Developments in quantitative PCR

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 255-269

  Orlando, Claudio ^b   Pinzani, Pamela ^b   Pazzagli, Mario ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Competitive PCR; Fluorogenic probes; TaqMan

Indexed keywords

BINDING COMPETITION; CALIBRATION; CLINICAL LABORATORY; FLUORESCENCE; METHODOLOGY; PERFORMANCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ASSAY; REFERENCE VALUE; RELIABILITY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BINDING, COMPETITIVE; DNA; FLUORESCENT DYES; HUMANS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REFERENCE STANDARDS; RNA;

EID: 0031841991     PISSN: 14346621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.1998.045     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, et al. Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 1985; 230:1350-4.
2. Ferrè F, Marchese A, Pezzoli P, Griffin S, Buxton E, Boyer V. Quantitative PCR: an overview. In: Mullis KB, Ferré F, Gibbs RA, editors. The polymerase chain reaction. Basel, Berlin: Birkhäuser Boston, 1994:67-88.
3. Zimmerman K, Mannhalter JW. Technical aspects of quantitative competitive PCR. BioTechniques 1996, 21:268-79.
4. Diviacco S, Norio P, Zentilin L, Menzo S, Clementi M, Biamonti G, et al. A novel procedure for quantitative polymerase chain reaction by coamplification of competitive templates. Gene 1992; 122:3013-20.
5. Clementi M, Menzo S, Bagnarelli P, Manzin A, Valenza A, Varaldo PE. Quantitative PCR and RT-PCR in virology. PCR Methods Appl 1993; 2:191-6.
6. Cross NCR Quantitative PCR techniques and applications. Br J Haematol 1995; 89:693-7.
7. Ferré F. Quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR: reality versus myth. PCR Methods Appl 1992; 2:1-9.
8. Foley KP, Leonard MW, Engel JD. Quantitation of RNA using the polymerase chain reaction. Trends Genet 1993; 9:380-5.
9. Loeffelholz MJ, Lewinski CA, Silver SR, Purohit AP, Herman SA, Buonagurio DA, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2847-51.
10. Barany F. The ligase chain reaction (LCR) in a PCR world. PCR Methods Appl 1991; 1:5-16.
11. Holland PM, Abramson RD, Watson R, Gelfand DH. Detection of specific polymerase chain reaction product by utilizing the 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity of Thermus aquaticus. DNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:7276-80.
12. Livak K, Flood SJA, Marmaro J, Giusti W, Deetz K. Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quencher probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization. PCR Methods Appl 1995; 4:357-62.
13. Higuchi R, Dollinger G, Walsh PS, Griffith R. Simultaneous amplification and detection of specific DNA sequences. BioTechnology 1992; 10:413-7.
14. Higuchi R, Fockler C, Dollinger G, Watson R. Kinetic PCR analysis. Real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reaction. BioTechnology 1993; 11:1026-30.
15. Sykes PJ, Neoh SH, Brisco MJ, Hughes E, Condon J, Morley AA. Quantitation of targets for PCR by use of limiting dilution. BioTechniques 1992; 13:444-9.
16. 3+) labeled primers in PCR amplification of specific target DNA. Mol Cell Probes 1991; 5:143-9.
17. Saiki RK, Walsh PS, Levenson CH, Erlich HA. Genetic analysis of amplified DNA with immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:6230-4.
18. DiDomenico N, Link H, Knobel R, Caratsch T, Weschler W, Loewy ZG, Rosenstras M. Cobas Amplicor™: fully automated RNA and DNA amplification and detection system for routine diagnostic PCR. Clin Chem 1996; 42:1915-23.
19. Rong H, Ji H, Pernow Y, Sjöstedt U, Bucht E. Quantification of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA by competitive PCR and time resolved lanthanide fluorometry. Clin Chem 1997; 43:2268-73.
20. Haberhausen G, Pinsl J, Kuhn CC, Markert-Hahn C. Comparative study of different standardization concepts in quantitative competitive reverse transcription-PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:628-33.
21. Rappollee DA, Mark D, Banda MJU, Werb Z. Wound macrophages express TGF-α and other growth factors in vivo: analysis by mRNA phenotyping. Science 1988; 241:708-12.
22. Park OK, Mayo KE. Transient expression of progesterone expression messenger RNA in ovarian granulosa cells after the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. Mol Endocrinol 1991; 5:967-78.
23. Birnbaum G, Van Ness B. Quantitation of T-cell receptor Vβ chain expression on lymphocytes from blood, brain, and spinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Ann Neurol 1992;32:224-30.
24. Horikosky T, Danenberg KD, Stadbauer THW, Volkenandt M, Shea LCC, Aigner K, et al. Quantitation of thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and DT-diaphorase gene experession in human tumors using polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 1992; 52:108-16.
25. Singer-Sam J, Le Bon JM, Dai A, Riggs AD. A sensitive, quantitative assay for measurement of allele-specific transcripts differing by a single nucleotide. PCR Methods Appl 1992; 1:160-3.
26. Chelly J, Montarras D, Pinset C, Berwald-Netter Y, Kaplan JC, Kahn A. Quantitative estimation of minor mRNAs by cDNA-polymerase chain reaction: application to dystrophin mRNA in cultured myogenic and brain cells. Eur J Biochem 1990; 187:691-8.
27. Wood JN, Lillycrop KA, Dent CL, Ninkina NN, Beech MM, Willoughby JJ, et al. Regulation of the expression of the neuronal POU protein Oct-2 by nerve growth factor. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:17787-91.
28. Noonan KE, Beck C, Holzmayer TA, Chin JE, Wunder JS, Andrulis IL, et al. Quantitative analysis of MDR1 (multidrug resistance) gene expression in human tumors by polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:7160-4.
29. Henrard DR, Mehaffey WF, Allain JP. A sensitive viral capture assay for detection of plasma viremia in HIV infected individuals. AIDS Res Human Retrovirus 1992; 8:47-52.
30. Simmonds P, Balfe P, Peutherer JF, Ludlam CA, Biship JO, Leigh Brown AJ. Human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells at low copy number. J Virol 1990; 64:864-72.
31. de Kant E, Rochlitz CF, Hermann R. Gene expression analysis by a competitive and differential PCR with antisense competitor. BioTechniques 1994; 17:934-42.
32. Coutlé F, He Y, Saint-Antoine P, Olivier C, Kessous A. Coamplification of HIV type 1 and β-globin gene DNA sequences in a nonisotopic polymerase chain reaction assay to control for amplification efficiency. AIDS Res Hum Retrovirus 1995; 11:363-71.
33. Murphy LD, Herzog CE, Rudick JB, Fojo AT, Bates SE. Use of the polymerase chain reaction in the quantification of mdr-1 gene expression. Biochemistry 1990; 29:10351-6.
34. Chelly J, Kaplan JC, Maire P, Gautron S, Kahn, A. Transcription of dystrophin gene in human muscle and non-muscle tissue. Nature (London) 1988; 333:858-60.
35. Fonknechten N, Chelly J, Lepercq J, Kahn A, Kaplan JC, Kitzis A, et al. CFRT illegitimate transcription in lymphoid cells: quantification and applications to the investigation of pathological transcripts. Hum Genet 1992; 88:508-12.
36. Abbs S, Bobrow M. Analysis of quantitative PCR for the diagnosis of deletion and duplication carriers of dystrophin gene. J Med Genet 1992; 29:191-6.
37. Pang S, Koyanagi Y, Miles S, Wiley C, Vinters HV, Chaen ISY. High levels of integrated HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue of AIDS dementia patients. Nature (London) 1990; 343:85-9.
38. Frye RA, Benz CC, Liu E. Detection of amplified oncogenes by differential polymerase chain reaction. Oncogene 1989; 4:1153-7.
39. Becker-André M, Hahlbrock K. Absolute mRNA quantification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A novel approach by a PCR aided transcript titration assay (PATTY). Nucleic Acid Res 1989; 17:9437-46.
40. Wang AM, Doyle MV, Mark DF. Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:9717-21.
41. Gilliland G, Perrin S, Blanchard K, Bunn HF. Analysis of cytokine mRNA and DNA: detection and quantification by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:2725-9.
42. Clementi M, Bagnarelli P, Manzin A, Menzo S. Competitive polymerase chain reaction and analysis of viral activity at the molecular level. Genet Anal Tech Appl 1994; 11:1-6.
43. Clementi M, Menzo S, Manzin A, Bagnarelli P. Quantitative PCR: validation of the use of a multispecific internal control. Nucleic Acid Res 1994; 22:2712-3.
44. Siebert PD, Larrick JW. Competitive PCR. Nature 1992; 359:557-8.
45. Oka S, Urayama K, Hirabayashi Y, Ohnishi K, Goto H, Mitamura K, et al. Quantitative analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in asymptomatic carriers using the polymerase chain reaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167:1-8.
46. Billadeau D, Guam L, Thomas W, Kay N, Greipp P, Kyle R, et al. Detection and quantitation of malignant cells in the peripheral blood of multiple myeloma patients. Blood 1992; 80:1818-24.
47. Sestini R, Orlando C, Zentilin L, Gelmini S, Pinzani P, Bianchi S, et al. c-erbB-2 Oncogene amplification in fresh and paraffin-embedded tumor by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Clin Chem 1994; 40:630-6.
48. Sestini R, Orlando C, Zentilin L, Lami D, Gelmini S, Pinzani P, et al. Measurement of gene amplification for c-erbB-2, C-myc, epidermal growth factor receptor, int-2 and N-myc by quantitative PCR with a multiple competitor template. Clin Chem 1995; 41:826-32.
49. Uberla K, Platzer C, Diamantstein T, Blankestein T. Generation of competitor DNA fragments for quantitative PCR. PCR Methods Appl 1991; 1:136-9.
50. Li B, Sehajpal PK, Khanna A, Vlassara H, Cerami A, Stenzel KH, et al. Differential regulation of transforming growth factor B and interleukin 2 genes in hu T cells: demonstration by usage of novel competitor DNA constructs in the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Exp Med 1991; 174:1259-62.
51. Ballagi-Pordany A, Ballagi-Pordany A, Funa K. Quantitative determination of mRNA phenotypes by polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem 1991; 196:89-94.
52. Hoof T, Riordan JR, Tummler. Quantitation of mRNA by the kinetic polymerase chain reaction assay: a tool for monitoring P-glycoprotein gene expression. Anal Biochem 1991; 196:161-9.
53. Sestini R, Orlando C, Peri A, Tricarico C, Pazzagli M, Serio M, et al. Quantitation of somatostatin receptor type 2 gene expression in neuroblastoma cell lines and primary tumor by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2:1757-65.
54. Powell EE, Kroon PA. Measurement of mRNA by quantitative PCR with nonradioactive label. J Lipid Res 1992; 33:609-14.
55. Fox JC, Griffiths PD, Emery VC. Quantification of human cytomegalovirus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. J Gen Virol 1992; 73:2405-8.
56. Martino TA, Sole MJ, Penn LZ, Liew CC, Liu P. Quantitation of enteroviral RNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2634-40.
57. Kohsaka H, Tanigushi A, Richman DD, Carson DA. Microliter format gene quantification by covalent capture of competitive PCR products: application to HIV-1 detection. Nucleic Acid Res 1993; 21:3469-72.
58. Ruster B, Zeuzem S, Roth WK. Quantification of hepatitis C virus RNA by competitive reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction using a modified hepatitis C virus RNA transcript. Anal Biochem 1995; 224:597-600.
59. Yun Z, Lundeberg J, Johansson B, Hedrum A, Weiland O, Uhlén M, et al. Colorimetric detection of competitive PCR products for quantification in hepatitis C viremia. J Virol Methods 1994; 47:1-13.
60. Telenti A, Imboden P, Germann D. Competitive polymerase chain reaction using an internal standard: application to the quantitation of viral DNA. J Virol Methods 1992; 39:259-68.
61. Porcher C, Malinge MC, Picat C, Grandchamp B. A simplified method for determination of specific DNA or RNA copy number using quantitative PCR and an automatic DNA sequencer. BioTechniques 1992; 13:106-13.
62. Grassi G, Zentilin L, Tafuro S, Diviacco S, Ventura A, Falaschi A, et al. A rapid procedure for the quantitation of low abundance RNAs by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acid Res 1994; 22:4547-9.
63. Schanke JT, Quam LM, Van Ness BG. Flip PCR for DNA sequence motif inversion. BioTechniques 1994; 16:414-6.
64. Galea F, Feinsten DL. Rapid synthesis of DNA deletion constructs for mRNA quantitation: analysis of astrocyte mRNAs. PCR Methods Appl 1992, 2:66-9.
65. Babu JS, Kanangat S, Rouse BT. Limitations and modifications of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Application to measurement of multiple mRNAs present in small amounts of sample RNA. J Immunol Methods 1993; 165:207-16.
66. Benavides GR, Hubby B, Grosse WM, McGraw RA, Tarleton RL. Construcftion and use of multi-competitor gene for quantitative RT-PCR using existing primer sets. J Immunol Methods 1995; 181:145-56.
67. Siegling A, Lehmann M, Platzer C, Emmrich F, Volk HD. A novel multispecific competitor fragment for quantitative PCR analysis of cytokine gene expression in rats. J Immunol Methods 1994; 177:23-8.
68. Tarnuzzer RW, Macauley SP, Farmerie WG, Caballero S, Ghassemifar MR, Anderson JT, et al. Competitive RNA templates for detection and quantitation of growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix components and matrix metalloproteinases by Rt-PCR. BioTechniques 1996; 20:670-4.
69. Siebert PD, Larrick JW. PCR MIMICS: competitive DNA fragments for use as internal standard in quantitative PCR. BioTechniques 1993; 14:244-9.
70. Cell FS, Zenilman ME, Shuldiner AR. A rapid and versatile method to synthesize internal standards for competitive PCR. Nucleic Acid Res 1993; 21:1047.
71. Jin CF, Mata M, Fink DJ. Rapid construction of deleted DNA fragments for use as internal standards in competitive PCR. PCR Methods Appl 1994; 3:252-5.
72. Menzo S, Bagnarelli P, Giacca M, Manzin A, Varaldo PE, Cloementi M. Absolute quantitation of viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection by competitive reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:1752-7.
73. Besnard NC, Andre PM. Automated quantitative determination of hepatitis C virus viremia by reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1887-93.
74. Zimmermann K, Schogl, Mannhalter JW. Hemi-nested quantitative competitive PCR of HIV-1. BioTechniques 1994; 17:440-2.
75. Piatak M, Luk KC, Williams B, Lifson JD. Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction for accurate quantitation of HIV DNA and RNA species. BioTechniques 1993; 14:70-81.
76. Arnold BL, Itakura K, Rossi JJ. PCR-based quantitation of low levels of HIV-1 DNA by using an external standard. Genet Anal Tech Appl 1992; 9:113-6.
77. Raeymaekers L. Quantitative PCR: theoretical considerations with practical implications. Anal Biochem 1993; 214:582-5.
78. Grünebach F, Griese EU, Schumacher K. Competitive nested polymerase chain reaction for quantification of human MDR1 gene expression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1994; 120:539-44.
79. Hahn M, Dörsam V, Friedhoff P, Fritz A, Pingoud A. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of selectively digested amplified sample and control DNA. Anal Bochem 1995; 229:236-48.
80. Michael NL, Mo T, Merzouki A, O'Shaughnessy M, Oster C, Burke DS, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cellular RNA load and splicing patterns predict disease progression in longitudinally studied cohort. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:1752-7.
81. Ulrich PP, Romeo JM, Daniel LJ, Vyas GN. An improved method for the detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in plasma utilizing heminested primers and internal control RNA. PCR Methods Appl 1993; 2:241-9.
82. Apostolakos MJ, Schuermann WHT, Frampton MW, Utell MJ, Willey JC. Measurement of gene expression by multiplex competitive PCR polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem 1993; 213:277-84.
83. Dostal DE, Rothblum KN, Baker KM. An improved method for absolute quantification of mRNA using multiplex polymerase chain reaction: determination of renin angiotensinogen mRNA level in various tissues. Anal Biochem 1994; 223:239-50.
84. Fasco MJ, Treanor CP, Spivack S, Figge HL, Kaminsky LS. Quantitative RNA-polymerase chain reaction-DNA analysis by capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence. Anal Biochem 1995; 224:140-7.
85. Orlando C, Sestini R, Vona G, Pinzani P, Bianchi S, Giacca M, et al. Detection of c-erbB-2 amplification in transitional cell bladder carcinoma using competitive PCR technique. J Urol 1996; 156:2089-93.
86. Selli C, Amorosi A, Vona G, Sestini R, Travaglini F, Bartoletti R, et al. Retrospective evaluation of c-erbB-2 oncogene amplification using competitive PCR in collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney. J Urol 1997; 158:245-7.
87. Giacca M, Zentilin L, Norio P, Diviacco S, Dimitrova D, Contreas G, et al. Fine mapping of a replication origin of human DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:7119-23.
88. Pelizon C, Diviacco S, Falaschi A, Giacca M. High-resolution mapping of the origin of DNA replication in the hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene domain by competitive PCR. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:5358-64.
89. Duffy MJ. Cellular oncogenes and suppressor genes as prognostic markers in cancer. Clin Biochem 1993; 26:439-47.
90. Michieli M, Giacca M, Fanin R, Damiani D, Geromin A, Baccarani M. mdr-1 Gene amplification in acute lymphoblastic leulemia prior antileukaemic treatment. Br J Haematol 1991; 78:288-9.
91. Li BDL, Harlow SP, Budnick RM, Sheedy DL, Stewart CC. Detection of HER-2/neu oncogene amplification in flow cytometry-sorted breast ductal cells by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Cancer 1994; 73:2771-8.
92. Taniguchi A, Kohsaka H, Carson DA. Competitive RT-PCR ELISA: a rapid, sensitive and non-radioactive method to quantitate cytokine mRNA. J Immunol Methods 1994; 169:101-9.
93. Ravaggi AZ, Mazza C, Albertini A, Cariani F. Quantification of hepatitis C virus RNA by competitive amplification of RNA from denaturated serum and hybridization on microtiter plates. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:265-9.
94. Young KK, Resnick RM, Myers TW. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:882-6.
95. Bagnarelli P, Menzo S, Valenza A, Manzin A, Giacca M, Ancarani F, et al. Molecular profile of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in symptomless patients and in patients with AIDS. J Virol 1992; 66:7328-35.
96. Mulder J, McKinney N, Chrostopherson C, Sninsky J, Greenfield L, Kwok S. Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RNA in plasma: application to acute retroviral infection. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:292-300.
97. Briganti V, Sestini R, Orlando C, Bernini G, La Cava G, Tamburini A, et al. Imaging of somatostatin receptors by indium-111-penteotride correlates with quantitative determination of somatostatin receptor in neuroblastoma tumors. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3:2385-91.
98. Peten EP, Striker LJ, Carome MA, Elliott SJ, Yang CW, Striker GE. The contribution of increased collagen synthesis of human glomerulosclerosis: a quantitative analysis of α2IV collagen mRNA expression by competitive polymerase chain reaction. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1571-6.
99. Jenkins FJ. Basic methods for the detection of PCR products. PCR Methods Appl 1994; 3:S77-S82.
100. Orlando C, Sestini R, Zentilin L, Gelmini S, Pinzani P, Giacca M, et al. Image analysis in quantitative PCR. An application for the measurement of c-erbB-2 oncogene emplification in DNA from human tumors. J Biolumin Chemilumin 1994; 9:223-8.
101. Chehadeh HF, Zerlauth G, Mannhalter JW. Video image analysis of quantitative competitive PCR products: comparison of different evaluation methods. BioTechniques 1995; 18:26-8.
102. Furtado MR, Murphy R, Wolinsky SM. Quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat mRNA as a marker for assessing the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:213-6.
103. Xia HZ, Kepley CL, Sakay K, Chelliah K, Irani AMA, Schwartz LB. Quantitation of Tryptase, Chymase, FcεRIα and FcεPlγ mRNAs in human mast cells and basophils by a combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J Immunol 1995; 154:5472-80.
104. Scadden DT, Wang Z, Groopman JE. Quantitation of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:1119-23.
105. Zenilman ME, Graham W, Tanner K, Shuldiner AR. Competitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction without an artificial internal standard. Anal Biochem 1995; 224:339-46.
106. Natarajan V, Plishka RJ, Scott EW, Lane HC, Salzman NP. An internally controlled virion PCR for the measurement of HIV-1 RNA in plasma. PCR Methods Appl 1994; 3:346-50.
107. Stieger M, Démollière C, Ahlborn-Laake L, Mous J. Competitive polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitation of HIV-1 DNA and RNA. J Virol Methods 1991; 34:149-60.
108. Cottrez F, Auriault C, Capron A, Groux H. Quantitative PCR: validation of the use of a multispecific internal control. Nucleic Acid Res 1994; 22:2712-3.
109. +-ATPase. Anal Biochem 1994; 217:91-7.
110. Williams SJ, Schwer C, Krishnarao ASM, Heid C, Karger BL, Williams PM. Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction: analysis of amplified products of the HIV-1 gag gene by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Biochem 1996; 236:146-52.
111. Hayward-Lester A, Oefner PJ, Doris PA. Rapid quantification of gene expression by competitive RT-PCR and ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC. BioTechniques 1996; 20:250-7.
112. Jalava T, Lehtovaara P, Kallio A, Ranki M, Söderlund H. Quantification of hepatitis B virus DNA by competitive amplification and hybridization on microplates. BioTechniques 1993; 15:134-9.
113. Lehtovaara P, Uusi-Oukari M, Burchert P, Laaksonen M, Bengtström, Ranki M. Quantitative PCR for hepatitis B virus with colorimetric detection. PCR Methods Appl 1993; 3:169-75.
114. Rong H, Ji H, Pernow Y, Sjöstedt U, Bucht E. Quantification of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA by competitive PCR and time-resolved lanthanide fluorometry. Clin Chem 1997; 43:2268-73.
115. Heroux JA, Szczepanik AM. Quantitative analysis of specific mRNA transcripts using a competitive PCR assay with electrochemiluminescent detection. PCR Methods Appl 1995; 4:327-30.
116. Wilkinson ET, Cheifetz S, DeGrandis SA. Development of competitive PCR and the QPCR system 5000 as a transcription-based screen. PCR Methods Appl 1995; 4:363-7.
117. DiDomenico N, Link H, Knoblel R, Caratsch T, Weschler W, Loewy ZG, Rosenstraus M. COBAS AMPLICOR™: fully automated RNA and DNA amplification and detection system for routine diagnostic PCR. Clin Chem 1996; 42:1915-23.
118. Lyamichev V, Brow MAD, Dahlberg JE. Structure-specific endonucleolytic cleavage of nucleic acids by eubacterial DNA polymerases. Science 1993; 260:778-83.
119. Lee LG, Connel CR, Bloch W. Allelic discrimination by nick translation PCR with fluorogenic probes. Nucleic Acid Res 1993; 21:3761-6.
120. Förster V Th. Zwischenmolekulare Energiewanderung und Fluoreszenz. Annal Physycs (Leipzig) 1948; 2:55-75.
121. Perkin Elmer. TaqMan™ probe design, synthesis and purification. Forster City: Applied Biosystem Division, 1995.
122. Gelmini S, Orlando C, Sestini R, Vona G, Pinzani P, Ruocco L, et al. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction homogeneous assay based on the use of fluorogenic probes for the measurement of c-erbB-2 oncogene amplification. Clin Chem 1997; 43(5):752-8.
123. Raeymaekers L. A commentary on the practical applications of competitive PCR. Genome Res 1995; 5:91-4.
124. Collins ML, Zayati C, Detmer JJ, DaIy B, Kolberg JA, Cha TA, et al. Preparation and characterization of RNA standards for use in quantitative branched DNA hybridization assays. Anal Biochem 1995; 226(1):120-9.
125. Gibson U, Heid C, Williams M. A novel method for real time quantitative RT-PCR. Genome Res 1996; 6:995-1001.
126. Perkin-Elmer. TaqMan™ PCR reagent Kit Protocol. Rev A, 1996.
127. Cusi MG, Valassina M, Valensin PE. Comparison of M-MLV reverse transcriptase and Tth polymerase activity in RT-PCR of samples with low virus burden. BioTechniques 1994; 17:1034-6.