989;111-123.
121. Yeomans D.C., Proudfit H.K. Characterization of the foot withdrawal response to noxious radiant heat in the rat. Pain. 59:1994;85-94.