Waves of the future: Superior inferences from collocated seismic and electromagnetic experiments

Tectonophysics

Volumn 286, Issue 1-4, 1998, Pages 273-298

  Jones, Alan G ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Continental crust; Electromagnetic surveys; Physical properties; Seismic surveys

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMAGNETIC SURVEY; TECTONIC SURVEY;

EID: 0031871354     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00270-9     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Adam, A., 1997. Magnetotelluric phase anisotropy above extensional structure of Neogene Pannonian Basin. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 49, 1549-1557.
2. Adam, A., Szarka, L., Pracser, E., Varga, G., 1996. Mantle plumes or EM distortions in the Pannonian Basin? (Inversion of the deep magnetotelluric (MT) sounding along the Pannonian Geotraverse). Geophys. Trans. 40, 45-78.
3. Agarwal, A.K., Poll, H.E., Weaver, J.T., 1993. One-and two-dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric data in continental regions. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 81, 155-176.
4. Aric, K., Adam, A., Smythe, D.K., 1998. Combined seismic and magnetotelluric imaging of upper crystalline crust in the Southern Bohemian Massif. First Break (in press).
5. Arzate, J.A., Mareschal, M., Livelybrooks, D., 1995. Electrical image of the subducting Cocos plate from magnetotelluric observations. Geology 23, 703-706.
6. Arzate, J.A., Campos-Enriquez, J.O., Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J., Delgado-Rodriguez, O., 1996. Structure of the Chicxulub Impact Basin from magnetotelluric measurements. Paper presented at Fall Meeting AGU, San Francisco, December 15-19.
7. Bahr, K., 1984. Elimination of local 3D distortion of the magnetotelluric tensor impedance allowing for two different phases. Paper presented at Seventh Workshop on Electromagnetic Induction in the Earth and Moon, Ile-Ife. Nigeria, August 15-22.
8. Berdichevsky, M.N., 1960. Principles of magnetotelluric profiling theory. Appl. Geophys. (Prikl. Geotiz.) 28, 70-91.
9. Blackwell, D.D., Steele, J.L., Kelley, S., Korosec, M.A., 1990. Heat flow in the state of Washington and thermal conditions in the Cascade Range. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 19495-19516.
10. Boerner, D.E., Kurtz, R.D., Craven, J.A., Rondenay, S., Qian, W., 1995. A buried Proterozoic foredeep under the Western Canada sedimentary basin?. Geology 23, 297-300.
11. Booker, J.R., Aprea, C.M., Unsworth, M.J., Wu, N., 1997. Electrical conductivity structure in major continental tectonic zones. Geowissenschaften 15, 111-115.
12. Bostick, F.X., Smith, H.W., 1962. Investigation of large scale inhomogeneities in the Earth by the magnetotelluric method. Proc. Inst. Radio Eng. 50, 2339-2346.
13. Brown, L.D., Zhao, W., Nelson, K.D., Hauck, M., Alsdorf, D., Ross, A., Cogan, M., Clark, M., Liu, X., Che, J., 1997. Bright spots, structure and magmatism in southern Tibet from INDEPTH seismic reflection profiling. Science 274, 1688-1690.
14. Cagniard, L., 1953. Basic theory of the magneto-telluric method if geophysical prospecting |Reprinted in Vozoff (1986), pp. 4-34|. Geophysics 18, 605-635.
15. Calvert, A.J., Sawyer, E.W., Davis, W.J., Ludden, J.N., 1995. Archaean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the Superior Province. Nature 375, 670-674.
16. Camfield, P.A., Gough, D.I., 1977. A possible Proterozoic plate boundary in North America. Can. I. Earth Sci. 14, 1229-1238.
17. Caner, B., Cannon, W.H., Livingstone, C.E., 1967. Geomagnetic depth sounding and upper mantle structure in the Cordillera region of western North America. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6335-6351.
18. Cassidy, J.F., Ellis, R.M., 1991. Shear wave constraints on a deep crystal reflective zone beneath Vancouver Island. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 19843-19851.
19. Cassidy, J.F., Ellis, R.M., 1993. S-wave velocity structure of the northern Cascadia subduction zone. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 4407-4421.
20. Chave, A.D., Thomson, D.J., 1998. Robust, controlled leverage processing of magnetotelluric data, Geophys. J Int. (in press).
21. Chen, L., Booker, J.R., Jones, A.G., Wu, N., Unsworth, M., Wei, W., Tan, H., 1996. Electrically conductive crust in southern Tibet from INDEPTH magnetotelluric surveying. Science 274, 1694-1696.
22. Clarke, T.S., Burkholder, P.D., Smithson, S.B., Bentley, C.R., 1998. Optimum seismic shooting and recording parameters and a preliminary crustal model for the Byrd Subglacial Basin. Antarctica. Proc. Int. Symp. Antarct. Earth Sci., Siena (in press).
23. Clowes, R.M., Cook, F.A., Green, A.G., Keen, C.E., Ludden, J.N., Percival, J.A., Quinlan, G.M., West, G.F., 1993. Lithoprobe: new perspectives on crustal evolution. Can. J. Earth Sci. 29, 1813-1864.
24. Clowes, R.M., Zelt, C.M., Amor, J.R., Ellis, R.M., 1995. Lithospheric structure in the southern Canadian Cordillera from a network of seismic refraction lines. Can. J. Earth Sci. 32, 1485-1513.
25. Coleman, M.E., Parrish, R.R., 1991. Eocene dextral strike-slip and extensional faulting in the Bridge River terrane, southwest British Columbia. Tectonics 10, 1222-1238.
26. Constable, S.C., Parker, R.L., Constable, C.G., 1987. Oceam's inversion: a practical algorithm for generating smooth models from electromagnetic sounding data. Geophysics 52, 289-300.
27. Constable, S., Sinha, M.C., MacGregor, L.M., Navin, D.A., Peirce, C., White, A., Heinson, G., 1997. RAMASSES finds a magma chamber beneath a slow spreading ridge. InterRidge News 6, 18-22.
28. Cook, F.A., 1995. Lithospheric processes and products in the southern Canadian Cordillera: a Lithoprobe perspective. Can. J. Earth Sci. 32, 1803-1824.
29. Cook, F.A., Jones, A.G., 1995. Seismic reflections and electrical conductivity: a case of Holmes' curious dog? Geology 23, 141-144.
30. Cook, P.A., Green, A.G., Simony, P.S., Price, R.A., Parrish, R.R., Milkereit, B., Gordy, P.L., Brown, R.L., Coflin, K.C., Patenaude, C., 1988. LITHOPROBE seismic reflection structure of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera: initial results. Tectonics 7, 157-180.
31. Cook, F.A., Varsek, J.L., Clowes, R.M., Kanasewich, E.R., Spencer, C.P., Parrish, R.R., Brown, R.L., Carr, S.D., Johnson, B.J., Price, R.A., 1992. Lithoprobe crustal reflection cross section of the southern Canadian Cordillera, I. Foreland Thrust and Fold belt to Fraser River Fault. Tectonics 11, 12-35.
32. Cook, F.A., Li, Q., Vasudevan, K., 1997. Identification and interpretation of azimuthally varying crustal reflectivity with an example from the southern Canadian Cordillera. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 8447-8465.
33. Davey, F.J., Henyey, T., Holbrook, W.S., Okaya, D., Stern, T.A., Eberhart-Phillips, D., McEvilly, T., Urhammer, R., Anderson, H., Jiracek, G.R., Wannamaker, P.E., Caldwell, G., Christiansen, N., 1998. Preliminary results from a geophysical study across a modern, continent-continent collisional plate boundary - the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Tectonophysics (in press).
34. Duha, A., Heikamp, S., Meurer, W., Nover, G., Will, G., 1994. Evidence from borehole samples for the role of accessory minerals in lower-crustal conductivity. Nature 367, 59-61.
35. Eberhart-Phillips, D., Michael, A.J., 1993. Three-dimensional velocity structure, seismicity, and fault structure in the Parkfield region, central California. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 1577-15758.
36. Eberhart-Phillips, D., Stanley, W.D., Rodriguez, B.D., Lutter, W.J., 1995. Surface seismic and electric methods to detect fluids related to faulting. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 12919-12936.
37. Emmerman, R., Lauterjung, J., 1997 The German continental deep drilling program: overview and major results. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 18179-18201.
38. Everett, J.E., Hyndman, R.D., 1967. Geomagnetic variations and electrical conductivity structure in south-western Australia. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 1, 24-34.
39. Fliedner, M.M., Ruppert, S.D., Malin, P.E., Park, S.K., Jiracek, G.R., Phinney, R.A., Saleeby, J.B., Wernicke, B.P., Clayton, R.W., Keller, G.R., Miller, K.C., Jones, C.H., Luetgert, J.H., Mooney, W.D., Oliver, H.L., Klemperer, S.L., Thompson, G.A., 1996. Three-dimensional crustal structures of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modelling. Geology 24, 367-370.
40. Forsyth, D.W., Chave, A.D., 1994. Experiment investigates magma in the mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges. EOS 75, 537-540.
41. Franke, W., Bortfeld, R.K., Brix, M., Drozdzewski, G., Dhrbaum, H.J., Giese, P., Janoth, W., Jödicke, H., Reichert, C., Scherp, A., Schmoll, J., Thomas, R., Thünker, M., Weber, K., Wiesner, M.G., Wong, H.K., 1990. Crustal structure of the Rhenish Massif: results of deep seismic reflection lines DEKORP 2-North and 2-North-Q. Geol. Rundsch. 79, 523-566.
42. Garcia, X., Chave, A.D., Jones, A.G., 1997. Robust processing of magnetotelluric data from the auroral zone. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 49, 1451-1468.
43. Gharibi, M., Korja, T., 1996. Electrical conductivity of Caledonides in Jamtlandm, Sweden. A poster presentation at the 13th Workshop on Electromagnetic Induction in the Earth. Onuma, Hokkaido, 12-18 July 1996 (abstr.).
44. Gharihi, M., Korja, T., Pedersen, L.B., 1997. Magnetotelluric study of the Caledonides in Jämtland. Sweden. Contributed paper at EGS XXII General Assembly, Vienna, 21-25 April 1997.
45. Gough, D.I., 1986. Seismic reflectors, conductivity, water and stress in the continental crust. Nature 323, 143-144.
46. Gough, D.I., 1992. Electromagnetic exploration for fluids in the Earth's crust. Earth-Sci. Rev. 32, 3-18.
47. Groom, R.W., Bailey, R.C., 1989. Decomposition of magnetotelluric impedance tensors in the presence of local three-dimensional galvanic distortion. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 1913-1925.
48. Groom, R.W., Bailey, R.C., 1991. Analytical investigations of the effects of near-surface three-dimensional galvanic scatterers on MT tensor decomposition. Geophysics 56, 496-518.
49. Groom, R.W., Kurtz, R.D., Jones, A.G., Boerner, D.E., 1993. A quantitative methodology for determining the dimensionality of conductive structure from magnetotelluric data. Geophys. J. Int. 115, 1095-1118.
50. Groupe ARMOR. 1998. Imagerie sismique et magnétotellurique de la structure crustale du bloc Cadomien de Bretagne-Nord, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris (in press).
51. Gupta, J.C., Jones, A.G., 1995. Electrical conductivity structure of the Purcell Anticlinorium in southeast British Columbia and northwest Montana. Can. J. Earth Sci. 32, 1564-1583.
52. Gupta, J.C., Kurtz, R.D., Camfield, P.A., Niblett, E.R., 1985. A geomagnetic induction anomaly from IMS data near Hudson Bay, and its relation to crustal electrical conductivity in central North America. Geophys. J.R. Astron. Soc. 81, 33-46.
53. Haak, V., Simpson, F., Bahr, K., Bigalke, J., Eisel, M., Harms, U., Hirschmann, G., Huenges, E., Jödicke, H., Kontny, A., Khck, J., Nover, G., Rauen, A., Stoll, J., Walther, J., Winter, H., Zulauf, G., 1997. KTB and the electrical conductivity of the crust. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 18289-18305.
54. Habashy, T.M.,. Groom, R.W., Spies, B.R., 1993. Beyond the Born and Rytov approximations: a nonlinear approach to electromagnetic scattering. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 1759-1775.
55. Hammer, P.T.C., Clowes, R.M., 1996. Seismic reflection investigations of the Mount Cayley bright spot: a midcrustal reflector beneath the Coast Mountains, British Columbia. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 20119-20132.
56. Handa, S., Camfield, P.A., 1984. Crustal electrical conductivity in north-central Saskatchewan: the North American Central Plains anomaly and its relation to a Proterozoir plate margin. Can. J. Earth Sci. 21, 533-543.
57. Harjes, H.-P., Bram, K., Dhrbaum, H.-J., Gebrande, H., Hirschmann, G., Janik, M., Klöckner, M., Lüschen, E., Rabbel, W., Simon, M., Thomas, R., Tormann, J., Wenzel, F., 1997. Origin and nature of crustal reflections: results from integrated seismic measurements at the KTB super-deep drilling site. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 18267-18288.
58. Holbrook, W.S., Okaya, D.A., Henyey, T.L., Davey, F., Stern, T., 1996. Deep structure beneath the Southern Alps. New Zealand, from onshore-offshore wide-angle seismic data. Paper presented at Fall Meeting AGU, San Fransicso. December 15-19.
59. Hurich, C.A., Palm, H., Dyrelius, D., Kristoffersen, Y., 1989. Deformation of the Baltic continental crust during Caledonide intracontinental subduction: views from seismic reflection data. Geology 19, 423-425.
60. Hyndman, R.D., 1963. Electrical Conductivity Inhomogeneities in the Earth's Upper Mantle. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver.
61. Hyndman, R.D., Vanyan, L.L., Marquis, G., Law, L.K., 1993. The origin of electrically conductive lower crust: saline water or graphite?. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 81, 325-344.
62. Ingham, M., 1996. Magnetotelluric soundings across the South Island of New Zealand: electrical structure associated with the orogen of the Southern Alps. Geophys. J. Int. 124, 134-148.
63. Ji, S., Rondenay, S., Mareschal, M., Senechal, G., 1996. Obliquity between seismic and electrical anisotropies as a potential indicator of movement sense for ductile mantle shear zones. Geology 24, 1033-1036.
64. Jiracek, G.R., 1985. Geoelectromagnetics charges on. U.S. Natl. Report to the IUGG 1991-1994. Rev. Geophys., Suppl. pp. 169-176.
65. Jiracek, G.R., Kinn, C.L., Scott, C.L., Nettleton, C.E., Wannamaker, P.W., 1996a. Correlation of magnetotelluric data and geothermal drilling in the Valles caldera region, New Mexico (abstr.). Expanded abstracts with bibliographies, I, 66th Annu. Int. Meet., Soc. Explor. Geophys., pp. 277-280.
66. Jiracek, G.R., Porter, A.D., Gonzales, V.M., Wannamaker, P.E., Stodt, J.A., Caldwell, T.G., McKnight, J.D., 1996b. Magnetotelluric investigation of continent-continent collision in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Paper presented at Fall Meet. AGU. San Fransicso, December 15-19.
67. Jones, A.G., 1987. MT and reflection: an essential combination. Geophys. J. Int. 89, 7-18.
68. Jones, A.G., 1992. Electrical conductivity of the continental lower crust. In: Fountain, D.M., Arculus, R.J., Kay, R.W. (Eds.). Continental Lower Crust. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 81-143.
69. Jones, A.G., 1993a. Electromagnetic images of modern and ancient subduction zones. In: Green, A.G., Kröner, A., Gotze, H.-J., Pavlenkova, N. (Eds.). Plate Tectonic Signatures in the Continental Lithosphere. Tectonophysics 219, 29-45.
70. Jones, A.G., 1993b. The BC87 dataset: tectonic setting, previous EM results and recorded MT data. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 45, 1089-1105.
71. Jones, A.G., 1993c. The COPROD2 dataset: tectonic setting, recorded MT data and comparison of models. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 45, 933-955.
72. Jones, A.G., Craven, J.A., 1990. The North American Central Plains conductivity anomaly and its correlation with gravity, magnetics, seismic, and heat flow data in the Province of Saskatchewan. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 60, 169-194.
73. Jones, A.G., Dumas, I., 1993. Electromagnetic images of a volcanic zone. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 81, 289-314.
74. Jones, A.G., Gough, D.I., 1995. Electromagnetic studies in southern and central Canadian Cordillera. Can. J. Earth Sci. 32, 1541-1563.
75. Jones, A.G., Holliger, K., 1997. Spectral analysis of the KTB sonic and density logs using robust nonparametric methods. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 18391-18403.
76. Jones, A.G., Savage, P.J., 1986. North American Central Plains conductivity anomaly goes east. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 685-688.
77. Jones, A.G., Kurtz, R.D., Oldenburg, D.W., Boerner, D.E., Ellis, R., 1988. Magnetotelluric observations along the LITHOPROBE southeastern Canadian Cordilleran transect. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 677-680.
78. Jones, A.G., Kurtz, R.D., Boerner, D.F., Craven, J.A., McNeice, G., Gough, D.I., DeLaurier, J.M., Ellis, R.G., 1992. Electromagnetic constraints on strike-slip fault geometry - the Fraser River fault system. Geology 20, 561-564.
79. Jones, A.G., Groom, R.W., Kurtz, R.D., 1993a. Decomposition and modelling of the BC87 dataset. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 45, 1127-1150.
80. Jones, A.G., Craven, J.A., McNeice, G.A., Ferguson, I.J., Boyce, T. Farquharson, C., Ellis, R.G., 1993b. The North American Central Plains conductivity anomaly within the Trans-Hudson orogen in northern Saskatchewan. Geology 21, 1027-1030.
81. Jones, A.G., Katsube, J., Schwann, P., 1997. The longest conductivity anomaly in the world explained: sulphides in fold hinges causing very high electrical anisotropy. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. (in press).
82. Kirkwood, S.C., Hutton, V.R.S., Sik, J., 1981. A geomagnetic study of the Great Glen fault. Geophys. J.R. Astron. Soc. 66, 481-490.
83. Klein, D.P., 1991. Crustal resistivity structure from magnetotelluric soundings in the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range provinces, central and western Arizona. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 12313-13331.
84. Korja, A., Korja, T., Luosto, U. Heikkinen, P., 1993. Seismic and geoelectric evidence for collisional and extensional events in the Fennoscandian Shield: implications for Precambrian crustal evolution. Tectonophysics 219, 129-152.
85. Korja, T., Tuisku, P., Pernu, T., Karhu, J., 1996. Lapland Granulite Belt - implications for properties and evolution of deep continental crust. Terra Nova 8, 48-58.
86. Kurtz, R.D., DeLaurier, J.M., Gupta, J.C., 1986. A magnetotelluric sounding across Vancouver Island sees the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. Nature 321 596-599.
87. Kurtz, R.D., DeLaurier, J.M., Gupta, J.C., 1990. The electrical conductivity distribution beneath Vancouver Island: a region of active plate subduction. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 10929-10946.
88. Lahiri, B.N., Price, A.T., 1939. Electromagnetic induction in non-uniform conductors, and the determination of the conductivity of the Earth from terrestrial magnetic variations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. A 237, 509-540.
89. Lajoic, J.J., Caner, B., 1970. Geomagnetic induction anomaly near Kootenay Lake - a strike-slip feature in the lower crust?. Can. J. Earth Sci. 7, 1568-1579.
90. Larsen, J.C., Mackie, R.L., Manzella, A., Fiordelisi, A., Rieven, S., 1996. Robust smooth magnetotelluric transfer functions. Geophys. J. Int. 124, 801-819.
91. Leclair, A.D., Percival, J.A., Green, A.G., Wu, J.I., West, G.F., Wang, W., 1994. Seismic reflection profiles across the central Kapuskasing uplift. Can. J. Earth Sci. 31, 1016-1026.
92. Lucas, S.B., Green, A.G., Hajnal, Z., White, D., Lewry, J., Ashton, K., Weber, W., Clowes, R., 1993. Deep seismic profile across a Proterozoic collision zone: surprises at depth. Nature 363, 339-342.
93. Lutter, W.J., Roberts, P.M., Thurber, C.H., Steck, L., Fehler, M.C., Stafford, D.G., Baldridge, W.S., Zeichert, T.A., 1995. Teleseismic P-wave image of crust and mantle structure beneath the Valles caldera. New Mexico: initial results from the 1993 JTEX passive array. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 505-508.
94. Mackie, R.L., Livelybrooks, D.W., Madden, T.R., Larsen, J.C., 1996. A magnetotelluric investigation of the San Andreas fault at Carrizo Plain, California. Geophys. Res. Lett. (in press).
95. Makovsky, Y., Klemperer, S.L., Ratschbacher, L., Brown, L.D. Li, M. Zhao, W., Meng, F., 1997. INDEPTU wide-angle reflection observation of P-wave to S-wave conversion from crustal bright spots in Tibet. Science 274, 1690-691.
96. Mareschal, M., Kurtz, R.D., Bailey, R.C., 1994. A review of electromagnetic investigations in the Kapuskasing uplift and surrounding regions: electrical properties of key rocks. Can. J. Earth Sci. 31, 1042-1051.
97. Mareschal, M., Kellett, R.L., Kurtz, R.D., Ludden, J.N., Bailey. R.C., 1995. Archean cratonic roots, mantle shear zones and deep electrical anisotropy. Nature 373, 134-137.
98. Marquis, G., Jones, A.G., Hyndman, R.D., 1995. Coincident conductive and reflective lower crust across a thermal boundary in southern British Columbia. Canada. Geophys. J. Int. 120, 111-131.
99. McCarthy, J., Larkin, S.P., Fuis, R.W., Simpsom, R.W., Howard, K.A., 1991. Anatomy of a metamorphic core complex: seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling in southeastern California and western Arizona. J Geophys. Res. 96, 12259-12291.
100. McLcan, N.A., 1995. Crustal Seismic Velocity Structure of the Intermontane and Coast belts. Southwestern Canadian Cordillera. M.Sc. thesis. Univ. Victoria. Victoria, B.C., 110 pp.
101. McNeice, G.W., Jones, A.G., 1996. Multisite, multifrequency tensor decomposition of magnetotelluric data. Oral presentation, 66th Soc. Explor. Geophys. Meet., Denver, Colo.m 10-15 Novemberm Publ. in Abstract Proceedings, pp. 281-284.
102. Meltzer, A.S., Zeitler, P.K., Schoemann, M.L., Beaudoin, B.C., Seeber, L., Armbruster, J.G., 1996. The Nanga Parbat Seismic Experiment. Paper presented at Fall Meet. AGU, San Francisco, December 15-19.
103. Migaux, L., Astier, J.L., Reval, P.H., 1960. Un essai de détermination expérimentale de la résistivité électrique des couches profondes de l'écorce terrestre. Ann. Geophys. 16, 555-560.
104. Nelson, K.D., Baird, D.J., Walters, J.J., Hauck, M., Brown, L.D., Oliver, J.E., Ahern, J.L., Hajnal. Z., Jones, A.G., Sloss, L.L., 1993. Trans-Hudson orogen and Williston basin in Montana and North Dakota: New COCORP deep profiling results. Geology 21, 447-450.
105. Nelson, K.D., Wenjin Zhao, Brown, L.D., Kuo, J., Jinkai Che, Xianwen Liu, Klemperer, S.L., Makovsky, Y., Meissner, R., Mechie, J., Kind, R., Wenzel, F., Ni, J., Nabelek, J., Leshou Chen. Handong Tan, Wenbo Wei, Jones, A.G., Booker, J., Unsworth, M., Kidd, W.S.F., Hauck, M., Alsdorf, D., Ross, A., Cogan, M., Changde Wu, Sandvol, E., Edwards, M., 1996. Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: synthesis of Project INDEPTH results. Science 274, 1684-1688.
106. Nesbitt, B.E., Muehlenbachs, K., 1991. Stable isotopic constraints on the nature of the syntectonic fluid regime of the Canadian Cordillera. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 963-966.
107. Neves, A.S., 1957. The Magnetotelluric Method in Two-dimensional Structures. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis. Mass. Inst. Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
108. Oldenburg, D.W., Ellis, R.G., 1993. Efficient inversion of magnetotelluric data in two dimensions. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 81, 117-200.
109. Olhoeft, G.R., 1981. Electrical properties of granite with implications for the lower crust. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 931-936.
110. Park, S.K., Mackie, R.L., 1996. Interpretation of three-dimensional MT data - case study along the Indus River, northern Pakistan. Paper presented at Fall Meet. AGU, San Francisco, December 15-19.
111. Park, S.K., Biasi, G.P., Mackie, R.L., Madden, T.D., 1991. Magnetotelluric evidence for crustal suture zones bounding the southern Great Valley, California. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 353-376.
112. Percival, J.A., West, G.F., 1994. The Kapuskasing uplift: a geological and geophysical synthesis. Can. J. Earth Sci. 31, 1256-1286.
113. Perz, M.J., 1993. Characteristics of the Fraser Fault. Southwestern British Columbia, and Surrounding Geology through Reprocessing of Seismic Reflection Data. M.Sc. thesis. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., 191 pp.
114. Phinney, R.A., Silver, P., Lerner-Lam, A., Park, J., Carlson, R., 1993. A National Report for Research in Continental Dynamics - CD/2020. Publ. by. IRIS Corp., Virginia, 72 pp.
115. Popper, K.R., Sir, 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Univ. Toronto Press., 479 pp.
116. Posgay, K., Takacs, E., Szalay, I., Bodoky, T., Hegedus, E., Kantor, I.J., Timar, Z., Varga, G., Berczi, I., Szalay, A., Nagy, J., Papa, A., Hajnal, Z., Reilkoff, B., Mueller, S., Ansorge, J., De Iaco, R., Asudeh, I., 1996. International deep reflection survey along the Hungarian Geotraverse. Geophys. Trans. 40, 1-44.
117. Pous, J., Queral, P., Ledo, J., Garcia-Duenas, V. Sallares, V., Danobeitia, J.J., Carbonell, R., 1996. Coincident reflectivity and high electrical conductivity beneath the Betics mountain chain. Paper presented at 7th Int. Symp. Deep Seismic Profiling Cont., Asilomar. Calif., Sept. 15-22.
118. Price, R.A., Carmichael, D.M., 1986. Geometric test for late Cretaceous-Paleogene intracontinental transform faulting in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology 14, 468-471.
119. Ross, G.M., Milkereit, B., Eaton, D., White, D. Kanasewich. E.R., Burianyk, J.A., 1995. Paleoproterozoic collisional orogen beneath western Canada sedimentary basin imaged by Lithoprobe crustal seismic reflection data. Geology 23, 195-199.
120. Senechal, G., Rondenay, S., Mareschal, M., Guilbert, J., Poupinet, G., 1996. Seismic and electrical anisotropies in the lithosphere across the Grenville Front. Canada. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2255-2258.
121. Shankland, T.J., Ander, M.E., 1983. Electrical conductivity, temperatures, and fluids in the lower crust. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 9475-9484.
122. Simpson, F., and the KRISP MT Working Group. 1996. Electromagnetic properties of the southern Kenyan Rift and the Chyulu volcanic range. Paper presented at 13th Workshop on Electromagnetic Induction in the Earth, Onuma, July 12-18.
123. Sinha, M.C., Navin, D.A., MacGregor, L.M., Constable, S., Peirce, C., White, A., Heinson, G., Inglis, M.A., 1997. Evidence for accumulated melt beneath the slow-spreading mid-Atlantic ridge. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 355, 233-253.
124. Silver, P.G., Chan, W.W., 1991. Shear-wave splitting and subcontinental mantle deformation. J. Geophys.Res. 96, 16429-16454.
125. Smith, J.T., Booker, J.R., 1991. Rapid inversion of two and three-dimensional magnetotelluric data. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 3905-3922.
126. Snyder, D.B., Flack, C.A., 1990. A Caledonian age for reflectors within the mantle lithosphere north and west of Scotland. Tectonics 9, 903-922.
127. Stern, T.A., Wannamaker, P.E., Eberhart-Phillips, D., Okaya, D., Davey, F.J., the South Island working group. 1998. Crustal structure experiments across the Southern Alps of New Zealand. EOS. Trans. AGU (in press).
128. Stoerzel, A., Smithson, S.B., 1996. Seismic structure of the Ruby mountains core complex, eastern Nevada, from multi-component seismic wide-angle data. Paper presented at 7th Int. Symp. Deep Seismic Profiling Cont., Asilomar. Calif., Sept. 15-22.
129. Swift, C.M., 1967. A Magnetotelluric Investigation of an Electrical Conductivity Anomaly in the South-Western United States. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Dept. Geology Geophys., Mass. Inst. Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
130. Tikhonov, A.N., 1950. On the determination of the electric characteristics of deep layers of the Earth's crust |Reprinted in Vozoff (1986), pp. 2-3|. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 73, 295-297.
131. Trehu, A.M., Asudeh, I., Brocher, T.M., Luetgert, J.H., Mooney, W.D., Nabelek, J.L., Nakamura, Y., 1994. Crustal architecture of the Cascadia Forcarc. Science 265, 237-243.
132. Tyburezy, J.A., Waff, H.S., 1983. Electrical conductivity of molten basalt and andesite to 25 kilobars pressure: geophysical significance and implications for charge transport and melt structure. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 2413-2430.
133. Unsworth, M.J., Malin, P.E., Egbert, G.D., Booker, J.R., 1997. Internal structure of the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield. California Geology 25, 359-362.
134. Varsek, J.L., Cook, F.A., Clowes, R.M., Journeay, J.M., Monger, J W.H., Parrish, R.R., Kanasewich, E.R., Spencer, C.P., 1993. LITHOPROBE crustal reflection structure of the southern Canadian Cordillera II: Coast Mountains transect. Tectonics 12, 334-360.
135. Volbers, R., Joedicke, H., Untiedt, I., 1990. Magnetotelluric study of the earth's crust along the deep seismic reflection profile DEKORP 2-N. Geol. Rundsch. 79, 581-601.
136. Vozoff, K. (Ed.), 1986. Magnetotelluric Methods. Soc. Expl. Geophys. Reprint Ser. No. 5, Soc., Explor. Geophys., Tulsa, Okla.
137. Vozoff, K., 1991. The magnetotelluric method. In: Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics - Applications. Soc. Explor. Geophys., Tulsa. Okla., pp 641-712.
138. Wannamaker, P.E., Booker, J.R., Filloux, J.H., Jones, A.G., Jiracek, G.R., Chave, A.D., Waff, H.S., Young, C.T., Stodt, J.A., Martinez, M., Law, L.K., Yukitake, T., Segawa, J.S., White A., Green, A.W., 1989a. Magnetotelluric observations across the Juan de Fuca subduction system in the EMSLAB project. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 14121-14125.
139. Wannamaker, P.E., Booker, J.R., Jones, A.G., Chave, A.D., Filloux, J.H., Waff, H.S., Law, L.K., 1989b. Resistivity cross-section through the Juan de Fuca subduction system and its tectonic implications. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 14127-14144.
140. Wannamaker, P.E., Stodt, J.A., Olser, S.L., 1996. Dormant state of rifting below the Byrd Subglacial Basin. West Antarctica, implied by magnetotelluric profiling. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2983-2986.
141. Wernicke, B.P., Clayton, R.W., Ducca, M.N., Jones, C.H., Park, S.K., Ruppert, S.D., Saleeby, J.B. Snow, J.K., Squires, L.J., Fliedner, M.M., Jiracek, G.R., Keller-, G.R., Klemperer, S.L., Luetgert, J.H., Malin, P.E., Miller, K.C., Mooney, W.D., Oliver, H.W., Phinney, R.A., 1996. Origin of high mountains in the continents; the southern Sierra Nevada. Science 271, 190-193.
142. Yardley, B.W.D., Valley, J.W., 1997. The petrologic case for a dry lower crust. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 12172-12185.
143. Zelt, C.A., White, D.J., 1995. Crustal structure and tectonics of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 24255-24273.