Britain, the G8 and the Commonwealth: lessons of the Birmingham Summit

Round Table

Volumn , Issue 348, 1998, Pages 445-457

  Bayne, Nicholas ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; POLITICAL CONFLICT;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0031725881     PISSN: 00358533     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00358539808454440     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. The Round Table, No 345, January 1998, with editorial, two articles and full documentation, and No 346, April 1998, with three more articles. In the latter issue, Kaye Whitman, 'Edinburgh, Libreville and Hanoi', pp 139-148, compares Commonwealth and francophonie, while this article compares Commonwealth and G8.
2. The Round Table, No 345, January 1998, with editorial, two articles and full documentation, and No 346, April 1998, with three more articles. In the latter issue, Kaye Whitman, 'Edinburgh, Libreville and Hanoi', pp 139-148, compares Commonwealth and francophonie, while this article compares Commonwealth and G8.
3. For the initial development of the summit, see Robert D. Putnam and Nicholas Bayne, Hanging Together: Cooperation and Conflict in the Seven-Power Summits, Sage, London, 1987. For the first appearance of the Russians, see Jacques Attali, Verbatim III, Fayard, Paris, 1995, under 17 April and 15 July 1989 and Nicholas Bayne, 'The Course of Summitry', The World Today, Vol 48, No 2. February 1992, pp 27-29.
4. For the initial development of the summit, see Robert D. Putnam and Nicholas Bayne, Hanging Together: Cooperation and Conflict in the Seven-Power Summits, Sage, London, 1987. For the first appearance of the Russians, see Jacques Attali, Verbatim III, Fayard, Paris, 1995, under 17 April and 15 July 1989 and Nicholas Bayne, 'The Course of Summitry', The World Today, Vol 48, No 2. February 1992, pp 27-29.
5. For the initial development of the summit, see Robert D. Putnam and Nicholas Bayne, Hanging Together: Cooperation and Conflict in the Seven-Power Summits, Sage, London, 1987. For the first appearance of the Russians, see Jacques Attali, Verbatim III, Fayard, Paris, 1995, under 17 April and 15 July 1989 and Nicholas Bayne, 'The Course of Summitry', The World Today, Vol 48, No 2. February 1992, pp 27-29.
6. This process is analysed in Nicholas Bayne, 'The G7 Summit and the Reform of Global Institutions', Government and Opposition, Vol 30, No 4, Autumn 1995, pp 492-509.
7. See Ronald M. Sanders, 'The Commonwealth after Edinburgh', The Round Table, No 346, April 1998, pp 199-209 and Nicholas Bayne, 'Globalization and the Commonwealth', The Round Table, No 344, October 1997, pp 473-484.
8. See Ronald M. Sanders, 'The Commonwealth after Edinburgh', The Round Table, No 346, April 1998, pp 199-209 and Nicholas Bayne, 'Globalization and the Commonwealth', The Round Table, No 344, October 1997, pp 473-484.
9. The text of the Edinburgh economic declaration is in The Round Table, No 345, January 1998, pp 91-95. The quotation is of paragraph 1.
10. Humphrey Maud, "The Commonwealth's Edinburgh Economic Declaration", The Round Table, No 346, April 1998, pp 191-198.
11. The Birmingham texts - the G8 summit communiqué and declarations on foreign policy issues and the G7 chairman's statement - are accessible on the official British summit website, http://birmingham.g8summit.gov.uk and the website of the University of Toronto G8 Research Group, http://www.g7.utoronto.ca. The quoted passages are extracted from: G8 communiqué, paragraph 1; G8 para 13; G8 paras 18-20; G7 statement, para 6; and G8 para 6.
12. See Ref 6, p 193.
13. A good account of the HIPC initiative and its predecessors is accessible on the British Treasury website, http://www.hm~treasury.gov.uk under 'International Debt Issues'.
14. The text of the communiqué of the Commonwealth finance ministers meeting in Mauritius, 15-17 September 1997, is in The Round Table, No 345, January 1998, pp 87-91.
15. See, for example, Kevin Watkins, senior policy adviser at OXFAM, 'Life and Debt Situation', in Financial Times, 23 January 1998.
16. The Christian Aid leaflet for the Jubilee 2000 Campaign available in Birmingham noted that 'in October 1997 Christian Aid supporters sent over 15 000 postcards to the German finance ministry'. The leaflet contained a printed postcard addressed to Chancellor Kohl with a message in German, whose translation read (in part): 'I am writing to request that you use your position in Germany to raise the important issue of poor country debt relief with the utmost urgency. With over a billion people in poor countries suffering because of a crisis they had no pan in creating, we ask you to press for Germany to take a more positive line than it has in the past.'
17. Accounts of the demonstration, the meeting with Clare Short and the disappointed reactions of the Jubilee 2000 campaigners are in the issues for 18 May 1998 of The Independent, pp 1, 18, 19, The Guardian, pp 1-2, 17 and The Times, p 14.
18. Accounts of the demonstration, the meeting with Clare Short and the disappointed reactions of the Jubilee 2000 campaigners are in the issues for 18 May 1998 of The Independent, pp 1, 18, 19, The Guardian, pp 1-2, 17 and The Times, p 14.
19. Accounts of the demonstration, the meeting with Clare Short and the disappointed reactions of the Jubilee 2000 campaigners are in the issues for 18 May 1998 of The Independent, pp 1, 18, 19, The Guardian, pp 1-2, 17 and The Times, p 14.
20. Blair's remarks at his post-summit press conference from the author's notes.
21. For the G8 summit texts, see Ref 7. The quotations are extracted from the G8 communiqué, para 7, fifth tiret, and para 8.
22. A thoughtful treatment of the wider issues is in William Walker, 'International Nuclear Relations after the Indian and Pakistani Test Explosions', International Affairs, Vol 74, No 3, July 1998, pp 505-528.
23. Nancy Dunne, 'Sanctions Overload', in Financial Times, 21 July 1998 gives an account of this process.
24. For online access to the text, see Ref 7. It is also reproduced on p 516 note 29 of Walker, 'International Nuclear Relations', see Ref 16.
25. Enlarged G8 foreign ministers meeting. Financial Times, 12 June 1998, p 4, and 13 June, p 3 . Meeting of permanent members of UN Security Council, Financial Times, 5 June 1998, p 3. Clinton in China, Financial Times 29 June 1998, p 4.
26. Enlarged G8 foreign ministers meeting. Financial Times, 12 June 1998, p 4, and 13 June, p 3 . Meeting of permanent members of UN Security Council, Financial Times, 5 June 1998, p 3. Clinton in China, Financial Times 29 June 1998, p 4.
27. Enlarged G8 foreign ministers meeting. Financial Times, 12 June 1998, p 4, and 13 June, p 3 . Meeting of permanent members of UN Security Council, Financial Times, 5 June 1998, p 3. Clinton in China, Financial Times 29 June 1998, p 4.
28. Sanctions policy, Financial Times, 13 June 1998, p 3, and 16 July, p 6. Indian economy, Financial Times, 2 June 1998, p 4 and 17, and 14 July, p 8. Pakistan economy, Financial Times, 29 June 1998, p 4, and 20 July, p 4.
29. Sanctions policy, Financial Times, 13 June 1998, p 3, and 16 July, p 6. Indian economy, Financial Times, 2 June 1998, p 4 and 17, and 14 July, p 8. Pakistan economy, Financial Times, 29 June 1998, p 4, and 20 July, p 4.
30. Sanctions policy, Financial Times, 13 June 1998, p 3, and 16 July, p 6. Indian economy, Financial Times, 2 June 1998, p 4 and 17, and 14 July, p 8. Pakistan economy, Financial Times, 29 June 1998, p 4, and 20 July, p 4.
31. The Round Table, No 345, January 1998, p 98.
32. This would be in addition to the report which the Commonwealth Secretariat are asked to prepare for the next CHOGM on ways of improving trade among members of the Commonwealth. See the end of para 4 of the Edinburgh economic declaration, Ref 5.