Effect of water temperature on dermal exposure to chloroform

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 106, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 337-345

  Gordon, Sydney M ^a   Wallace, Lance A ^b   Callahan, Patrick J ^a   Kenny, Donald V ^a   Brinkman, Marielle C ^a  

^a BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Breath chloroform; Dermal exposure; Drinking water; Pharmacokinetics; Real time; Residence times

Indexed keywords

CHLOROFORM; DRINKING WATER; WATER;

ADULT; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; BATH; CHLORINATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FACE MASK; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MASS SPECTROMETER; MEASUREMENT; METHODOLOGY; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN ABSORPTION; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; STRATUM CORNEUM; WATER TEMPERATURE;

EID: 0031880410     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.98106337     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. IARC. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol 52: Chlorinated Drinking-Water; Chlorinated By-Products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds. Lyon:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1991.
2. Cantor KP, Hoover R, Hartge P, Mason TJ, Silverman DT, Altman R, Austin DF, Child MA, Key CR, Marrett LD, et al. Bladder cancer, drinking water source, and tap water consumption: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 79:1269-1279 (1987).
3. Vena JE, Graham S, Freudenheim J, Marshall J, Zielezny M, Swanson M, Sufrin G. Drinking water, fluid intake, and bladder cancer in western New York, Arch Environ Health 48:191-198 (1993).
4. Morris RD, Audet AM, Angelillo IF, Chalmers TC, Mosteller F. Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 82:955-963 (1992).
5. Bove F, Fulcomer MC, Savrin JE. Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 141:850-862 (1985).
6. Jo WK, Weisel CP, Lioy PJ. Routes of chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with contaminated tap water. Risk Anal 10:575-580 (1990).
7. Andelman JB, Human exposures to volatile halogenated organic chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Environ Health Perspect 62:313-318 (1985).
8. Weisel CP, Jo W-K. Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene from tap water. Environ Health Perspect 104:48-51 (1996).
9. Wester RC, Maibach HI, Percutaneous absorption of chemicals from water simulating swimming and bathing and from vapor exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 9:149-165 (1994).
10. Wallace LA, Sheldon L, Hartwell TD, Zelon H, Perritt R, Sparacino C, Pellizzari ED. Exposures of swimming pool lifeguards to chloroform and other volatile organic chemicals: measurements in air, water, breath, blood, and urine. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM), 18-22 November 1991, Atlanta, GA.
11. Aggazzotti G, Fantuzzi G, Righi E, Tartoni P, Cassinadri T, Predieri G. Chloroform in alveolar air of individuals attending indoor swimming pools, Arch Environ Health 48:250-254 (1993).
12. Weisel CP, Shepard TA. Chloroform exposure and the body burden associated with swimming in chlorinated swimming pools. In; Water Contamination and Health. New York:Marcel Dekker, 1994;135-147.
13. Lévesque B, Ayotte P, LeBlanc A, Dewailly É, Prud'Homme D, Lavoie R, Sylvain A, Levallois P. Evaluation of dermal and respiratory chloroform exposures in humans. Environ Health Perspect 102:1082-1087 (1995).
14. Lindstrom AB, Pleil JD, Berkoff DC, Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training. Environ Health Perspect 105:636-642 (1997).
15. Wallace LA, Buckley T, Pellizzari E, Gordon S. Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers. Environ Health Perspect 104 (suppl 5):861-869 (1996).
16. Weisel CP, Jo WK, Lioy PJ, Utilization of breath analysis for exposure and dose estimates of chloroform. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol Suppl 1:55-69 (1992).
17. Raymer JH, Pellizzari ED, Thomas KW, Cooper SD, Elimination of volatile organic compounds in breath after exposure to occupational and environmental microenvironments. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1:439-451 (1991).
18. Gordon SM, Kenny DV, Kelly TJ. Continuous real time breath analysis for the measurement of half lives of expired volatile organic compounds. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol Suppl 1:41-54 (1992).
19. Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED, Gordon SM, A linear model relating breath concentrations to environmental exposures: application to a chamber study of four volunteers exposed to volatile organic chemicals. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 3:75-102 (1993).
20. Kelly TJ, Kenny DV, Spicer CW, Sverdrup GM. Continuous analysis of human breath using atmospheric pressure ionization MS/MS with a novel inlet design. In: Proceedings of the 1989 EPA/A&WMA International Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, VIP-13. Pittsburgh, PA:Air & Waste Management Association, 1989;478-483.
21. Kelley PE. Mass Spectrometry Method Using Notch Filter. U.S. Patent 5,134,286,28 July 1992.
22. Kelley P, Hoekman D, Bradshaw S. A new method of operation for the quadrupole ion trap. In: Proceedings of the 41st ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, 31 May-4 June 1993, Sen Francisco, CA. Santa Fe, NM:ASMS, 1993;453-453b.
23. Kenny DV, Callahan PJ, Gordon SM, Stiller SW. Simultaneous isolation of two different m/z ions in an ion trap mass spectrometer and their tandem mass spectra using filtered noise fields. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 7:1086-1089 (1993).
24. Gordon SM, Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED, D'Neill HJ. Human breath measurements in a clean air chamber to determine half lives for volatile organic compounds. Atmos Environ 22:2165-2170 (1988).
25. U.S. EPA. The Determination of Halogenated Chemicals in Water by the Purge and Trap Method, Method 502.1. EPA/600/4-81-059. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981.
26. McLuckey SA, Glish GL, Asano KG, Grant BC. Atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization source for the determination of trace organic compounds in ambient air. Anal Chem 60:2220-2227 (1988).
27. McLuckey SA, Glish GL, Asano KG, The coupling of an atmospheric sampling ion source with an ion trap mass spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 225:25-35 (1989).
28. Asano KG, McLuckey SA, Glish GL. Comparison of atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization with electron ionization. Spectroscopy 8:191-209 (1990).
29. Gordon SM, Callahan PJ, Kenny DV, Pleil JD. Direct trace analysis of volatile organic compounds in air using ion trap mass spectrometers with filtered noise fields. In: Proceedings of the 1995 EPA/A&WMA International Symposium on Field Screening Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Chemicals, Vol. 1, VIP-47. Pittsburgh, PA:Air & Waste Management Association, 1995;670-679.
30. Wallace LA, The TEAM Study: Summary and Analysis: Volume I. EPA/600/6-87/002a. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987.
31. Duckworth DC, Smith DH, McLuckey SA. Improved signal-to-noise ratio in glow discharge ion trap mass spectrometry via pulsed discharge operation. J Anal At Spectrom 12:43-48 (1997).
32. Winberry WT Jr, Murphy NT, Riggin RM, Methods for Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Air: EPA Methods. Park Ridge, NJ:Noyes Data Corporation, 1990.
33. Pirot F, Kalla YN, Stinchcomb AL, Keating G, Bunge A, Guy RA. Characterization of the permeability barrier of human skin in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1582-1567 (1997).
34. Carslaw HS, Jaeger JC. Conduction of Heat in Solids. Oxford, UK:Clarendon Press, 1959.
35. Busch KL, Glish GL, McLuckey SA. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry: Techniques and Applications of Tandem Mass Spectrometry. New York:VCH Publishers, 1988.
36. McLuckey SA, Goeringer DE, Asano KG, Vaidyanathan G, Stephenson JL Jr. High explosives vapor detection by glow discharge-ion trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 10:287-298 (1996).
37. U.S. EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook, Vol. I: Review Draft. EPA/600/R-95/002Ba. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
38. Glasstone S, Laidler KJ, Eyring H, Viscosity and diffusion. In: The Theory of Rate Processes, New York:McGraw-Hill, 1941;477-551.
39. Mountcastle VB. Medical Physiology Volume Two. St. Louis, MO:C.V. Mosby, 1980.
40. McKone TE. Linking a PBPK model for chloroform with measured breath concentrations in showers: implications for dermal exposure models. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 3:339-365 (1993).
41. Crank J. Diffusion in a plane sheet, In: The Methematics of Diffusion. Oxford, UK:Clarendon Press, 1956; 42-61.
42. Wallace LA, Nelson WC, Pellizzari ED, Raymer JH. Uptake and decay of volatile organic compounds at environmental concentrations: application of a four-compartment model to a chamber study of five human subjects. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 7:141-163 (1997).
43. Pleil JD, Lindstrom AB. Exhaled human breath measurement method for assessing exposure to halogenated volatile organic compounds. Clin Chem 43:723-730 (1997).