The petrologic case for a dry lower crust

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 102, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 12173-12185

  Yardley, Bruce W D ^a   Valley, John W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONDUCTIVITY; CRUST (LOWER); FLUID PRESSURE; WATER;

EID: 0031449495     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97jb00508     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Adám, A., Are there two types of conductivity anomaly (CA) caused by fluid in the crust?, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 45, 209-215, 1987.
2. Austrheim, H., and W.L. Griffin, Shear deformation and eclogite formation within granulite facies anorthosites of the Bergen Arcs, western Norway, Chem. Geol., 50, 267-281, 1985.
3. 2 mixtures, Nature, 371, 238-240, 1994.
4. Bailey, R.C., J.A. Craven, J.C. MacNae, and B.D. Poizer, Imaging of deep fluids in Archaean crust, Nature, 340, 136-138, 1989.
5. Bell, D.R., and G.R. Rossman, Water in the Earth's mantle: The role of nominally anhydrous minerals, Science, 255, 1391-1397, 1992.
6. 2, J. Petrol., 29, 445-522, 1988.
7. Bohlen, S. R., and K. Mezger, Origin of granulite terranes and the formation of the lowermost continental crust, Science, 244, 326-329, 1989.
8. Borevsky, L., S. Milanovsky, and L. Yakovlev, Fluid-thermal regime in the crust-Superdeep drilling data, in Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 1995, edited by : E. Barbier, G. Frye, E. Iglesias, and G. Palmason, pp. 975-981, Int. Geotherm. Assoc., Auckland, New Zealand, 1995.
9. 2-NaCl on phase relations in geologic systems: Metamorphic equilibria at high pressure and temperature, Am. Mineral., 68, 1059-1075, 1983.
10. Brodie, K.H., and E.H. Rutter, On the relationship between deformation and metamorphism, with special reference to the behaviour of basic rocks, in Metamorphic Reactions: Kinetics, Textures und Deformation, Adv. Phys. Geochem., vol. 4, edited by A.B. Thompson and D.C. Rubie, pp. 138-179, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985.
11. Brown, C., Tectonic interpretation of regional conductivity anomalies, Surv. Geophys., 15, 123-157, 1994.
12. Burnham, C.W., J.R. Holloway, and N.F. Davis, Thermodynamic properties of water to 1000°C and 10,000 bars, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 132, 96 pp., 1969.
13. Cameron, E.N., and P.L. Weiss, Strategic graphite: A survey, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1082-E, 201-321, 1960.
14. Chapman, D.S., Thermal gradients in the continental crust, in Nature of Lower Continental Crust, edited by I.B. Dawson, D.A. Carswell, J. Hall and K.H. Wedepohl, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 24, 63-70, 1986.
15. Connolly, J.A.D., and A.B. Thompson, Fluid and enthalpy production during regional metamorphism, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 102, 347-366, 1989
16. Cuthbert, S.J., and D.A. Carswell, Formation and exhumation of medium temperature eclogites in the Scandinavian Caledonides, in Eclogite Fades Rocks, edited by D.A. Carswell, pp. 180-203, Blackie, Glasgow, 1990.
17. Downes, H., and A. Leyerloup, Granulitic xenoliths from the French Massif Central-Petrology, Sr and Nd isotope systematics and model age estimates, in Nature of Lower Continental Crust, edited by J.B. Dawson, D.A. Carswell, J. Hall, and K.H. Wedepohl, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 24, 319-330, 1986.
18. Duba, A., Limits to electrical conductivity measurements of silicates, in High-Pressure Researches in Geosciences, edited by W. Schreyer, pp. 375-381, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1982.
19. Duba, A., and T.J. Shankland, Free carbon and electrical conductivity in the Earth's mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 1271-1274, 1982.
20. Duba, A., S. Heikamp, W. Meurer, G. Nover, and G. Will, Evidence from borehole samples for the role of accessory minerals in lower-crustal conductivity, Nature, 357, 59-61, 1994.
21. Duxnn, S.R., and LW. Valley, Calcite-graphite isotope thermometry: A test for polymetamorphism in marble, Tudor gabbro aureole, Ontario, Canada. J. Metamorph. Geol., 10, 487-501, 1992.
22. Elphick, S.C., and C.M. Graham, The effect of hydrogen on oxygen diffusivity in quartz: Evidence for fast proton transients?, Nature, 335, 243-245, 1988.
23. England, P.C., and S.W. Richardson, The influence of erosion upon the mineral facies of rocks from different metamorphic environments, J. Geol. Soc. London, 134, 201-213, 1977.
24. Farver, J.R., and R.A. Yund, The effect of hydrogen, oxygen and water fugacity on oxygen diffusion in alkali feldspar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 2953-2964, 1990.
25. Fricke, H. C., S. M. Wickham, and J. R. O'Neil, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope evidence for meteoric water infiltration during mylonitization and uplift in the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range core complex, Nevada, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 111, 203-221, 1992.
26. Frost, B.R., W.S. Fyfe, K. Tazaki, and T. Chan, Grain boundary graphite in rocks and implications for high electrical conductivity in the lower crust. Nature, 340, 134-136, 1989.
27. Gough, D.I., Seismic reflectors, conductivity, water and stress in the continental crust. Nature, 323, 143-144, 1986.
28. Gough, D.I., Electromagnetic exploration for fluids in the Earth's crust, Earth Sci. Rev., 32, 3-18, 1992.
29. Griffin, W.L., On the eclogites of Norway-65 years later, Mineral. Mag., 51, 333-343, 1987.
30. Griffin, W.L., and S.Y. O'Reilly, The lower crust in eastern Australia: Xenolith evidence, in Nature of Lower Continental Crust, edited by J.B. Dawson, D.A. Carswell, J. Hall, and K.H. Wedepohl, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 24, 363-374, 1986.
31. Haak, V., and R. Hutton, Electrical resistivity in continental lower crust, in Nature of Lower Continental Crust, edited by J.B. Dawson, D.A. Carswell, J. Hall, and K.H. Wedepohl, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 24, 35-49, 1986.
32. Hall, J., The physical properties of layered rocks in deep continental crust, in Nature of Lower Continental Crust, edited by LB. Dawson, D.A. Carswell, L Hall, and K.H. Wedepohl, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 24, 51-61, 1986.
33. Holbrook, W.S., W.D. Mooney, and N.I. Christensen, The seismic velocity structure of the deep continental crust, in Continental Lower Crust, edited by D.M. Fountain, R.J. Arculus, and R.W. Kay, pp. 1-43, Elsevier, New York, 1992.
34. Hyndman, R.D., and P.M. Shearer, Water in the lower continental crust: Modelling magnetotelluric and seismic reflection results, Geophys. J. Int., 98, 343-367, 1989.
35. Hyndman, R.D., L.L. Vanyan, G. Marquis, and L.K. Law, The origin of electrically conductive lower crust: Saline water or graphite?, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 81, 325-344, 1993.
36. Jamtveit, B., K. Bucher-Nurminen, and H. Austrheim, Fluid controlled eclogitization of granulites in deep crustal shear zones, Bergen arcs, western Norway, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 104, 184-193, 1990.
37. Jödicke, H., Water and graphite in the Earth's crust - An approach to interpretation of conductivity models, Surv. Geophys., 13, 381-407, 1992.
38. Jones, A.G., Electrical conductivity of the lower continental crust, in Continental Lower Crust, edited by D.M. Fountain, R.J. Arculus, and R.W. Kay, pp. 81-143, Elsevier, New York, 1992.
39. Kariya, K.A., and T.J. Shankland, Electrical conductivity of dry lower crustal rocks, Geophysics, 48, 52-61, 1983.
40. Katsube, J.T., and M. Mareschal, 1993, Petrophysical model of deep electrical conductors: Graphite lining as a source of its disconnection due to uplift, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8019-8030, 1993.
41. Kerrick, D.M., L.B. Eminhizer, and J.F. Villaume, The role of carbon thickness in electron microprobe analysis, Am. Mineral., 58, 920-925, 1973.
42. Kurtz, R.D., J.M. DeLaurier, and G.F. West, A magnetotelluric sounding across Vancouver Island detects the subducting Juan de Fuca plate, Nature, 321, 596-599, 1986.
43. 2, vapour-free environment, Nature, 312, 56-58, 1984.
44. Lamb, W.M., and J.W. Valley, C-O-H fluid calculations and granulite genesis, in The Deep Proterozoic Crust, edited by J.L.R. Touret, pp. 119-131, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1985.
45. Lamb, W.M., and J.W. Valley, Granulite facies amphibole and biotite equilibria, and calculted peak-metamorphic water activities, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 100, 349-360, 1988.
46. Lee, C.D., F.J. Vine, and R.G. Ross, Electrical conductivity models for the continental crust based on laboratory measurements on high grade metamorphic rocks, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 72, 353-371, 1983.
47. Mareschal, M., W.S. Fyfe, J. Percival, and T. Chan, Grain-boundary graphite in Kapuskasing gneisses and implications for lower-crustal conductivity, Nature, 357, 674-676, 1992.
48. Meissner, R., and T. Wever, The possible role of fluids for the structuring of the continental crust, Earth Sci. Rev., 32, 19-32, 1992.
49. Merzer, A.M., and S.L. Klemperer, High electrical conductivity in a model lower crust with unconnected, conductive, seismically reflective layers, Geophys. J. Int., 108, 895-905, 1992.
50. Morrison, J., Meteoric water-rock interaction in the lower plate of the Whipple Mountain metamorphic core complex, California, J. Metamorph. Geol., 12, 827-840, 1994.
51. Munz, I.A., B.W.D. Yardley, D.A. Banks, and D. Wayne, Deep penetration of sedimentary fluids into basement rocks from southern Norway: Evidence from hydrocarbon and brine inclusions in quartz veins, Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 239-254, 1995.
52. Nakashima, Y., Buoyancy-driven propagation of an isolated fluid-filled crack in rock: Implication for fluid transport in metamorphism, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 114, 289-295, 1993.
53. Nesbitt, B.E., K. Muehlenbachs, and J.B. Murowchick, Genetic implications of stable isotope characteristics of mesothermal Au deposits and related Sb and Hg deposits in the Canadian Cordillera, Econ. Geol., 84, 1489-1506, 1989.
54. Norris, R.J. and R.W. Henley, Dewatering of a metamorphic pile, Geology, 4, 333-336, 1976.
55. Parkhomenko, E.I., Electrical resistivity of minerals and rocks at high temperature and pressure, Rev. Geophys., 20, 193-218, 1982.
56. Percival, J.A., D.M. Fountain, and M.H. Salisbury, Exposed crustal cross sections as windows on the lower crust, in Continental Lower Crust, edited by D.M. Fountain, R.J. Arculus, and R.W. Kay, pp. 317-361, Elsevier, New York, 1992.
57. Rudnick, R.L., Xenoliths-Samples of the lower continental crust, in Continental Lower Crust, edited by D.M. Fountain, R.J. Arculus, and R.W. Kay, pp. 269-315, Elsevier, New York, 1992.
58. Sanders, I.S., Exhumed lower crust in NW Ireland and a model for crustal conductivity, J. Geol. Soc. London, 148, 131-135, 1991.
59. Shankland, T.J. and M.E. Ander, Electrical conductivity, temperature and fluids in the crust, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9475-9484, 1983.
60. Sibson, R.H., Crustal stress, faulting and fluid flow, in Geofluids: Origin, Migration and Evolution of Fluids in Sedimentary Basins, edited by J. Parnell, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 78, 69-84, 1994,
61. Skippen, G.B., and V. Trommsdorff, The influence of NaCl and KCl on phase relations in metamorphosed carbonate rocks, Am. J. .Sci., 286, 71-104, 1986.
62. 2O, V, Thermodynamic PTX analysis of solid-liquid equilibria at high temperatures and pressure, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 2295-2309, 1992.
63. 2O: A new equation of state for the near-critical region and comparisons with other equations for adjoining regions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 973-987, 1989.
64. Thompson, A.B., and I.A.D. Connolly, Metamorphic fluids and anomalous porosities in the lower crust, Tectonophysics, 182, 47-55, 1990.
65. Thompson, A.B., and P.C. England, Pressure-temperature-time paths of regional metamorphism, II, Their inference and interpretation using mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks, J. Petrol., 25, 929-955, 1984
66. Valley, J.W., J. McLelland, E.J. Essene, and W. Lamb, Metamorphic fluids in the deep crust: evidence from the Adirondacks, Nature, 301, 226-228, 1983.
67. Valley, J.W., Polymetamorphism in the Adirondacks: wollastonite at contacts of shallowly intruded anorthosite, in The Deep Proterozoic Crust, edited by J.L.R. Touret, pp. 217-236, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1985.
68. von Bargen, N., and H.S. Waff, Permeabilities, interfacial areas and curvatures of partially molten systems: Results of numerical computations of equilibrium microstructures, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9261-9276, 1986.
69. Waff, H.S., Theoretical considerations of electrical conductivity in a partially molten mantle and implications for geothermometry, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4003-4010, 1974.
70. Walder, J., and A. Nur, Porosity reduction and crustal pore pressure development, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11,539-11,548, 1984.
71. Walther, J.V., and P.M. Orville, Volatile production and transport in regional metamorphism, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 79, 252-257, 1982.
72. Wannamaker, P.E., Fluids in the Earth's crust: Electromagnetic inferences on existence and distribution, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 94-228, 162-177, 1994.
73. Warner, M., Basalts, water or shear zones in the lower contiental crust?, Tectonophysics, 173, 163-174, 1990.
74. Yardley, B.W.D., Effect of cooling on the water content and mechanical behaviour of metamorphosed rocks, Geology, 9, 405-408, 1981.
75. Yardley, B.W.D., Fluid migration and veining in the Connemara Schists, in Fluid-Rock Interactions During Metamorphism, Adv. Phys. Geochem. vol. 5, edited by J.V. Walther and B.J. Wood, pp. 109-131, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986.
76. Yardley, B. W. D., and E. B. Baltatzis, Retrogression of staurolite schists and the sources of infiltrating fluids in metamorphism, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 89, 59-68, 1985.
77. Yardley, B.W.D., and J.W. Valley, How wet is the Earth's crust?, Nature, 371, 205-6, 1994.