Mutagenesis and more: umuDC and the Escherichia coli SOS response

Genetics

Volumn 148, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 1599-1610

  Smith, Bradley T ^a   Walker, Graham C ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DNA;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL MUTATION; DNA DAMAGE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GENETIC CODE; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; OPERON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOS CHROMOTEST; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSLATION REGULATION;

BACTERIAL PROTEINS; CELL CYCLE; DNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI PROTEINS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; MUTAGENESIS; OPERON; SOS RESPONSE (GENETICS);

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 0031895275     PISSN: 00166731     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. BAGG, A., C. J. KENYON and G. C. WALKER, 1981 Inducibility of a gene product required for UV and chemical mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 5749-5753.
2. BAILONE, A., S. SOMMER, J. KNEZEVIC, M. DUTREIX and R. DEVORET, 1991 A RecA protein deficient in its interaction with the UmuDC complex. Biochimie 73: 479-484.
3. BALL, C. A., R. OSUNA, K. C. FERGUSON and R. C. JOHNSON, 1992 Dramatic changes in Fis levels upon nutrient upshift in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 174: 8043-8056.
4. BANKRJKE, S. K., R. B. CHRISTENSEN, C. W. LAWRENCE and J. E. LECLERC, 1988 Frequency and spectrum of mutations produced by a single cis-syn thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer in a single-stranded vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 8141-8145.
5. BANERJEE, S. K., A. BORDEN, R. B. CHRISTENSEN, J. E. LECLERC and C. W. LAWRENCE, 1990 SOS-dependent replication past a single trans-syn T-T cyclobutane dimer gives a different mutation spectrum and increased error rate compared with replication past this lesion in uninduced cells. J. Bacteriol. 172: 2105-2112.
6. BATES, H., and B. A. BRIDGES, 1991 Mutagenic DNA repair in Escherichia coli. XIX. On the roles of RecA protein in ultraviolet light mutagenesis. Biochimie 73: 485-489.
7. BATES, H., S. K. RANDALL, C. RAYSSIGUIER, B. A. BRIDGES, M. F. GOODMAN et al., 1989 Spontaneous and UV-induced mutations in Escherichia coli K-12 strains with altered or absent DNA polymerase I. J. Bacteriol. 171: 2480-2484.
8. BATTISTA, J. R., T. OHTA, T. NOHMI, W. SUN and G. C. WALKER, 1990 Dominant negative umuD mutations decreasing RecA-mediated cleavage suggest roles for intact UmuD in modulation of SOS mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7190-7194.
9. BEGG, K. J., S. J. DEWAR and W. D. DONACHIE, 1995 A new Escherichia coli cell division gene Ftsk. J. Bacteriol. 177: 6211-6222.
10. BI, E., and J. LUTKENHAUS, 1991 FtsZ ring structure associated with division in Escherichia coli. Nature 354: 161-164.
11. -recombination by the mutagenesis complex UmuD'C. J. Mol. Biol. 270: 201-211.
12. BRENT, R., and M. PTASHNE, 1981 Mechanism of action of the lexA gene product. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4204-4208.
13. BRIDGES, B. A., 1988 Mutagenic DNA repair in Escherichia coli. XVI. Mutagenesis by ultraviolet light plus delayed photoreversal in recA strains. Mutat. Res. 198: 343-350.
14. BRIDGES, B. A., 1995 Are there DNA damage checkpoints in E. coli? BioEssays 17: 63-70.
15. BRIDGES, B. A., and R. WOODGATE., 1984 Mutagenic repair in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 196: 364-366.
16. BRIDGES, B. A., and R. WOODGATE, 1985 Mutagenic repair in Escherichia coli: products of the recA gene and of the umuD and umuC genes act at different steps in UV-induced mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4193-4197.
17. BROTCORNE-LANNOYE, A., and G. MAENHAUT-MICHEL, 1986 Role of RecA protein in untargeted UV mutagenesis of bacteriophage lambda: evidence for the requirement for the dinB gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 3904-3908.
18. BRUCK, I., R. WOODGATE, K. MCENTEE and M. F. GOODMAN, 1996 Purification of a soluble UmuD'C from Escherichia coli: cooperative binding of UmuD'C to single-stranded DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 10767-10774.
19. BURCKHARDT, S. E., R. WOODGATE, R. H. SCHEUERMANN and H. ECHOLS, 1988 UmuD mutagenesis protein of Escherichia coli: overproduction, purification, and cleavage by RecA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 1811-1815.
20. COHEN-FIX, O., and Z. LIVNEH, 1992 Biochemical analysis of UV mutagenesis in Escherichia coli by using a cell-free reaction coupled to a bioassay: identification of a DNA repair-dependent pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 3300-3304.
21. COHEN-FIX, O., and Z, LIVNEH, 1994 In vitro UV mutagenesis associated with nucleotide excision-repair gaps in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 4953-4958.
22. CRAIG, N. L., and J. W. ROBERTS, 1981 Function of nucleoside triphosphate and polynucleotide in Escherichia coli recA protein-directed cleavage of phage lambda repressor.J. Biol. Chem. 256: 8039-8044.
23. DEFAIS, M., P. FAUQUET, M. RADMAN and M. ERRFRA, 1971 Ultraviolet reactivation and ultraviolet mutagenesis of lambda in different genetic systems. Virology 43: 495-503.
24. DEFAIS, M., P. CAILLET-FAUQUFT, M. S. Fox and M. RADMAN, 1976 Induction kinetics of mutagenic DNA repair activity in E. coli following ultraviolet irradiation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 148: 125-130.
25. DONNELLY, C. E., and G. C. WALKER, 1989 groEmutants of Escherichia coli are defective in umuDC-dependent UV mutagenesis. J. Bacteriol. 171: 6117-6125.
26. DONNELLY, C. E., and G. C. WALKER, 1992 Coexpression of UmuD' with UmuC suppresses the UV mutagenesis deficiency of groE mutants. J. Bacteriol. 174: 3133-3139.
27. DRAKE, J. W., 1991 Spontaneous mutation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 25: 125-146.
28. DUTREIX, M., P. L. MOREAU, A. BAILONK, F. GALIBERT, J. R. BATTISTA et al., 1989 New recA mutations that dissociate the various RecA protein activities in Escherichia coli provide evidence for an additional role for RecA protein in UV mutagenesis. J. Bacteriol. 171: 2415-2423.
29. DUTREIX, M., B. BURNETP, A. BAILONE, C. M. RADDINC and R. DEVORET, 1992 A partially deficient mutant, recA1730, that fails to form normal nucleoprotein filaments. Mol. Gen. Genet. 232: 489-497.
30. ECHOLS, H., 1981 SOS functions, cancer and inducible evolution. Cell 25: 1-2.
31. ECHOLS, H., and M. F. GOODMAN, 1991 Fidelity mechanisms in DNA replication. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 60: 477-511.
32. ELLEDGE, S. J., 1996 Cell cycle checkpoints: preventing an identity crisis. Science 274: 1664-1671.
33. ELLEDGE, S. J., and G. C. WALKER, 1983 Proteins required for ultraviolet light and chemical mutagenesis: identification of the products of the umuClocus of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 164: 175-192.
34. FERENTZ, A. E., T. OPPERMAN, G. C. WALKER and G. WAGNER, 1997 Dimerization of the UmuD' protein in solution and its implications for regulation of SOS mutagenesis. Nature Struct. Biol. 4: 979-983.
35. FINKEL, S. E., and R. C. JOHNSON, 1992 The Fis protein: it's not just for DNA inversion anymore. Mol. Microbiol. 6: 3257-3265.
36. FRANK, E. G., J. HAUSER, A. S. LEVINE and R. WOODGATE, 1993 Targeting of the UmuD, UmuD' and MucA' mutagenesis proteins to DNA by RecA protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 8169-8173.
37. FRANK, E. G., D. G. ENNIS, M. GONZALEZ, A. S. LEVINE and R. WOODGATE, 1996 Regulation of SOS mutagenesis by proteolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 10291-10296.
38. FREITAG, N., and K. MCENTEE, 1989 "Activated"-RecA protein affinity chromatography of LexA repressor and other SOS-regulated proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 8363-8367.
39. FRIEDBERG, E. C., G. C. WALKER and W. SIEDE, 1995 DNA Repair and Mutagenesis. American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington DC.
40. Guzzo, A., M. H. LEE, K. ODA and G. C. WALKER, 1996 Analysis of the region between amino acids 30 and 42 of intact UmuD by a monocysteine approach. J. Bacteriol. 178: 7295-7303.
41. HAGENSEE, M. E., T. L. TIMME, S. BRYAN and R. E. MOSES, 1987 DNA polymerase III of Escherichia coli is required for LTV and ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 4195-4199.
42. HARMON, F. G., W. M. REHRAUER and S. C. KOWALCZYKOWSKI, 1996 Interaction of Escherichia coli RecA protein with LexA repressor: II. Inhibition of DNA strand exchange by the uncleavable LexA SII9A repressor argues that recombination and SOS induction are competitive processes. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 23874-23883.
43. HAUSER, J., A. S. LEVINE, D. G. ENNIS, K. CHUMAKOV and R. WOODGATE, 1992 The enhanced mutagenic potential of the MucAB proteins correlates with the highly efficient processing of the MucA protein. J. Bacteriol. 174: 6844-6851.
44. HILL, T. M., B. SHARMA, M. VALJAVEC-GRATIAN and J. SMITH, 1997 sfi-independent filamentation in Escherichia coli is lexA dependent and requires DNA damage for induction. J. Bacteriol. 179: 1931-1939.
45. IWASAKI, H., A. NAKATA, G. C. WALKER and H. SHINAGAWA, 1990 The Escherichia coli polB gene, which encodes DNA polymerase II, is regulated by the SOS system. J. Bacteriol. 172: 6268-6273.
46. JONCZYK, P., and A. NOWICKA, 1996 Specific in vivo protein-protein interactions between Escherichia coli SOS mutagenesis proteins. J. Bacteriol. 178: 2580-2585.
47. JONCZYK, P., I. FIJALKOWSKA and Z. CIESLA, 1988 Overproduction of the E subunit of DNA polymerase III counteracts the SOS mutagenic response of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 9124-9127.
48. KARLIN, S., and S. F. ALTSCHUL, 1993 Applications and statistics for multiple high-scoring segments in molecular sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-5877.
49. KATO, T., and Y. SHINOURA, 1977 Isolation and characterization of mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in induction of mutations by ultraviolet light. Mol. Gen. Genet. 156: 121-131.
50. KENYON, C. J., and G. C. WALKER, 1980 DNA-damaging agents stimulate gene expression at specific loci in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 2819-2823.
51. KHIDIR, M. A., S. CASAREGOLA and I. B. HOLLAND, 1985 Mechanism of transient inhibition of DNA synthesis in ultraviolet irradiated E. coli: inhibition is independent of recA whilst recovery requires the RecA protein itself and an additional, inducible SOS function. Mol. Gen. Genet. 199: 133-140.
52. KIM, S.-R., G. MAENHAUT-MICHEL, M. YAMADA, Y. YAMAMOTO, K. MATSUI et al., 1997 Multiple pathways for SOS-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli: an overexpression of dinB/P results in strongly enhancing mutagenesis in the absence of any exogenous treatment to damage DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (in press).
53. KITAGAWA, Y., E. AKABOSHI, H. SHINAGAWA, T. HORII, H. OGAWA et al., 1985 Structural analysis of the umu operon required for inducible mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4336-4340.
54. KOCH, W. H., T. A. CEBULA, P. L. FOSTER and E. EISENSTADI, 1992 UV mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium is umuDC dependent despite the presence of samAB. J. Bacteriol. 174: 2809-2815.
55. KOFFEL-SCHWARTZ, N., F. COIN, X. VEAUTE and R. P. P. FUCHS, 1996 Cellular strategies for accommodating replication-hindering adducts in DNA: control by the SOS response in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 7805-7810.
56. 67mutants: implications for common LexA and UmuD binding sites on RecA. J. Mol. Biol. (in press).
57. KULAEVA, O. I., E. V. KOONIN, J. P. MCDONALD D, S. K. RANDALL, N. RABINOVICH et al., 1996 Identification of a DinB/UmuC homo-log in the archeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Mutat. Res. 357: 245-253.
58. LARIMER, F., J. PERRY and A. HARDIGREE, 1989 The REV1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. isolation, sequence, and functional analysis. J. Bacteriol. 171: 230-237.
59. LAWRENCE, C. W., A. BORDEN, S. K. BANERJEE and J. E. LECLERC, 1990 Mutation frequency and spectrum resulting from a single abasic site in a single-stranded vector. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 2153-2157.
60. LECLERC, J. E., A. BORDEN and C. W. LAWRENCE, 1991 The thymine-thymine pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) ultraviolet light photo-product is highly mutagenic and specifically induces 3′ thymineto-cytosine transitions in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 9685-9689.
61. LEE, M. H., T. OHTA and G. C. WALKER, 1994 A monocysteine approach for probing the structure and interactions of the UmuD protein. J. Bacteriol. 176: 4825-4837.
62. LEMONTT, J. F., 1971 Mutants of yeast defective in mutation induced by ultraviolet light. Genetics 68: 21-33.
63. LEWIS, L. K., M. E. JENKINS and D. W. MOUNT, 1992 Isolation of DNA damage-inducible promoters in Escherichia coli: regulation of polB (dinA), dinG, and dinH by LexA represser. J. Bacteriol. 174: 3377-3385.
64. LEWIS, L. K., G. R. HARLOW, L. A. GREGG-JOLLY and D. W. MOUNT, 1994 Identification of high affinity binding sites for LexA which define new DNA damage-inducible genes in Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 241: 507-523.
65. LITTLE, J. W., 1984 Autodigestion of lexA and phage λ repressors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 1375-1379.
66. LITTLE, J. W., 1993 LexA cleavage and other self-processing reactions. J. Bacteriol. 175: 4943-4950.
67. LITTLE. J. W., D. W. MOUNT and C. R. YANISCH-PERRON, 1981 Purified lexA protein is a repressor of the recA and lexA genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4199-4203.
68. LUTKENHAUS, J., and S. G. ADDINALL, 1997 Bacterial cell division and the Z ring. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66: 93-116.
69. MARSH, L., and G. C. WALKER, 1985 Cold sensitivity induced by overproduction of UmuDC in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 162: 155-161.
70. MARSH, I., T. NOHMI, S. HINTON and G. C. WALKER, 1991 New mutations in cloned Escherichia coli umuDC genes: novel pheno-types of strains carrying a umuC125 plasmid. Mutat. Res. 250: 183-197.
71. McCANN, J., N. E. SPINGARN, J. KOBORI and B. N. AMES, 1975 Detection of carcinogens as mutagens: bacterial tester strains with R factor plasmids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 979-983.
72. MIURA, A., and J. TOMIZAWA, 1968 Studies on radiation-sensitive mutants of E. coli. III. Participation of the Rec system in induction of mutation by ultraviolet irradiation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 103: 1-10.
73. NAPOLITANO, R. L., I. B. LAMBERT and R. P. P. FUCHS, 1997 SOS factors involved in translesion synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 5733-5738.
74. NASTRI, H. G., A. Guzzo, C. LANGK, G. G. WALKER and K. L. KNIGHT, 1997 Mutational analysis of the RecA protein L1 region identifies this area as a probable part of the co-protease substrate binding site. Mol. Microbiol. 25: 967-978.
75. NELSON, J. R., C. W. LAWRENCE and D. C. HINKLE, 1996a Deoxycytidyl transferase activity of yeast REV1 protein. Nature 382: 729-731.
76. NELSON, J. R., C. W. LAWRENCE and D. C. HINKLE, 1996b Thymine-thymine dimer bypass by yeast DNA polymerase ζ. Science 272: 1646-1649.
77. NOHMI, T., J. R. BATTISTA, L. A. DODSON and G. C. WALKER, 1988 RecA-mediated cleavage activates UmuD for mutagenesis: mechanistic relationship between transcriptional derepression and posttranslational activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 1816-1820.
78. NOHMI, T., A. HAKURA, Y. NAKAI, M. WATANABE, S. Y. MURAYAMA et al., 1991 Salmonella typhimurium has two homologous but different umuDC operons: cloning of a new umuDC-like operon (samAB) present in a 60-megadalton cryptic plasmid of S. typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 173: 1051-1063.
79. st and samAB in UV mutagenesis and UV sensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 174: 6948-6955.
80. ODA, N., J. D. LEVIN, A. Y. SPOONDE, E. G. FRANK, A. S. LEVINE et al, 1996 Arrested DNA replication in Xenopus and release by Escherichia coli mnutagenesis proteins. Science 272: 1644-1646.
81. OHMORI, H., E. HATADA, Y. QIAO, M. TSUJI and R. FUKUDA, 1995 dinP, a new gene in Escherichia coli, whose product shows similarities to UmuC and its homologues. Mutt. Res. 347: 1-7.
82. OPPERMAN, T., S. MURLI and G. C. WALKER, 1996 The genetic requirements for UmuDC-mediated cold sensitivity are distinct from those for SOS mutagenesis. J. Bacteriol. 178: 4400-4411.
83. OSUNA, R., D. LIENAU, K. T. HUGHES and R. C. JOHNSON, 1995 Sequence, regulation, and functions of fis in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 177: 2021-2032.
84. PEAT, T. S., E. G. FRANK, J. P. MCDONALD, A. S. LEVINE, R. WOODGATE et al., 1996a Structure of the UmuD' protein and its regulation in response to DNA damage. Nature 380: 727-730.
85. PEAT, T. S., E. G. FRANK, J. P. MCDONALD, A. S. LEVINE, R. WOODGATE et at., 1996b The UmuD' protein filament and its potential role in damage induced mutagenesis. Structure 4: 1401-1412.
86. PERRY, K. L., S. J. ELLEDGE, B. MITCHELL, L. MARSH and G. C. WALKER, 1985 umuDC and mucAB operons whose products are required for UV light- and chemical-induced mutagenesis: UmuD, MucA, and LexA proteins share homology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4331-4335.
87. PETIT, M.-A., W. BEDALE, J. OSIPIUK, C. LU, M. RAJAGOPALAN et al., 1994 Sequential folding of UmuC by the Hsp70 and Hsp60 chaperone complexes of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 23824-23829.
88. RADMAN, M., G. VILLANI, S. BOITEUX, A. R. KINSELLA, B. W. GLICKMAN et al., 1978 Replicational fidelity: mechanisms of mutation avoidance and mutation fixation. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 43: 937-946.
89. RAJAGOPALAN, M., C. LU, R. WOODGATE, M. O'DONNELL, M. F. GOODMAN et al., 1992 Activity of the purified mutagenesis proteins UmuC, UmuD', and RecA in replicative bypass of an abasic DNA lesion by DNA polymerase III. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10777-10781.
90. REHRAUKR, W. M., P. E. LAVERY, E. L. PALMER, R. N. SINGH and S. C. KOWALCZYKOWSKI, 1996 Interaction of Escherichia coli RecA protein with LexA repressor: I. LexA repressor cleavage is competitive with binding of a secondary DNA molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 23865-23873.
91. SASSANFAR, M., and J. W. ROBERTS, 1990 Nature of the SOS-inducing signal in Escherichia coli: the involvement of DNA replication. J. Mol. Biol. 212: 79-96.
92. SEDGWICK, S. G., C. HO and R. WOODGATE, 1991 Mutagenic DNA repair in enterobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 173: 5604-5611.
93. SHINAGAWA, H., T. KATO, T. Ist, K. MARINO and A. NAKATA, 1983 Cloning and characterization of the umu operon responsible for inducible mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Gene 23: 167-174.
94. SHINAGAWA, H., U. IWASAKI, T. KATO and A. NAKATA, 1988 RecA protein-dependent cleavage of UmuD protein and SOS mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 1806-1810.
95. SLATER, S. C., and R. MAURER, 1991 Requirements for bypass of UV-induced lesions in single-stranded DNA of bacteriophage ΦX174 in Salmonella typhimurium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 1251-1255.
96. SOMMER, S., A. BAILONF, and R. DEVORET, 1993 The appearance of the UmuD'C protein complex in Escherichia coli switches repair from homologous recombination to SOS mutagenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 10: 963-971.
97. SPIVAK, G., and P. C. HANAWALT, 1992 Translesion DNA synthesis in the dihydrofolate reductase domain of UV-irradiated CHO cells. Biochemistry 31: 6794-6800.
98. STEINBORN, G., 1978 Uvm mutants of Escherichia coli K12 deficient in UV mutagenesis. I. Isolation of uvm mutants and their phenotypical characterization in DNA repair and mutagenesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 165: 87-93.
99. STORY, R. M., I. T. WEBER and T. A. STEITZ, 1992 The structure of the E. coli recA protein monomer and polymer. Nature 355: 318-325.
100. SZPILEWSKA, H., P. BERTRAND, A. BAILONE and M. DUTREIX, 1995 In vitro inhibition of RecA-mediated homologous pairing by UmuD'C proteins. Biochimie 77: 848-853.
101. TADDEI, F., I. MATIC and M. RADMAN, 1995 cAMP-dependent SOS induction and mutagenesis in resting bacterial populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 11736-11740.
102. TADMOR, Y., R. ASCARELLI-GOELL, R. SKALITER and Z. LIVNEH, 1992 Overproduction of the β subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme reduces UV mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 174: 2517-2524.
103. THOMAS, D. C., and T. A. KUNKEL, 1993 Replication of UV-irradiated DNA in human cell extracts: evidence for mutagenic bypass of pyrimidine dimers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 7744-7748.
104. THOMAS, D. C., D. C. NGUYEN, W. W. PIEGORSCH and T. A. KUNKEL, 1993 Relative probability of mutagenic translesion synthesis on the leading and lagging strands during replication of UV-irradiated DNA in a human cell extract. Biochemistry 32:11476-11482.
105. WALKER, G. C, 1995 SOS-regulated proteins in translesion DNA synthesis and mutagenesis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20: 416-420.
106. WANG, Y.-C., V. M. MAHER, D. L. MITCHELL and J. J. McCORMICK, 1993 Evidence from mutation spectra that the UV hypermutability of xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells reflects abnormal, error-prone replication on a template containing photoproducts, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 4276-4283.
107. + strains of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 6805-6809.
108. WOODGATE, R., 1992 Construction of a umuDC operon substitution mutation in Escherichia coli. Mutat. Res. 281: 221-225.
109. WOODGAIE, R., and D. G. ENNIS, 1991 Levels of chromosomally encoded Umu proteins and requirements for in vivo UmuD cleavage. Mol. Gen. Genet. 229: 10-16.
110. WOODGATE, R., and A. S. LEVINE, 1996 Damage inducible mutagenesis: recent insights into the activities of the Umu family of mutagenesis proteins. Cancer Surveys 28: 117-140.
111. WOODGATE, R., and S. SEDGWICK, 1992 Mutagenesis induced by bacterial UmuDC proteins and their plasmid homologues. Mol. Microbiol. 6: 2213-2218.
112. WOODGATE, R., M. RAJAGOPALAN, C. LU and H. ECHOLS, 1989 UmuC mutagenesis protein of Escherichia coli: purification and interaction with UmuD and UmuD'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 7301-7305.
113. Yu, X., and E. H. EGELMAN, 1993 The LexA repressor binds within the deep helical groove of the activated RecA filament. J. Mol. Biol. 231: 29-40.