The role of clonal anergy in the avoidance of autoimmunity: Inactivation of autocrine growth without loss of effector function

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 165, Issue , 1998, Pages 301-318

  Malvey, Erika Nell ^a   Telander, David G ^a   Vanasek, Tracy L ^a   Mueller, Daniel L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN;

AUTOCRINE EFFECT; AUTOIMMUNITY; CLONAL ANERGY; EFFECTOR CELL; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 0031757921     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01247.x     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Dixon FJ, Maurer PH. Immunologic unresponsiveness induced by protein antigens. J Exp Med 1955;101:245-257.
2. Chase M. Inhibition of experimental drug allergy by prior feeding of the sensitizing agent. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1946;61:2578-2579.
3. Felton LD. The significance of antigen in animal tissues. J Immunol 1949;61:107-117.
4. Billingham RE, Brent L, Medawar PB. Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature 1953;172:603-606.
5. Dresser DW. Specific inhibition of antibody production. II. Paralysis induced in adult mice by small quantities of protein antigen. Immunology 1962;5:378-388.
6. Claman HN. Tolerance to a protein antigen in adult mice and the effect of nonspecific factors. J Immunol 1963;91:833-839.
7. Bretscher P, Cohn M. A theory of self-nonself discrimination. Science 1970;169:1042-1049.
8. Snapper CM, Paul WE. Interferon-gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 1987;236:944-947.
9. Noelle RJ, Roy M, Shepherd DM, Stamenkovic I, Ledbetter JA, Aruffo A. A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells binds CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:6550-6655.
10. Goodnow CC, et al. Altered immunoglobulin expression and functional silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in transgenic mice. Nature 1988;334:676-682.
11. Chiller JM, Habicht GS, Weigle WO. Kinetic differences in unresponsiveness of thymus and bone marrow cells. Science 1971;171:813-815.
12. Frei PC, Benacerraf F, Thorbecke GJ. Phagocytosis of the antigen, a crucial step in the induction of the primary response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1965;53:20-23.
13. Weigle WO, Scheuer WV, Hobbs MV, Morgan EL, Parks DE. Modulation of the induction and circumvention of immunological tolerance to human gamma-globulin by interleukin 1. J Immunol 1987;138:2069-2074.
14. Rosenstreich DL, Vogel SN, Jacques AR, Wahl M, Oppenheim JJ. Macrophage sensitivity to endotoxin: genetic control by a single codominant gene. J Immunol 1978;121:1664-1670.
15. Eynon EE, Parker DC. Small B cells as antigen-presenting cells in the induction of tolerance to soluble protein antigens. J Exp Med 1992;175:131-138.
16. Janeway CA Jr. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1989;54:1-13.
17. Mitchison NA. The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten-protein conjugates. Eur J Immunol 1971;1:18-27.
18. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond W, Gieldman MA, Coffman RL. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986;136:2348-2340.
19. Rammensee HG, Kroschewski R, Frangoulis B. Clonal anergy induced in mature V β 6+ T lymphocytes on immunizing Mls-1b mice with Mls-1a expressing cells. Nature 1989;339:541-544.
20. Webb S, Morris C, Sprent J. Extrathymic tolerance of mature T cells: clonal elimination as a consequence of immunity. Cell 1990;63:1249-1256.
21. Kearney ER, Pape KA, Loh DY, Jenkins MK. Visualization of peptide-specific T cell immunity and peripheral tolerance induction in vivo. Immunity 1994;1:327-339.
22. lo thymocytes in vivo. Science 1990;250:1720-1723.
23. Haskins K, Kubo R, White J, Pigeon M, Kappler J, Marrack P. The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells. I. Isolation with a monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 1983;157:1149-1169.
24. Kyburz D, Aichele P, Speiser DE, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM, Pircher H. T cell immunity after a viral infection versus T cell tolerance induced by soluble viral peptides. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:1956-1962.
25. Perez VL, Parijs LV, Biuckians A, Zheng XX, Strom TB, Abbas AK. Induction of peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo requires CTLA-4 engagement. Immunity 1997;6:411-417.
26. Khoruts A, Mondino A, Pape KA, Reiner SL, Jenkins MK. A natural immunological adjuvant enhances T cell clonal expansion through a CD28-dependent, interleukin (IL)-2-independent mechanism. J Exp Med 1998;187:225-236.
27. Linsley PS, Greene JL, Brady W, Bajorath J, Ledbetter JA, Peach R. Human B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) bind with similar avidities but distinct kinetics to CD28 and CTLA-4 receptors. Immunity 1994;1:793-801.
28. Alegre M-L, et al. Regulation of surface and intracellular expression of CTLA4 on mouse T cells. J Immunol 1996;157:4762-4770.
29. Krummel MF, Allison JP. CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. J Exp Med 1995;182:459-465.
30. Tivol EA, Borriello F, Schweitzer AN, Lynch WP, Bluestone JA , Sharpe AH. Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity 1995;3:541-547.
31. Krummel MF, Sullivan TJ, Allison JP. Superantigen responses and co-stimulation: CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on T cell expansion in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunol 1996;8:519-523.
32. Van Parijs L, Perez VL, Biuckians A, Maki RG, London CA, Abbas AK. Role of interleukin 12 and costimulators in T cell anergy in vivo. J Exp Med 1997;186:1119-1128.
33. Critchfield JM, et al. T cell deletion in high antigen dose therapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 1994;263:1139-1143.
34. Sadlack B, Merz H, Schorle H, Schimpl A, Feller AC, Horak I. Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell 1993;75:253-261.
35. Willerford DM, Chen J, Ferry JA, Davidson L, Ma A, Alt FW Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain regulates the size and content of the peripheral lymphoid compartment. Immunity 1995;3:521-530.
36. Singer GG, Abbas AK. The Fas antigen is involved in peripheral but not thymic deletion of T lymphocytes in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 1994;1:365-371.
37. Sytwu H-K, Liblau RS, McDevitt HO. The roles of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) and TNF in antigen-induced programmed cell death in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 1996;5:17-30.
38. Vella AT, McCormack JE, Linsley PS, Kappler JW, Marrack P. Lipopolysaccharide interferes with the induction of peripheral T cell death. Immunity 1995;2:261-270.
39. Boise LH, et al. CD28 costimulation can promote T cell survival by enhancing the expression of Bcl-XL. Immunity 1995;3:87-98.
40. Mueller DL, Seiffert S, Fang W, Behrens TW. Differential regulation of bcl-2 and bcl-x by CD3, CD28, and the IL-2 receptor in cloned CD4+ helper T cells. A model for the long-term survival of memory T cells. J Immunol 1996;156:1764-1771.
41. Van Parijs L, Biuckians A, Abbas AK. Functional roles of Fas and Bcl-2-regulated apoptosis of T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1998;160:2065-2071.
42. Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 1987;165:302-319.
43. Mueller DL, Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: a costimulatory signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy. Annu Rev Immunol 1989;7:445-480.
44. Boussiotis VA, Freeman GJ, Griffin JD, Gray GS, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. CD2 is involved in maintenance and reversal of human alloantigen-specific clonal anergy. J Exp Med 1994;180:1665-1673.
45. Cho EA, Riley MP, Sillman AL, Quill H. Altered protein tyrosine phosphorylation in anergic Th1 cells. J Immunol 1993;151:20-28.
46. Gajewski TF, Qian D, Fields P, Fitch FW Anergic T-lymphocyte clones have altered inositol phosphate, calcium, and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:38-42.
47. Boussiotis VA, Freeman GJ, Berezovskaya A, Barber DL, Nadler LM. Maintenance of human T cell anergy: blocking of IL-2 gene transcription by activated Rap1. Science 1997;278:124-128.
48. + T cells. Science 1996;271:1276-1278.
49. + T cells. Science 1996;271:1272-1276.
50. Kang S-M, Beverly B, Tran A-C, Brorson K, Schwartz RH, Lenardo MJ. Transactivation by AP-1 is a molecular target of T cell clonal anergy. Science 1992;257:1134-1138.
51. Mondino A, Whaley CD, DeSilva DR, Li W, Jenkins MK, Mueller DL. Defective transcription of the IL-2 gene is associated with impaired expression of c-Fos, FosB, and JunB in anergic T helper 1 cells. J Immunol 1996;157:2048-2057.
52. Gershon RK, Kondo K. Infectious immunological tolerance. Immunology 1971;21:903-914.
53. Parish CR, Liew FY. Immune response to chemically modified flagellin. III. Enhanced cell-mediated immunity during high and low zone antibody tolerance to flagellin. J Exp Med 1972;135:298-311.
54. De Wit D, et al. The injection of deaggregated gamma globulins in adult mice induces antigen-specific unresponsiveness of T helper type 1 but not type 2 lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1992;175:9-14.
55. Burstein HJ, Shea CM, Abbas AK. Aqueous antigens induce in vivo tolerance selectively in IL-2- and IFN-γ-producing (Th1) cells. J Immunol 1992;148:3687-3691.
56. Scott B, et al. A role for non-MHC genetic polymorphism in susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmunity. Immunity 1994;1:73-82.
57. Malvey E-N, Jenkins MK, Mueller DL. Peripheral immune tolerance blocks clonal expansion, but fails to prevent the differentiation of T-helper 1 cells. J Immunol 1998;161:2168-2177.
58. DeSilva DR, Urdahl KB, Jenkins MK. Clonal anergy is induced in vitro by T cell receptor occupancy in the absence of proliferation. J Immunol 1991;147:3261-3267.
59. Boussiotis VA, et al. Prevention of T cell anergy by signaling through the γ c chain of the IL-2 receptor. Science 1994;266:1039-1042.
60. Beverly B, Kang SM, Lenardo MJ, Schwart RH. Reversal of in vitro T cell clonal anergy by IL-2 stimulation. Int Immunol 1992;4:661-671.
61. Hayashi RJ, Loh DY, Kanagawa O, Wang F. Differences between responses of naive and activated T cells to anergy induction. J Immunol 1998;160:33-38.
62. + T cells. J Immunol 1997;159:591-598.
63. Jenkins MK, Pardoll DM, Mizuguchi J, Chused TM, Schwartz RH. Molecular events in the induction of a nonresponsive state in interleukin 2-producing helper T-lymphocyte clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:5409-5413.
64. Mueller DL, Chiodetti L, Bacon PA, Schwartz RH. Clonal anergy blocks the response to IL-4, as well as the production of IL-2, in dual-producing T helper cell clones. J Immunol 1991;147:4118-1125.
65. Gajewski TF, Lancki DW, Stack R, Fitch FW. "Anergy" of THO helper T lymphocytes induces downregulation of TH1 characteristics and a transition to a TH2-like phenotype. J Exp Med 1994;179:481-491.
66. + T cells leads to defective help for B cell growth and differentiation. J Immunol 1997;158:4704-4713.
67. Otten GR, Germain RN. Split anergy in a CD8+ T cell: receptor-dependent cytolysis in the absence of interleukin-2 production. Science 1991;251:1228-1231.
68. Gilbert KM, Hoang KD, Weigle WO. Th1 and Th2 clones differ in their response to a tolerogenic signal. J Immunol 1990;144:2063-2071.
69. Jain J, McCaffrey PG, Valge-Archer VE, Rao A. Nuclear factor of activated T cells contains Fos and Jun. Nature 1992;356:801-804.
70. Lussow AR, MacDonald HR. Differential effects of superantigen-induced "anergy" on priming and effector stages of a T cell-dependent antibody response. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:445-449.
71. Paulus HE, Machleder HI, Levine S, Yu DTY, MacDonald NS. Lymphocyte involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Studies during thoracic duct drainage. Arthritis Rheum 1977;20:1249-1262.
72. Strober S, et al. Efficacy of total lymphoid irradiation in intractable rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:441-149.
73. Calabrese LH, Wilke WS, Perkins AD, Tubbs RR. Rheumatoid arthritis complicated by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and the development of Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:1453-1457.
74. Gregersen PK, Silver J, Winchester RJ. The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1987;30:1205-1213.
75. dim mature memory T cells that are potent helpers for B cell differentiation. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:1455-1465.
76. MacDonald KP, Nishioka Y, Lipsky PE, Thomas R. Functional CD40 ligand is expressed by T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2404-2414.
77. Konttinen YT, Norstrom D, Bergroth V, Leirisalo-Repo M, Skrifvars B. Cell-mediated immune response in the diseased joints in patients with reactive arthritis. Scand J Immunol 1986;23:685-691.
78. Kouskoff V, Korganow AS, Duchatelle V, Degott C, Benoist C and Mathis D. Organ-specific disease provoked by systemic autoimmunity. Cell 1996;87:811-822.
79. Ohashi PS, et al. Ablation of "tolerance" and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice. Cell 1991;65:305-317.
80. Wu J, Zhou T, He J, Mountz JD. Autoimmune disease in mice due to integration of an endogenous retrovirus in an apoptosis gene. J Exp Med 1993;178:461-468.