The neurobiological basis of anxiety and fear: Circuits, mechanisms, and neurochemical interactions (Part I)

Neuroscientist

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 35-44

  Charney, Dennis S ^a   Grillon, Christian ^a   Bremner, J Douglas ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Anxiety; Extinction; Fear conditioning; Locus coeruleus; Sensitization

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; CONDITIONING; FEAR; HIPPOCAMPUS; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LOCUS CERULEUS; NERVE PROJECTION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; PANIC; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; SENSITIZATION;

EID: 0031844353     PISSN: 10738584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107385849800400111     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Charney DS, Deutch A. A functional neuroanatomy of anxiety and fear: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1996;10:419-446.
2. Turner B, Gupta KC, Mishkin M. The locus and cytoarchitecture of the projection areas of the olfactory bulb in Macaca mulatta. J Comp Neurol 1978;177:381-396.
3. Elam M, Svensson THE, Thoren P. Locus coeruleus neurons in sympathetic nerves: activation by visceral afferents. Brain Res 1986;375:117-125.
4. Saper CB. Convergence of autonomie and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol 1982;210:163-173.
5. Whitlock DG, Nauta WJH. Subcortical projections from the temporal neocortex in Macaca mulatta. J Comp Neurol 1956;106:183-212.
6. Jones EG. The thalamus. In: Emson P, editor. Chemical neuroanatomy. New York: Plenum Press: 1983. p. 25-26.
7. Jones EG, Powell TPSS. An experimental study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain 1970;93:793-820.
8. Mesulam MM, Van Hoesen G, Pandya DN, Geschwind N. Limbic and sensory connections of the IPL in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 1977;136:393-414.
9. Turner BH, Mishkin M, Knapp M. Organization of the amygdalopetal projections from modality-specific cortical association areas in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 1980;191:515-543.
10. VanHoesen GW, Pandya DN, Butters N. Cortical afferents to the entorhinal cortex of the rhesus monkey. Science 1972;175:1471-1473.
11. Vogt BA, Miller MW. Cortical connections between rat cingulate cortex and visual, motor, and postsubicular cortices. J Comp Neurol 1983;216:192-210.
12. Swanson LW. The hippocampus and the concept of the limbic system. In: Seifert W, editor. Neurobiology of the hippocampus. London: Academic; 1983. p. 3-19.
13. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LWW. Central noradrenergic pathways for the integration of hypothalamic neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. Science 1983;214:685-687.
14. Clark FM, Proudfit HK. The projection of locus coeruleus neurons to the spinal cord in the rat determined by anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry. Brain Res 1991;538:231-245.
15. Westlund KN, Coulter JDD. Descending projections of the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus/medial brachial nuclei in monkey: axonal transport studies and dopamine beat hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. Brain Res Rev 1980;2:235-264.
16. Lydiard RB, Greenwald S, Weissman MM, Johnson J, Drossman DA, Ballenger JC. Panic disorder and gastorintestinal symptoms: findings from the NIMH epidemiologic catchment area project. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:64-70.
17. McDonald AJ. Organization of amygdaloid projections to prefrontal cortex and associated striatum in the rat. Neuroscience 1991;44:1-14.
18. McDonald AJ. Topographical organization of amygdaloid projections to the caudatoputamen nucleus accumbens, and related striatal-like areas of the rat brain. Neuroscience 1991;44:15-33.
19. Squire LR. Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychol Rev 1992;99: 195-231.
20. Squire LR, Zola-Morgan S. The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science 1991;253:2380-2386.
21. Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:973-981.
22. Bremner JD, Randall P, Vermetten E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41:23-32.
23. Gurvits TV, Shenton ME, Hokama H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40:1091-1099.
24. Woods SW, Koster K, Krystal JH, et al. Yohimbine alters regional cerebral blood flow in panic disorder [letter]. Lancet 1988;2:678.
25. Stewart RS, Devous MD, Rush AJ, Lane L, Bonte FJ. Cerebral blood flow changes during sodium-lactate-induced panic attacks. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:442-449.
26. Nordahl TE, Semple WE, Gross M, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 1990;3:261-271.
27. Bremner JD, Innis RB, Ng CK, et al. Positron emission tomography measurement of central metabolic correlates of yohimbine administration in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:364-374.
28. Rauch SL, van der Kolk BA, Fisler RE, et al. A symptom provocation study of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:380-387.
29. Shin LM, Kosslyn SM, McNally RJ, et al. Visual imagery and perception in post-traumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1997;54:233-241.
30. Bremner JD, Staib LH, Kaloupek D, Southwick SM, Soufer R, Charney DS. Positron emission tomographic (PET)-based measurement of cerebral blood flow correlates of traumatic reminders in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. In review.
31. LeDoux JE, Cicchetti P, Xagoraris A, Romanski LM. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. J Neurosci 1990;10:1062-1069.
32. LeBar KS, LeDoux JE, Spencer DD, Phelps EA. Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. J Neurosci 1995;15:6846-6855.
33. Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damascio H, Damascio AR. Fear and the human amygdala. J Neurosci 1995;15:5879-5891.
34. Romanski LM, LeDoux JE. Bilateral destruction of neocortical and perirhinal projection targets of the acoustic thalamus does not disrupt auditory fear conditioning. Neurosci Lett 1992;142:228-232.
35. Romanski LM, LeDoux JE. Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning. J Neurosci 1992;12:4501-4509.
36. LeDoux JE. Emotional memory systems in the brain. Behav Brain Res 1993;58:69-79.
37. Foa EB, Zinbarg R, Rothbaum BO. Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: an animal model. Psychol Bull 1992;112:218-238.
38. Kim JJ, Fanselow MS. Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. Science 1992;256:675-677.
39. Phillips RG, LeDoux JE. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 1992;106:274-285.
40. Davis M, Gewirtz JC, McNish KA, Kim M. The roles of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in the acquisition of fear potentiated startle using both explicit and contextual cues. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1995;21.
41. McAlonan M, Wilkinson LS, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. The effects of AMPA-induced lesions of the septo-hippocampal cholinergic projection on aversive conditioning to explicit and contextual cues and spatial learning in the water maze. Eur J Neurosci 1995;7: 281-292.
42. Cassens G, Kuruc A, Roffman M, Orsulak P, Schildkraut JJ. Alterations in brain norepinephrine metabolism and behavior induced by environmental stimuli previously paired with inescapable shock. Behav Brain Res 1981;2:387-407.
43. Rasmussen K, Marilak DA, Jacobs BL. Single unit activity of the locus coeruleus in the freely moving cat: I - during naturalistic behaviors and in response to simple and complex stimuli. Brain Res 1986;371:324-334.
44. Cose BJ, Robbins TW. Dissociable effects of lesions to dorsal and ventral noradrenergic bundle on the acquisition performance, and extinction of aversive conditioning. Behav Neurosci 1987;101: 476-488.
45. Lee Y, Davis M. The role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in CRH enhanced startle: an animal model of anxiety. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996;22:465.
46. Bouton ME, Swartzentruber D. Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Clin Psychol Rev 1991; 11:123-140.
47. Falls WA, Miserendino MJD, Davis M. Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala. J Neurosci 1992;12:854-863.
48. Rainnie DG, Asprodini EK, Shinnick-Gallagher P. Inhibitory transmission in the basolateral amygdala. J Neurophysiol 1991;66: 99-109.
49. Teich AH, McCabe PM, Gentile CC, et al. Auditory cortex lesions prevent the extinction of Pavlovian differential heart rate conditioning to tonal stimuli in rabbits. Brain Res 1989;480:210-218.
50. Morgan MA, Romanski LM, LeDoux JE. Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 1993;163:109-113.
51. Morgan MA, LeDoux JE. Medial orbital lesions increase resistance to extinction but do not affect acquisition of fear conditioning. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996;22:1006.
52. McAllister WR, McAllister DE. Reconditioning of extinguished fear after a one-year delay. Bull Psychon Soc 1988;26:463-466.
53. Solomen Z, Garb K, Bleich A, Grupper D. Reactivation of combat related post traumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:51-55.
54. Charney DS, Deutch A, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Davis M. Psychobiologic mechanisms of post traumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:295-305.
55. Anisman H, Sklar LS. Catecholamine depletion upon reexposure to stress: mediation of the escape deficits produced by inescapable shock. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1978;93:610-625.
56. Irwin J, Ahluwalia P, Anisman H. Sensitization of norepinephrine activity following acute and chronic footshock. Brain Res 1986; 379:98-103.
57. Nisenbaum LK, Zigmund MJ, Sved AF, Abercrombie ED. Prior exposure to chronic stress results in enhanced synthesis and release of hippocampal norepinephrine in response to a novel Stressor. J Neurosci 1991;11:1473-1484.
58. Finalay JM, Abercrombie ED. Stress induced sensitization of norepinephrine release in the medial prefrontal cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1991;17:151.
59. Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H, Adolphs R, Rockland C, Damasio AR. Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science 1995;269:1115-1118.
60. Ohman A, Soares JJF. On the automatic nature of phobic fear: conditioned electrodermal responses to masked fear-relevant stimuli. J Abnorm Psychol 1993;102:121-132.
61. Pitman RK, Orr SP. Test of the conditioning model of neurosis: differential aversive conditioning of angry and neutral facial expressions in anxiety disorder patients. J Abnorm Psychol 1986;95:208-213.
62. Davis M, Falls WA, Campeau S, Kim M. Fear-potentiated startle: a neural and pharmacological analysis. Behav Brain Res 1993;58: 175-198.
63. Grillon C, Morgan CA. Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Submitted for publication.
64. LaBar KS, LeDoux J, Spencer D, Phelps E. Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. J Neurosci 1995;15:6846-6855.
65. Gray JA, McNaughton N. Comparison between the behavioural effects of septal and hippocampal lesions: a review. Neurosci Behav Rev 1983;8:119-188.
66. Ross RT, Orr WB, Holland PC, Berger TW. Hippocampectomy disrupts acquisition and retention of learned conditioned responding. Behav Neurosci 1984;98:211-225.
67. Grillon C, Davis M. Fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: explicit and contextual cue conditioning following paired vs. unpaired training. Psychophysiology 1997. In press.
68. Brownstein M, Saavedra MM, Palkovits M. Norepinephrine and domaine in the limbic system of the rat. Brain Res 1974;79: 431-436.