Emerging treatments for epidemic (AIDS-related) Kaposi's sarcoma

Current Opinion in Oncology

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 413-421

  McGarvey, Megan E ^a   Tulpule, Anil ^a   Cai, Jie ^a   Zheng, Tong ^a   Masood, Rizwan ^a   Espina, Byron ^a   Arora, Naveen ^a   Smith, D Lynne ^a   Gill, Parkash S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 DEDIMETHYLAMINOSANCYCLINE; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOSTATIN; ANTHRACYCLINE; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DAUNORUBICIN; DOXORUBICIN; EARLY PREGNANCY FACTOR; FUMAGILLIN; FUMAGILLOL CHLOROACETYLCARBAMATE; IM 862; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; PACLITAXEL; RETINOID; SEMAXANIB; TECOGALAN; THALIDOMIDE; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VINBLASTINE; VINCA ALKALOID; VINCRISTINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ALOPECIA; ANGIOGENESIS; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CARDIOTOXICITY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRY SKIN; FACE PAIN; FEVER; HAIR LOSS; HEADACHE; HUMAN; KAPOSI SARCOMA; LYMPHEDEMA; MYOSITIS; NEUTROPENIA; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; RIGOR; RISK FACTOR; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; VISCERA;

EID: 0031786387     PISSN: 10408746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001622-199809000-00008     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Gill PS, Hamilton A, Naidu Y: Epidemic (AIDS-related) Kaposi's sarcoma: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment. AIDS Updates 1994, 7:1-11.
2. Gill PS, Akil B, Colleti P, Rarick, Loureiro C, Bernstein-Singer, et al.: Pulmonary Kaposi's Sarcoma. Clinical findings and results of therapy. Am J Med 1989, 87:57-61.
3. Krown SE, Metroka C, Wernz JC: Kaposi's sarcoma and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a proposal for a uniform evaluation, response and staging criteria. J Clin Oncol 1989, 7:1201-1207.
4. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin ME, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles D, et al.: Identification of herpes virus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994, 266:1865-1869.
5. Ganem D, Kedes DH, Operskalski E, Busch M, Kohn R, Flood J, Ganem D: The seroepidemiology of human herpes virus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus). Distribution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission. Nat Med 1996, 2:918-924.
6. Flore O, Hyjek E, Nikolovska S, Diana S, Rafii S, Cesarman E, et al.: Characterization of KSHV/HHV-8 acute infection in primary bone marrow endothelial cells [abstract 67]. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998, 4:A28.
7. Bais C, Santomasso B, Coso O, Avraniktakis L, Raaka EG, Gutkind S, et al.: The KSHV/HHV-8 G-protein coupled receptor is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator [abstract 64]. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998, 4:A27.
8. Masood R, Cai J, Zheng T, Smith DL Naidu Y, Gill PS: Vascular endothelial growth factor (Vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) is an autocrine growth factor for AIDS-KS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:979-984. This study showed that KS cells and the primary tumor tissues express both VEGF and its cognate receptors. Furthermore, this autocrine loop is functional, and the interruption of this pathway leads to inhibition of cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. These findings would serve to develop novel pathways of treatment of KS. Another study (Ganju et al. [12••]) showed that HIV-tat protein may in part cause induction of KS by binding to and activating VEGF receptor (KDR/Flk-1). Subsequent studies of KSHV/HHV-8 G-coupled protein receptor homologue showed that the expression of this gene leads to induction of VEGF. Thus, induction of VEGF may play a central role in the development of KS.
9. Ensoli B, Nakamura S, Salahuddin SZ, Biberfeld P, Laarson L, Beaver B, et al.: AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma derived cells express cytokines with autocrine and paracrine growth effects. Science 1989, 243:223-226.
10. Vogel J, Hinrichs SH, Reynolds RK, Luciw PA, Jay G, et al.: The HIV tat gene induces dermal lesions resembling Kaposi's sarcoma in transgenic mice. Nature 1988, 335:606-611.
11. Ensoli B, Gendelman R, Markham P, Fiorelli V, Colombini S, Raffeld M, et al.: Synergy between basic fibroblast growth factor and HIV-1 tat protein in induction of Kaposi's sarcoma. Nature 1994, 371:674-680.
12. Ganju RK, Munshi N, Nair BC, Liu ZY, Gill PS, Groopman JE, et al.: HIV-TAT modulates Flk-1/KDR receptor, MAP Kinases and components of focal adhesion in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. J Virology 1998, 72:6131-6137. This is an important study that shows that HIV tat protein induces its mitogenic effect on KS cells in part through the induction of VEGF receptor. Thus, many pathways are coming down to that of the VEGF receptors in the pathogenesis of KS, and may thus serve as a major target for novel therapeutic development.
13. Miles SA, Rezai AR, Salazar-Gonzales JF, Vander-Meyden M, Stevens RH, Logan DM, et al.: AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells produce and respond to interleukin-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990, 98:4068-4072.
14. Louie S, Cai J, Law R, Lin G, Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Jung B, Masood R, Gill PS, et al.: The effect of interleukin-1 and interieukin-1 antagonist in AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995, 4:455-460.
15. Nagpal S, Cai J, Zheng T, Patel S, Masood R, Lin GY, et al.: Retinoid antagonism of NF-IL-6: Insight into the mechanism of anti-proliferative effects of retinoids in Kaposi's sarcoma. Mol Cell Biol 1997, 17:4159-4168. This study showed the mechanism of action of retinoic acids. The findings differ from what has been reported in the past in multiple myeloma, in that IL-6 and not IL-6 receptor is downregulated by retinoic acids in KS. Further analysis of the IL-6 promoter defined the site of action.
16. Miles SA, Martinez-Meza O, Rezai A, Magpantay L, Kishimoto T, Nakamura S, et al.: Oncostatin-M is a potent mitogen for AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells. Science 1992, 255:1432-1434.
17. Cai J, Gill PS, Masood R, Chandrasoma P, Jung B, Law RE, Radka SF, et al.: Oncostatin-M is an autocrine growth factor in Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Pathol 1994, 145:74-79.
18. Cai J, Zheng T, Lotz M, Zhang Y, Masood R, Gill PS, et al.: Glucocorticoids enhance AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma growth through inhibition of TGF-B. Blood 1997, 89:1491-1500.
19. Rabkin CS, Testa MA, Fischl M, Von Roenn J: Declining incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Trials [abstract]. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998, 17:A39.
20. Groopman JE, Gottlieb MS, Goodman J, Mitsuyasu RT, Conant MA, Prince H, et al.: Recombinant alpha-2 interferon for Kaposi's sarcoma associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1984, 100:671.
21. Volberding PA, Abrams DI, Conant M, Kaslow K, Vranizan K, Ziegler J: Vinblastine therapy for Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985, 103:335-338.1
22. Mintzer D, Real FX, Jovina L, Krown SE: Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma and thrombocytopenia with vincristine in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985, 102:200-202.
23. Kaplan L, Abrams D, Volberding P, et al.: Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome with an alternating vincristine-vinblastine regimen. Cancer Treat Res 1986, 70:1121-1122.
24. Lassoued SC, Claurel JP, Katlama C, Janier M, Picard C, Matheron S: Treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related Kaposi's sarcoma with bloemycin as a single agent. Cancer 1990, 66:1869-1872.
25. Remick SC, Reddy M, Herman D, Grace C, Harper G, Willis K, et al.: Continuous infusion bleomycin in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12:1130-1136.
26. Gill PS, Rarick MU, McCutchan JA, Slater L, Parker B, Muchmore E, et al.: Systemic treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma Results of a randomized trial. Am J Med 1991, 19:427-433.
27. Masood R, Husain SR, Rahman A, Gill PS: Potentiation of cytotoxicity of Kaposi's sarcoma related to immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by liposome encapsulated doxorubicin. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993, 8:741-745.
28. Gabizon A: Selective tumour localization and improved therapeutic index of anthracyclines in long circulating liposomas. Cancer Res 1992, 52:1891-1896.
29. Gill PS, Espina BM, Cabriales S, Tulpule A, Esplin JA, et al.: A phase I/II clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of liposomal daunorubicin (Daunoxome) in the treatment of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi' sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1995, 13:996-1003.
30. Gill PS, Wenrz J, Scadden DT, Cohen P, Mukwaya GM, von Roenn J, et al.: Randomized Phase II trial of liposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome) versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine (ABV) in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:2353-2364.
31. Northfelt DW, Dezube BJ, Thommes JA, Levine R, Von Roenn JH, Dosik GM, et al.: Efficacy of pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma after failure of standard chemotherapy. J din Oncol 1997, 15:653-659.
32. Saville MW, Leitzau J, Pluda JM, Feuerstein I, Odom J, Wilson WH, et al.: Treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with paclitaxel. Lancet 1995, 346:26-28.
33. Gill PS, Tulpule A, Hadjenberg J, Espina BM, Bresnahan J, Cabriales S, et al.: Paclitaxel (Taxol) is highly effective in the treatment of patients with advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997, 14:A35. This study has shown that paclitaxel is highly active in patients with advanced KS that have failed prior therapies including cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens. The response rates did not differ regardless of the number of prior chemotherapy regimens including anthracyclines.
34. Gill PS, Scadden DT, Tulpule A, et al.: Preliminary results of IM-862 nasal solution in the treatment of patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma [abstract 54]. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998, 4:A25.
35. Gill PS, Kidane S, Tulpule A, Espina BM, Masuo K, Sobel RS: A phase I study of DS-4152, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma [abstract]. Eighth NCI-EORTC Symposium on New Drugs in Cancer Therapy; Amsterdam. 1994.
36. Dezube BJ, von Roenn JH, Holden-Wiltse J, Cheung TW, Remick SC, Colley TP, et al.: Fumagillin analog in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma: a phase I AIDS Clinical Trial Group study. AIDS Clinical Trial Group No. 215 Team. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:1444-1449.
37. Little R, Welles L, Wyvill K, et al.: Preliminary results of a phase II study of oral thalidomide in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma [abstract 18]. J Acq Immune Defic Hum Retrovirol 1998, 4:A16. Thalidomide has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis. The trial in KS shows the activity against this tumor and validates the preclinical findings.
38. Bonhomme L, Fredj, Averous S, Saekely AM, Ecstein E, Trumbic B, et al.: Topical treatment of epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma with all trans retinoic acid. Ann Oncol 1991, 2:235-235.
39. Gill PS, Espina BM, Moudgil T, Kidane S, Esplin JA, Tulpule A, Levine AM: All-trans Retinoic Acid for the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Results of a pilot phase II study. Leukemia 1995, 8:26-32.
40. Freidman-Kein A, Dezube B, Lee J, Kaplan L, Groopman J, Saville W, et al.: Oral 9-cis-retinoic acid in AIDS-related-Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS malignancy consortium study 002 [abstract 51]. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998, 4:A24.
41. Aboulafia D, Norris D, Grossman RJ, Thommes J, Henry D, Stevens S, et al.: Interim analysis of Phase II study (Protocol L1057-280 of panretin capsules for AIDS related Kaposi's sarcoma [abstract 52]. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998, 4:A24. This is an important study that shows that 9-cis retinoic acid is active in KS when given systemically. The agent, however, has significant toxicities, some of which requires discontinuation of therapy. Discovery of other agents of this family of molecules would also be of interest for future development of KS therapy.
42. Bernstein ZP, Rios A, Scadden D, Groopman J, Northfelt D, Lang W, et al.: A multicenter Phase II/III study of ATRAGEN (Tretinoin liposomal) in patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma [abstract 53]. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998, 4:A24.
43. Lunardi-Iskandar Y, et al.: Tumorigenesis and metastasis of neoplastic Kaposi's sarcoma cell line in immunodeficient mice blocked by a human pregnancy hormone. Nature 1995, 375:64-68.
44. Gill PS, Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Louie S, Tulpule A, Zheng T, Espina BM, et al.: Human chorionic gonadotropin has antitumor activity in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1261-1269.
45. Gill PS, McLaughlin T, Espina BM, Tulpule A, Louie S, Lunard-Iskandar Y, Gallo RC: Phase I study of a preparation of human chorionic gonadotropin given subcutaneously to patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89:1797-1802. This report is the follow-up of earlier findings that pregnancy-related factors inhibit KS and induce apoptosis. The active commercial preparation of human chorionic gonadotropin was used systemically in this trial and anti-KS activity was documented. The hormone was well-tolerated, even for prolonged periods of time. It is known, however, that the recombinant or the highly purified hCG does not have anti-KS effect in preclinical models. Thus, either a fragment of hCG or another protein purified with hCG has the anti-KS activity. Identification of the active molecule should allow further clinical evaluation and identification of the mechanism of action.
46. Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Bryant JL, Blattner WA, Hung CL, Flamand L, Gill PS, et al.: Effects of a urinary factor from women in early pregnancy on HIV-1, SIV and associated diseases. Nat Med 1998, 4:428-434.
47. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, Chen C, Rosenthal RA, Moses M, et al.: Angiostatin: A novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1994, 79:315-328.
48. O'Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, Fukai N, Vasios G, Lane WS, et al.: Endostatin: endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 1997, 88:227-285.
49. Boehm T, Folkman J, Brower T, O'Reilly MS: Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance. Nature 1997, 390:404-334. These are some of the most remarkable findings with any of the anti-angiogenic factors identified thus far. If the tumor can be made dormant and the therapy does not fail after prolonged use, then the face of cancer therapy would change for ever. The findings in the murine system, however, do not always predict the outcome in humans and such trials would be of great interest.
50. Brown P, Giavazzi R. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition: a review of antitumor activity. Ann Oncol 1995, 6:967-974.