The 5' and 3' TAR elements of human immunodeficiency virus exert effects at several points in the virus life cycle

Journal of Virology

Volumn 72, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 9217-9223

  Das, Atze T ^a   Klaver, Bep ^a   Berkhout, Ben ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TRANSACTIVATOR PROTEIN; VIRUS RNA;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; LIFE CYCLE; LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; RNA STRUCTURE; RNA TRANSCRIPTION; RNA TRANSLATION; VIRION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS MUTANT; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0031716161     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.11.9217-9223.1998     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Trp primer is required for efficient initiation of reverse transcription. J. Virol. 66:2464-2472.
2. Aldovini, A., and R. A. Young. 1990. Mutations of RNA and protein sequences involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging results in production of noninfectious virus. J. Virol. 64:1920-1926.
3. Arts, E. J., X. Li, Z. Gu, L. Kleiman, M. A. Parniak, and M. A. Wainberg. 1994. Comparison of deoxyoligonucleotide and tRNA(Lys-3) as primers in an endogenous human immunodeficiency virus-1 in vitro reverse transcription/template-switching reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 269:14672-14680.
4. Ashe, M. P., L. H. Pearson, and N. J. Proudfoot. 1997. The HIV-1 5′ LTR poly(A) site is inactivated by U1 snRNP interaction with the downstream major splice donor site. EMBO J. 16:5752-5763.
5. Auersperg, N. 1964. Long-term cultivation of hypodiploid human tumor cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 32:135-163.
6. Back, N. K. T., M. Nijhuis, W. Keulen, C. A. B. Boucher, B. B. Oude Essink, A. B. P. van Kuilenburg, A. H. Van Gennip, and B. Berkhout. 1996. Reduced replication of 3TC-resistant HIV-1 variants in primary cells due to a processivity defect of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. EMBO J. 15:4040-4049.
7. Beelman, C. A., and R. Parker. 1995. Degradation of mRNA in eukaryotes. Cell 81:179-183.
8. Berkhout, B. 1996. Structure and function of the human immunodeficiency virus leader RNA. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 54:1-34.
9. Berkhout, B., A. T. Das, and J. L. B. van Wamel. 1998. The native structure of the HIV-1 RNA genome is required for the first strand-transfer of reverse transcription. Virology 249:211-218.
10. Berkhout, B., B. Klaver, and A. T. Das. 1995. A conserved hairpin structure predicted for the poly(A) signal of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Virology 207:276-281.
11. Berkhout, B., and I. Schoneveld. 1993. Secondary structure of the HIV-2 leader RNA comprising the tRNA-primer binding site. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1171-1178.
12. Berkhout, B., R. H. Silverman, and K. T. Jeang. 1989. Tat trans-activates the human immunodeficiency virus through a nascent RNA target. Cell 59:273-282.
13. Berkhout, B., J. van Wamel, and B. Klaver. 1995. Requirements for DNA strand transfer during reverse transcription in mutant HIV-1 virions. J. Mol. Biol. 252:59-69.
14. Berkhout, B., and J. L. B. van Wamel. 1996. Role of the DIS hairpin in replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 70:6723-6732.
15. Berkowitz, R. D., A. Ohagen, S. Hoglund, and S. P. Goff. 1995. Retroviral nucleocapsid domains mediate the specific recognition of genomic viral RNAs by chimeric Gag polyproteins during RNA packaging in vivo. J. Virol. 69:6445-6456.
16. Braddock, M., R. Powell, A. D. Blanchard, A. J. Kingsman, and S. M. Kingsman. 1993. HIV-1 TAR RNA-binding proteins control TAT activation of translation in Xenopus oocytes. FASEB J. 7:214-222.
17. Braddock, M., A. M. Thorburn, A. Chambers, G. D. Elliot, G. J. Anderson, A. J. Kingsman, and S. M. Kingsman. 1990. A nuclear translational block imposed by the HIV-1 U3 region is relieved by the Tat-TAR interaction. Cell 62:1123-1133.
18. Brown, P. H., L. S. Tiley, and B. R. Cullen. 1991. Efficient polyadenylation within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat requires flanking U3-specific sequences. J. Virol. 65:3340-3343.
19. Chomczynski, P., and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162:156-159.
20. Clavel, F., and J. M. Orenstein. 1990. A mutant of human immunodeficiency virus with reduced RNA packaging and abnormal particle morphology. J. Virol. 64:5230-5234.
21. Clever, J., C. Sassetti, and T. G. Parslow. 1995. RNA secondary structure and binding sites for gag gene products in the 5′ packaging signal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 69:2101-2109.
22. Cullen, B. R. 1986. Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus occurs via a bimodal mechanism. Cell 46:973-982.
23. 3. J. Virol. 69:3090-3097.
24. Das, A. T., B. Klaver, B. I. F. Klasens, J. L. B. van Wamel, and B. Berkhout. 1997. A conserved hairpin motif in the R-U5 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA genome is essential for replication. J. Virol. 71:2346-2356.
25. Dingwall, C., I. Ernberg, M. J. Gait, S. M. Green, S. Heaphy, J. Karn, A. D. Lowe, M. Singh, M. A. Skinner, and R. Valerio. 1989. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 tat protein binds trans-activating-responsive region (TAR) RNA in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6925-6929.
26. Edery, I. R., R. Petryshyn, and N. Sonenberg. 1989. Activation of double-stranded RNA dependent kinase (dsI) by the TAR region of HIV-1 mRNA: a novel translational control mechanism. Cell 56:303-312.
27. Fu, W., R. J. Gorelick, and A. Rein. 1994. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dimeric RNA from wild-type and protease-defective virions. J. Virol. 68:5013-5018.
28. Gilmartin, G. M., E. S. Fleming, J. Oetjen, and B. R. Graveley. 1995. CPSF recognition of an HIV-1 mRNA 3′-processing enhancer: multiple sequence contacts involved in poly(A) site definition. Genes Dev. 9:72-83.
29. Harrich, D., C. Hsu, E. Race, and R. B. Gaynor. 1994. Differential growth kinetics are exhibited by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR mutants. J. Virol. 68:5899-5910.
30. Harrich, D., G. Mavankal, A. Mette-Snider, and R. B. Gaynor. 1995. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR element revertant viruses define RNA structures required for efficient viral gene expression and replication. J. Virol. 69:4906-4913.
31. Harrich, D., C. Ulich, L. F. Garcia-Martinez, and R. B. Gaynor. 1997. Tat is required for efficient HIV-1 reverse transcription. EMBO J. 16:1224-1235.
32. Harrich, D., C. Ulich, and R. B. Gaynor. 1996. A critical role for the TAR element in promoting efficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription. J. Virol. 70:4017-4027.
33. Harrison, G. P., and A. M. L. Lever. 1992. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging signal and major splice donor region have a conserved stable secondary structure. J. Virol. 66:4144-4153.
34. Hoglund, S., A. Ohagen, J. Goncalves, A. T. Panganiban, and D. Gabuzda. 1997. Ultrastructure of HIV-1 genomic RNA. Virology 233:271-279.
35. Huang, L. M., A. Joshi, R. Willey, J. Orenstein, and K. T. Jeang. 1994. Human immunodeficiency viruses regulated by alternative trans-activators: genetic evidence for a novel non-transcriptional function of Tat in virion infectivity. EMBO J. 13:2886-2896.
36. Isel, C., C. Ehresmann, G. Keith, B. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet. 1995. Initiation of reverse transcription of HIV-1: secondary structure of the HIV-1 RNA/tRNA(3Lys) (template/primer). J. Mol. Biol. 247:236-250.
37. Jackson, R. J., and N. Standart. 1990. Do the poly(A) tail and 3′ untranslated region control mRNA translation? Cell 62:15-24.
38. Jeang, K. T., R. Chun, N. H. Lin, A. Gatignol, C. G. Glabe, and H. Fan. 1993. In vitro and in vivo binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein and Sp1 transcription factor. J. Virol. 67:6224-6233.
39. Kang, S.-M., J. K. Wakefield, and C. D. Morrow. 1996. Mutations in both the U5 region and the primer-binding site influence the selection of the tRNA used for the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription. Virology 222:401-414.
40. Kim, V. N., K. Mitrophanous, S. M. Kingsman, and A. J. Kingsman. 1998. Minimal requirements for a lentivirus vector based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 72:811-816.
41. Klaver, B., and B. Berkhout. 1994. Comparison of 5′ and 3′ long terminal repeat promoter function in human immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 68: 3830-3840.
42. Klaver, B., and B. Berkhout. 1994. Evolution of a disrupted TAR RNA hairpin structure in the HIV-1 virus. EMBO J. 13:2650-2659.
43. Klaver, B., and B. Berkhout. 1994. Premature strand transfer by the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase during strong-stop DNA synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:137-144.
44. Levin, J. G., and M. J. Rosenak. 1976. Synthesis of murine leukemia virus proteins associated with virions assembled in actinomycin-D-treated cells: evidence for persistence of viral messenger RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:1154-1158.
45. McBride, M. S., and A. T. Panganiban. 1996. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encapsidation site is a multipartite RNA element composed of functional hairpin structures. J. Virol. 70:2963-2973.
46. McBride, M. S., M. D. Schwartz, and A. T. Panganiban. 1997. Efficient encapsidation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vectors and further characterization of cis elements required for encapsidation. J. Virol. 71: 4544-4554.
47. Parkin, N. T., E. A. Cohen, A. Darveau, C. Rosen, W. Haseltine, and N. Sonenberg. 1988. Mutational analysis of the 5′ noncoding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effects of secondary structure. EMBO J. 7: 2831-2837.
48. ELI. Virology 185:661-672.
49. Rounseville, M. P., H. C. Lin, E. Agbottah, R. R. Shukla, A. B. Rabson, and A. Kumar. 1996. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in viral mutants with altered TAR RNA stem structures. Virology 216:411-417.
50. r protein kinase. J. Virol. 65:632-640.
51. Sakuragi, J.-I., and A. T. Panganiban. 1997. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA outside the primary encapsidation and dimer linkage region affects RNA dimer stability in vivo. J. Virol. 71:3250-3254.
52. Schwartz, M. D., D. Fiore, and A. T. Panganiban. 1997. Distinct functions and requirements for the Cys-His boxes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein during RNA encapsidation and replication. J. Virol. 71:9295-9305.
53. SenGupta, D. N., B. Berkhout, A. Gatignol, A. M. Zhou, and R. H. Silverman. 1990. Direct evidence for translational regulation by leader RNA and Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7492-7496.
54. gag. J. Virol. 70:6642-6652.
55. Verhoef, K., M. Koper, and B. Berkhout. 1997. Determination of the minimal amount of Tat activity required for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. Virology 237:228-236.
56. Verhoef, K., M. Tijms, and B. Berkhout. 1997. Optimal Tat-mediated activation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter requires a full-length TAR RNA hairpin. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:496-502.
57. Viglianti, G. A., E. C. Rubinstein, and K. L. Graves. 1992. Role of the TAR RNA splicing in translational regulation of simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques. J. Virol. 66:4824-4833.
58. His. J. Virol. 70:966-975.
59. Wu-Baer, F., W. S. Lane, and R. B. Gaynor. 1996. Identification of a group of cellular cofactors that stimulate the binding of RNA polymerase II and TRP-185 to human immunodeficiency virus 1 TAR RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 4201-4208.
60. Wu-Baer, F., D. Sigman, and R. B. Gaynor. 1995. Specific binding of RNA polymerase II to the human immunodeficiency virus trans-activating region RNA is regulated by cellular cofactors and Tat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7153-7157.
61. Zuker, M. 1989. On finding all suboptimal foldings of an RNA molecule. Science 244:48-52.