Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: New methods for determination, diagnosis and pathophysiology

Clinical Laboratory

Volumn 44, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 771-780

  Wang, Lianchun ^a   Huhle, Günter ^a   Hoffman, Ursula ^a   Song, Xuehong ^a   Harenberg, Job ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Heparin; Heparin induced thrombocytopenia; Low molecular weight heparin; r hirudin; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; DANAPAROID; HEPARIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; LEPIRUDIN; PROCOAGULANT; THROMBIN; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4;

BLOOD ANALYSIS; ENDOTHELIUM INJURY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; REVIEW; SEROTONIN RELEASE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 0031737317     PISSN: 14336510     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Almeda S, Rosenberg RD, DH (1983). The binding properties of human complement component C1q: interaction with mucopolysaccharides. J Biol Chem 258 : 785-791
2. Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, et al. (1992). Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (letter). Thromb Haemost 68 : 95-96
3. Amiral J, Bridey F, Wolf M, et al. (1995). Antibodies 10 macromolecular platelet factor 4-heparin complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a study of 44 cases. Thromb Haemost 73 : 21-28
4. Amiral J, Peynaud-Debayle E, Wolf M, Bridey F, Vissac AM (1996). Generation of antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes without thrombocytopenia in patients treated with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin. Am J Hematol 52 : 90-955
5. Amiral J, Marfaing-Koka A, Wolf M, Alessi MC, Tardy B, Boyer-neumann C, Vissac AM, Fressinaud E, Poncz M, Meyer D (1996). Presence of autoantibodies to interleukin-8 or neutrophil-activating peptide-2 in patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Blood 88 . 410-416
6. Andersson LO, Barrowcliffe TW, Holmer E, Johnson EA, Sims GEC (1976). Anticoagulant properties of heparin fractionated by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound antithrombin III and gel filtration. Thromb Res 19 : 575-783
7. 14C-serotonin release assay in the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Clin Pathol 104 : 648-654
8. Aster RH (1995). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. N Engl J Med 332 : 1374-1376
9. Benhamou AG, Gruel Y, Barsotti J, Castellani L, Marchand M, Guerois C, Ledere MH, Delahousse B, Leroy J (1985). The white clot syndrome of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (WCS or HATT): (26 cases). Int Angiol 4: 303-310
10. Bernstein IL (1956). Anaphylaxis to heparin sodium: report of a case, with immunological studies. J Am Med Ass 161 : 1379-1381
11. Bianchiru P, Nader HB, Takahashi H, Osima B, Straus AH, Dietrich CP (1980). Fractionation and identification of heparin and other mucopolysaccharides by a new discontinuous electrophoretic method. J Chromatogr 196 : 455-462
12. Bjoerk I, Lindahl U (1982). Mechanism of the anticoagulant action of heparin. Mol Cell Biochem 48 : 161-182
13. Brandt E, Petersen F, Flad HD (1992). Recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha potentiates neutrophil degranulation in response to host defense cytokines neutrophil-activating peptide 2 and IL-8 by modulating intra-cellular cylic AMP levels. J Immuno 149 : 135-164
14. Burgess WH, Maciag T (1989). The heparin-binding (fibroblast) growth factor family of proteins. Ann Rev 58 : 575-606
15. 105Ruthenium red, a reagent for detecting glycosaminoglycans at the nanogram level. Anal Biochem 122 : 364-367
16. Casu B (1989). Methods of structural analysis. In: Lane DA, Lindahl U (Eds): Heparin. Chemical and Biological Properties. Clinical Applications, Edward Arnold, London, pp 25-49
17. Casu B (1985). Structure and biological activity of heparin. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 43 : 51-134
18. Charles AF, Scott DA (1934). Preparation of heparin from beef lung. Trans R Soc Canada 28 : 55-59
19. Charles AF, Scon DA (1933). Studies on heparin I and II. The preparation of heparin. J Biol Chem 102 : 425-435
20. Chong BH, Pitney WR, Castaldi PA (1982). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: association of thrombotic complications with heparin-induced IgG antibody that induces chromboxane synthesis and platelet aggregation. Lancet 2 : 1246-1249
21. Chong BH, Ismail F, Cade J, Gallus AS, Gordon S, Chesterman CN (1989). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: studies with a new low molecular weight heparinoid Org 10172. Blood 73 : 1592-1596
22. Chong BH (1992). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Aus N Z J Med 22:145-152
23. Chong, BH, Burgess J, Ismail F (1993). The clinical usefulness of the platelet aggregation test for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 69 : 344-350
24. Chong BH (1995). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 89:431-439
25. Cines DB, Tomaski A, Tannenbaum S (1987). Immune endothelial cell injury in heparin-associated thrombcytopenia. N Engl J Med 316 : 581-589
26. Comper WD (1981). Heparin and related polysaccharides. Gordon and Breach, New York
27. Corrigan JJ Jr (1977). Heparin therapy in bacterial septicemia. J Pediatr 91(5):695-700
28. Coyne, E (1981). Heparin-past, present and future. In: Chemistry and Biology of Heparin. Edited by Lundblad RL, Brown WV, Mann KG and Roberts HR. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York, Amsterdam, Oxford pp 9-17
29. Edens RE, Hakim AA, Weiler HM, Rethwisch DG, Fareed J, Linhardt RJ (1992). Gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for determination of molecular weights of heparin preparations and low-molecular-weight heparin derivatives. J Pharm Sci 81 : 823-827
30. Eichinger S, Kyrle PA, Brenner B, et al. (1991). Thrombocytopenia associated with low-molecular weight heparin. Lancet 377 : 1425-1426
31. Eichler P, Barthels K, Budde U, et al. (1997). Workshop on the validation of the heparin-induced-platelet activation (HIPA). Ann Hematol 74 (Suppl. II) : 229(Abstr)
32. Ekre HP, Naparstek Y, Hagermark O, Nilsson T, Blodavsks I, Cohen I (1992). Anti-inflammatory effects of heparin and its derivatives. Inhibition of complement and of lymphocyte migration. In: Heparin and related polysaccharides. Lane DA, Bjork I and Lindahl U (eds), Plenum Press, New York, pp 329-340
33. Enerback L (1974) Berberine sulphate binding to mast cell polyanions: a cytofluorometric method for the quantitation of heparin. Histochemistry 42:301-313
34. Engelberg H (1955). Correlation of plasma heparin levels with serum lipoproteins. Acta Med Scand 151 : 161-166
35. Fareed J, Walenga JM, Hoppensteadt D, Huan X, Nonn R (1989). Biochemical and pharmacological inequivalence of low molecular weight heparins. N Y Acad Sci 556 : 335-353
36. Farced J, Walenga JM, Hoppensteadt D, Racanelli A, Coyne E (1989). Chemical and biological heterogeneity in low molecular weight heparins: implications for clinical use and standardization. Semi Thromb Haemost 15 : 440-463
37. Folkmann J, Langer R, Linhardt RJ, Haundenschild C, Taylor S (1983). Angiogenesis inhibition and tumor regression caused by heparin or heparin fragment in the presence of cortisone. Science 221 : 719-725
38. Franantoni JC, Pollet R, Gralnick HR (1975). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: confirmation of diagnosis with in vitro methods. Blood 45 : 395-401
39. Gaughman GB, Boackle RJ, Veselz J (1982). A postulated mechanism for heparin's potentiation of Cl inhibitor function. Mol Immunol 19:287-295
40. Gentry PW, Alexander B (1973). Specific coagulation factor adsorption to insoluble heparin. Biohem Biophys Res Commun 50 : 500-509
41. Ghinea N (1986). Cationic heme undecapeptide as stain for detecting glycosaminoglycans on cellulose strips. Anal Biochem 155 : 78-82
42. Gouault-Heilmann M, Huet Y, Adnot S, Contant G, Intrator L, Payen D, Levent M (1987). Low-molecular weight heparins as an alternative therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Haemostasis 17: 134-40
43. Green D, Harris K, Reynolds N, Roberts M, Paterson R (1978). Heparin immune thrombocytopenia. Evidence for a heparin-platelet complex as the antigenic determinant. J Lab Clin Med 91 : 167-175
44. Greinacher A, Michels I, Kiefel V, Mueller-Eckhardt C (1991). A rapid and sensitive test for diagnosing heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, Thromb Haemost 66 : 734-736
45. Greinacher A, Michels I, and Mueller-Eckhardt C (1992). Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: The antibody is not heparin specific Thromb Haemost 67 : 545-549
46. Greinacher A, Amiral J, Dummel V, Vissac A, Kiefel V, Mueller-Eckhardt C (1994). Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and comparison of platelet aggregation test, heparin-induced platelet activation test, and platelet factor 4/heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Transfusion 34 : 381-385
47. Greinacher A, Poetzch, Amiral J, Dummel V, Eichner A Mueller-Eckhardt C (1994). Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen. Thromb Haemost 71: 247-251
48. Greinacher A (1995). Antigen generation in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: the nonimmunologic type and the immunologic type are closely linked in their pathogenesis. Semin Thromb Haemost 21 : 106-116
49. Griffith M (1979). Kinetic analysis of the heparin-enhancing anti-thrombin III/thrombin reaction. J Biol Chem 254 : 12044-12049
50. Gruel Y, Rupin A, Darnige L, Moalic RP, Poumier GP; Binet C (1991). Specific quantification of heparin-dependent antibodies for the diagnosis of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Thromb Res 62:377-387
51. Hach-Wunderle V, Kainer K, Krug B, Mueller-Berghaus G, Poetzsch B (1994). Heparin-associated thrombosis despite normal platelet count (letter). Lancet 344 : 469-170
52. Harenberg J, de Vries JX (1983). Characterization of heparins by high performance size chromatography. J Charomatogr 261 : 287-292
53. Harenberg J (1987). Modified anti-factor Xa chromogenic substrate assay for heparin and low molecular weight heparins. Arzil Lab 33 : 39-41
54. Harenberg J. Roebruck P. Stehle G. Habscheidt M, Biegholdt M. Heene DL (1992). Heparin study in internal medicine (HESIM): design and preliminary results. Thromb Res 68 : 33-43
55. Harenberg J, Maisch R, Piazolo L, Heene DL (1994). Competitive binding of LMW-heparin tyr-fitc and unlabelled glycosaminoglycans to leukocytes. Semin Thromb Hemostas 20 : 214-222
56. Harenberg J, Lohr G, Maisch R, Torri G, Casu B, Heene DL (1995) Magnetic bead protamine-linked microtiter assay for detection of heparin using iodinated low-molecular-mass heparin-tyramine. Thromb Res 79 : 207-216
57. Harenberg J, Roebruck P, Heene DL, the HESIM group (1996). Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin versus standard heparin and the prevention of thromboembolism in medical inpatients. Haemostasis 26 : 127-139
58. Harenberg J, Huhle G, Piazolo L, Wang LC, Heene DL (1997). Anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II. Semin Thromb Hemost 23 : 189-196
59. Heimburger N, Haupt H, Kranz T, Baudner S (1972). Human serum protein with high affinity to carboxymethyl cellulose, II. Physico-chemical and immunological characterization of a histidine-rich 3.8 S-2-glycoprotein (CM-Protein I). Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem 353 :1133-1140
60. Highsmith RF, Rosenberg RD (1974). The inhibition of plasmin by human antithrombin-heparin cofactor. J Biol Chem 249 : 4335-4338
61. Hirsh J, Ofosu FA, Levine M (1987). The development of low molecular weight heparins for clinical uses. Thrombosis and haemostasis. In: Verstraete M., Vermylen J, Lijnen HR and Arnout J (eds). ISTH and Leuven University Press, pp 325-349
62. Höök, M, Bjork I, Hopwood J, Lindahl U (1976). Anticoagulant activity of heparin: separation of high-activity and low activity heparin species by affinity chromatography on immobilized antithrombin. FEBS letters 66 : 90-93
63. Horellou MH, Conard J, Lecrubier C, et al. (1984). Persistent heparin-induced thrombocytopenia despite therapy with low molecular weight heparin. Thromb Haemost 51:134
64. Horsewood P, Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Kelton JG (1996). The epitope specificity of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 95 : 161-167
65. Horuk R (1994). The interleukin-8 receptor family: from chemokines to malaria. Immuno Today 15 : 169-174
66. Howell WH (1925). The purification of heparin and its presence in blood. Am J Physiol 71 : 553-559
67. Howell WH, Holt E (1918). Two new factors in blood coagulation: heparin and pro-antithrombin. Am J Physiol 47 : 328-341
68. Jang-Soo S, Aster RH, Visenin GP(1998). Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis recognize different epitopes on heparin : platelet factor 4. Blood 91 : 916-922
69. Jaques LB (1967). The pharmacology of heparin and heparinoids. Progr Med Chem 5: 139-198
70. Jaques LB, Sue TK, McDuffie NM, Wice S (1977). Heparin and sulfated mucopolysaccharides: A micro-system for determination and quantitative differentiation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 55 : 1179-1189
71. Johnson EA, Mulloy B (1976). The molecular weight range of mucosal heparin preparations. Carbohydr Res 51: 119-127
72. Jorpes E (1946). Heparin in the treatment of thrombosis. An account of its chemistry, physiology, and application in medicine, 2nd edition Oxford University Press, London.
73. Kapsch DD, Adelstein EH, Rhodes GR, Silver D (1979). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and hemorrhage. Surgery 86 : 148-155
74. Kelton JG, Sheridan D, Brain H, Powers PJ, Turpie AG, Carter CJ (1984). Clinical usefulness of testing for a heparin-dependent platelet-aggregating factor in patients with suspected heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. J Lab Clin Med 103 : 606-612
75. Kelton JG, Smith JW, Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Denomme GA, Horsewood P (1994). Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4. Blood 83 : 3232-3239
76. Kelton JG, Warkentin TE (1995). Diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Still a journey, not yet a destination. Am J Clin Pathol 104:611-613
77. King DJ, Kelton JG (1984). Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Ann Inter Med 100 : 535-540
78. Krauss RM, Levy RI, Frederickson DS (1974). Selective measurement of two lipase activities in post-heparin plasma from normal subjects and patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. J Clin Invest 54 : 1107-1124
79. Kudrgashov BA, Liapina LA, Uljanov AM (1978). Complex fibrinogen-heparin(FH) and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in blood of rats after intravenous injection of thrombin. Thromb Res 13: 397-407
80. Lecrubier C, Conrad J, Horellou MH, Khar H, Samana M (1984). Spontaneous platelet aggregation in heparin-treated patients. Acta Haematol 71:63-65
81. Lee DH, Warkennn TE, Denmme GA, Hayward CPM, Kelton JG (1996). A diagnostic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: detection of platelet microparticles using flow cytometry. Br J Haematol 95 : 724-731
82. Levine M, Hirsh J (1992). Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant therapy. Semin Thromb Hemost 12 : 39-57
83. Lindahl U, Bäckstrom G, Höök M, Thunberg L, Fransson LA, Linker A (1979). Structure of antithrombin binding-sites in heparin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76 : 3198-2302
84. Magnani HN (1993). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an overviews of 230 patients treated with Orgaran (Org 10172). Thromb Haemost 70 : 554-561
85. Majerus WP, Broye GJ, Miletich JP, Tollefsen DM (1990). Anticoagulant, thrombolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. In Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P(eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, New York, Pergamon Press pp 1-2
86. Malsch R, Guerrini M, Torri G, Lohr G, Casu B, Harenberg J (1994). Synthesis of N' alkylamine anticoagulant active low molecular mass (LMM-) heparin for radioactive and fluorescent labeling. Anal Biochem 217 : 255-264
87. Maisch R, Harenberg J (1994). High performance size exclusion chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for characterization of unfractionated and low molecular mass (LMM-) glycosaminoglycans Semin Thromb Hemost 20 : 135-143
88. McLean J (1916). The thromboplastic action of cephalin. Am J Physiol 41:250-256
89. Mikhailidis DP, Barradas MA, Jeremy JY, Gracey L, Wakeling A, Dandone P (1985). Heparin-induced platelet aggregation in anorexia nervosa and in severe peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 15 : 313-319
90. Mohn H, Ohkubo T (1992). Fibrinogen binds to heparin. The relationship of the binding of other adhesive proteins to heparin. Arch Biochem Biophys 303: 27-31
91. Nader HB, Dietrich CP (1989). Natural occurrence, and possible biological role of heparin. In: Lane DA and Lindahl U(Eds): Heparin-Chemical and Biological Properties, Clinical Applications. Edward Arnold, London. pp 81-96
92. O'Brien JR, Etherington MD, Pashley M A (1985). The heparin-mobilisable pool of platelet factor 4: a comparison of intravenous and subcutaneous heparin and Kabi heparin fragment 2165. Thromb Haemost 54:735-738
93. Ramakrishna R, Manoharan A, Kwan YL, Kyle PW (1995). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: cross-reactivity between standard heparin, low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin (Fragmin) and heparinoid, danaparoid (Orgaran). Br J Haematol 91: 736-738
94. Rodman T (1968). Topics of Medicinal Chemistry. In: Rabinowitz JL and Myerson RM (Eds). vol 2. Iterscience. New York, NY. pp 113-153
95. Rosenberg RD (1977). Chemistry of the hemostatic mechanism and its relationship to the action of heparin. Fed Proc 36 : 10-18
96. Sakashita A, Engwall E, Ruoslahti E (1980). Basement membrane glycoprotein laminin binds to heparin. FEBS Lett 116 : 243-246
97. 125labeled cytochrome C. Method Enzymol 138 : 260-267
98. Sandset P, Abildgaard U, Larsen AL (1988). Heparin induces release of extrinsic coagulation pathway inhibitor (EPI). Thromb Res 50 : 803-813
99. Sheridan D, Carter C, Kelton JG (1986). A diagnostic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 67 : 27-30
100. Stewart M, Etches WS, Boshkow LK, Gordon PA (1995). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an improved method of detection based on lumiaggregometry. Br J Haematol 91 : 173-177
101. Tollefsen DM, Majerus DW, Blank MK (1982). Heparin cofactor II. Purification and properties of a heparin-dependent inhibitor of thrombin in human plasma. J Biol Chem 257 : 2162-2169
102. Tollefsen DM (1991). Heparin: basic and clinical pharmacology. In Hoffman R, Beny EJ Jr, Shattil SJ, et al (eds): Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. New York, Churchill Livingstone pp 1436-1445
103. Tomer A (1997). A sensitive and specific functional flow cytometric assay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 98 : 648-56
104. Vaheri A (1964). Heparin and related polyionic substances as virus inhibitors. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica 171 (Suppl):7-98
105. Vannucchi S, Fibbi G, Cella C, Del Rosso M, Cappelletti R, Chiarugi V (1981). Cell surface glycosaminoglycans in normal and leukemic leukocytes. Cell Differ 9 : 71-81
106. Vannucchi S, Fibb G, Fibbi G, Cappelletti R, Del Rosso M, Chiarugi V (1982). Glycosaminoglycans changes involved in polymorphonuc-lear leukocyte activation in vivo. J Cell Physiol 111 : 149-154
107. van de Lest CHA, Versteeg EMM, Veerkamp JH, van Kuppeveit TH (1994). Quantification and characterization of glycosaminoglycans at the nanogram level by a combined azure A-silver staining in agarose gels. Anal Biochem 221 : 356-361
108. Visentin GP, Ford SE, Scon JP, Aster RH (1994). Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 93 : 81-88
109. Volpi N (1996). Electrophoresis separation of glycosaminoglycans on nitrocellulose membrane. Anal Biochem 240: 114-118
110. Vun, CM, Evans S, Chong BH (1996). Cross-reactivity study of low molecular weight heparins and heparinoid in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 81 : 525-532
111. Walenga JM (1996). Sensitivity and specificity of various laboratory methods for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome. Acad Clin Applt Thromb Haemost (2nd annual meeting). Frankfurt. Nov 14th-17 th
112. Wang LC, Maisch R, Harenberg J (1997). Heparins, low-molecular-weight heparins, and other glycosaminoglycans analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and Azure A-silver staining. Semin Thromb Hemost 23 : 11-16
113. Wang LC, Maisch R, Huhle G. Harenberg J (1998). Binding of heparin-induced IgG of HIT type II patients to fluorescent labeled heparin, LMW heparin and dermatan sulfate. Ann Hematol 76(Suppl I) : P-119
114. Wang LC, Malsch R, Huhle G, Hoffmann U, Harenberg J (1998). Disappearance of heparin-induced IgG antibodies in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II patients. Ann Hematol 76(Suppl I) : P-126
115. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG (1989). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Rev Med 40 : 31-44
116. Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Smith CA, Kelly PM, Kelton JG (1992). Determination of donor platelet variability when testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Lab Clin Med 120 : 371-379
117. Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Boshkov LK, Samos AB, Sheppard JI, Bode AP, Kelton JG. (1994). Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 1994; 84: 3691-9.
118. Warkentin T.E. Chong BH. Greinacher A (1998). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: towards consensus. Thromb Haemost 79 : 1-7